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21-576: Zaporozhian Host (or Zaporizhian Sich ) is a term for a military force inhabiting or originating from Zaporizhzhia , the territory in what is Southern and Central Ukraine today, beyond the rapids of the Dnieper River , from the 15th to the 18th centuries. These include: Zaporizhzhia (region) From the 16th to the 18th centuries the Zaporizhzhia region functioned as semi-independent quasi-republican Cossack territory centred on

42-631: A kind of autonomy in the region. Further, Cossacks often raided the nearby rich lands of the Ottoman Empire, retaliating for the constant slave raids of the Tatars against Ukrainian territories as far west as Galicia, in return provoking raids by Ottoman vassals , the Tatars . The more independent Army of Lower Zaporozhia was centered at the Old Sich ( Stara Sich ). In 1709, Tsar Peter I ordered

63-791: The Ukrainian people , when in 1734-1738 large detachments of insurgents led by G. Goly, M. Golim, M. Mane, S. Chalym and others. An epidemic broke out in the Sich in 1760, and entry and exit from the Sich were banned. In 1768 a Cossack revolt (known as the "Gray revolt") broke out, during which the Kosh Ataman Kalnyshevskyi and the Cossack sergeant hid in the Nova Sich retrenchment. The rebels tried to choose Philip Fedoriv but were quickly dispersed. The Zaporozhian Army left

84-702: The Zaporozhian Sich . Sometimes the region is referred to as Zaporozhian Sich as well. Zaporizhzhia corresponds to modern Dnipropetrovsk Oblast , major parts of Zaporizhzhia and Kirovohrad Oblasts , as well as parts of Kherson and Donetsk Oblasts of Ukraine. The region was officially known as Free lands of the Lower Zaporizhzhia Host ( Ukrainian : Вольності Війська Запорозького Низового , Polish : Zaporoże; Dzikie Pola ( Wild Fields or Wild Plain), Russian : Запоржье , romanized :  Zaporož'je ). Among other names, it

105-538: The Cossacks well understood the reason for the construction of the Russian citadel , expressing their dissatisfaction with the words: "We have a Moscow sore liver." Given the historical events that took place during the existence of the Nova Sich, we must recognize that the imperial government achieved its goal by dissuading the Sich from participating in the nationwide struggle against deprivation. On three sides, Sich

126-731: The Nova Sich for the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 and the War of 1768–1774 . In early June 1775, by order of Catherine II , the Nova Sich was destroyed, and the liberty of the Zaporozhian Army was annulled. After the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) , in which the Zaporozhian Cossacks took an active part, Lieutenant General Peter Tekeli led 10 infantry , 13 Russian Cossack , 8 cavalry regular regiments , 20 hussars , and 17 Picker squadrons to

147-686: The Sich. Despite the small number, the Cossacks appealed to the Kosh Ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky for permission to defend himself to death. However, wealthy officers advised Koshov to give in without any conditions; in addition, the priest of the Sich Church of the Intercession, Volodymyr Sokalsky, began to ask that they avoid fratricide . In the end, the Kosh Ataman surrendered Sich without a fight. On June 4, 1775,

168-774: The Ustup Bay and the Podpilna River is the Inner Kish or Palanka, separated by a wall from the Outer Kosh. Palanka housed the houses of the Kosh Ataman and Sich officers, as well as the Sich Cathedral Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God, the military chancellery , the treasury, and the houses of the clergy . To the west of Kosh was the fortification of the Nova Sich retrenchment built by

189-821: The destruction of the Old Sich, forcing the Zaporozhian Cossacks to flee to Oleshky , on the Black Sea in Ottoman territory. In 1734, the Russians allowed the Cossacks to re-establish their republic as the Free Lands of the Zaporozhian Host, based at the New Sich ( Nova Sich ), but brought in many foreign settlers, and destroyed the Sich for good in 1775 , incorporating the territory into Novorossiya . In

210-493: The imperial government built a fortification 2 km from the Nova Sich with two half-bastions and a permanent garrison - the so-called Nova Sich retransmission. According to historians, the Nova Sich retrenchment was erected in the Sich by the imperial government for the ostentatious purpose of helping the Cossacks in their war with the Ottomans , but in reality, for the hidden purpose of keeping them in their hands. However,

231-708: The northwestern portion of the region, right on the border with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Just before the Koliyivshchyna , the Russian authorities created Novorossiya Governorate , centered on Kremenchuk , which included territories of New Serbia, Slovianoserbia , and northern parts of the Zaporizhzhian region. Zaporizhzhia was the name of the territory of the Cossack state, the Zaporozhian Host , whose fortified capital

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252-497: The population Zaporizhzhia lands in the late 1770s to early 1780s after liquidation Zaporozhian Sich (1775) ( uk ) prevailed Ukrainians. In 1779, they accounted for 64.36% of the total population of this region. On the second the place among others ethnic group was occupied by the Greeks (13.76%), followed by Armenians (10.61%) and Russian (8.09%). Some historians estimate, that an average peasant's hut did not last over 10 years. In

273-561: The refuge of outlaws and bandits. In the eyes of the vast majority of the Ukrainian people, however, it was a promised land of heroes and free men (as later described in the poetry of Taras Shevchenko). In addition to many invasions by neighbouring countries, inhabitants of the Zaporozhe had to deal with an influx of new settlers from all directions and conflicts between the szlachta (Polish nobility) and independent Cossacks , who enjoyed

294-464: The suburbs, or the so-called shop bazaar , where all tents and visitors had their shops and taverns for trade, where there were houses of market atamans and military canary or keeper of scales. This suburb was called Hassan - Basha. From it began the gate that led to Kosh - the main fortification, where around the Sich Square were located 38 huts. The huts were spacious barracks. Between the huts of

315-746: The supervision of the Russian government on March 31, 1734, by Ataman-Hetman I. Malashevich on the Right Bank of the Dnieper in the Great Meadow , which occupied 26 thousand acres. The basis for the continued existence of the Nova Sich as a territory was signed in 1734, the Lubny Treaty on the recognition of the Russian protectorate by the Cossacks . To oversee the actions of the Cossacks,

336-477: The tsarist government to control Sich. There was a Russian commandant with a garrison of land militia regiments. It is noteworthy that it was during the existence of the Nova Sich that an independent Cossack-military group called the Haidamaky emerged. The Haydamatsky movement began in 1734 with the inaction of the first Nova Sich Ataman - Hetman I. Malashevych in the protection of the rights and freedoms of

357-827: The years 1605–1633, for example, Red Ruthenian lands suffered 100,000 people taken captive by the Ottomans, and 24,000 dead; in the first half of the 17th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, controlling Zaporizhzhia, lost approximately 300,000 of people due to the Ottoman raids. The city of Zaporizhzhia was named after the region in 1921, and was previously known as Aleksandrovsk . Nova Sich 47°35′5″N 34°4′43″E  /  47.58472°N 34.07861°E  / 47.58472; 34.07861 Nova Sich ( Ukrainian : Нова Січ , lit.   'New Sich') or Pidpilnenska Sich ( Підпільненська Січ , 'Underground / Сlandestine Sich')

378-633: Was called as Wild Fields , Novorossiya (in Russia), and others. During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo , the region was under the condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland , and in 1686, with the signing of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace , it passed under Russian suzerainty. In the 1750s, the Russian authorities sanctioned the establishment of New Serbia as a military frontier in

399-561: Was surrounded by a tributary of the Dnieper River Pidpilna, which sailed Zaporozhian chaiky and Turkish and Greek merchant ships (tumbasy), which sailed to the Sich harbor in the river bay Ustup. On the north-eastern side of the underground separated branch - the river Sysyna, flows into the Dnieper. Sich was a city - a fortress surrounded by a rampart and palisades . The Underground Sich consisted of three parts:

420-665: Was the Sich , usually located in the Great Meadow . From the 15th century to the late 17th century it was fought over by Muscovy , the Polish Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire , as well as by the Hetmans of Upper Ukraine (after 1648). For most of that time it was technically controlled by Poland, but it was rarely peaceful, and was widely regarded (from the perspective of the claimant governments) as turbulent and dangerous,

441-550: Was the administrative and military center of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in 1734–1775, established after the return of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army to the Russian protectorate as a result of the signing of the Lubny Treaty. The last Zaporozhian Sich was located on a large peninsula, washed by the river Pidpilna (a tributary of the Dnieper ). Nova Sich was founded with the permission and under

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