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66-606: The area of the Zhuya river was formerly renowned as part of the "Vitim Goldfields". The mines on the banks of the river were discovered and developed in the 19th century by Irkutsk gold miner K.P. Trapeznikov. There are still gold mining ventures in the Zhuya basin, especially in the area of its tributary, the Vacha . The Zhuya is a left tributary of the Chara, of the Lena basin. Its source

132-821: A branch in Irkutsk. Additionally, there are R&D institutes including GAZPROM R&D Institute (a Branch of a Moscow-based institute), the Irkutsk Institute of Rare and Precious Metals and Diamonds (Irgiredmet) , part of the Petropavlovsk Group of Companies., and the Vostoksibacademcenter of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences that publishes the Project Baikal journal. Irkutsk plays

198-751: A crucial role in Jules Verne’s 1876 novel Michael Strogoff . In the novel Strogoff is the heroic courier of the Czar Alexander II entrusted with delivering a critical dispatch to the Czar’s brother in Irkutsk with vital information about a rebellion brewing in Siberia. Irkutsk was home to Russian writer Valentin Rasputin ; many of his novels and stories take place in the Angara Valley. An essay on

264-683: A fire burned out of control, destroying the palace of the Governor General, and the principal administrative and municipal offices. Many of the other public buildings, including the government archives, the library, and the museum of the Siberian section of the Russian Geographical Society , were completely ruined. Three-quarters of the city was destroyed, including approximately 4,000 houses. The city quickly rebounded, installing electricity in 1896. The first theater

330-672: A military hospital and the crown factories are among the public institutions and buildings. The Aleksandr Kolchak monument, designed by Vyacheslav Klykov , was unveiled in 2004. On July 27, 2004, the Irkutsk Synagogue (1881) was gutted by a fire. In December 2016, 74 people in Irkutsk died in a mass methanol poisoning , after drinking this toxic alcohol substitute. In 2018, the BBC reported that men in Irkutsk had an average life span of only 63. The society had declined and their health had suffered markedly. In October 2021, it

396-487: A new house, the owners usually adhered only to the orientation of the windows to the south side. This is how the layout of the oldest part of the city took shape — from Angara to modern Karl Marx Street: the main directions of the streets repeat the outlines of the coastline, which, in turn, are crossed by transverse passages connecting the outskirts of the city with the center and overlooking the Angara bank. The curvature of

462-702: A number of private colleges: Siberian Institute of Law, Economics and Management (since 1993), Institute of Economics of ISTU (since 1996), and others. As Irkutsk is within the influence of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences , there are nine research institutes located in the Irkutsk Academgorodok suburb: the Institute of Geography , the Energy System Institute , the Institute of Geochemistry ,

528-727: Is Irkut , the Irkutsk Aviation Industrial Association, which was set up in 1932 in the Transbaykal region of the Soviet Union . It is best known as being the manufacturer of the Su-30 family of interceptor / ground-attack aircraft . The Russian government has merged Irkut with Ilyushin , Mikoyan , Sukhoi , Tupolev , and Yakovlev into a new company named United Aircraft Building Corporation . The Irkutsk Aluminium Smelter which belongs to

594-590: Is a Turkic word for "tribute" that was used in Imperial Russia to designate fur tribute exacted from the indigenous peoples of Siberia . The origins of yasak can be traced to a tax collected from native, primarily non-Turkic populations in the Golden Horde . The word yasaq is a Russian variation of the Qazaq/Turk word 'Zhasaq', which has two meanings: The exact time when the concept of yasak

660-478: Is characterized by an extreme variation of temperatures between seasons. It can be very warm in the summer, and very cold in the winter. However, Lake Baikal has a tempering effect, giving Irkutsk temperatures that are slightly less extreme than at similar latitudes elsewhere in Siberia. The warmest month of the year is July, when the average temperature is +19 °C (66 °F); the highest temperature recorded being +37.2 °C (99.0 °F). The coldest month of

726-560: Is in the northern slope of the Kropotkin Range . In its upper course the Zhuya flows roughly northwards and then northeastwards across the Patom Highlands , flowing across lake Tolendo. It turns in an eastward direction, meandering across a plain before joining the Chara near Ust-Zhuya , also known as Chara, an abolished settlement. The longest tributaries of the Zhuya are the 146 km (91 mi) long Nechera from

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792-564: Is included in UNESCO's tentative list of World Heritage Sites . Irkutsk was named after the Irkut River . Its name was derived from the Buryat word for "spinning," and was used as an ethnonym among local tribes, who were known as Yrkhu , Irkit , Irgit , and Irgyt . The city was formerly known as Yandashsky , named after the local Tuvan chief Yandasha Gorogi. The old spelling of

858-532: Is reflected in the first of the known plans of Irkutsk in 1729. Its main advantage is the fixation of the city's borders, which ran along the line of the modern Karl Marx Street. Between 1729 and 1768 in the space between Angara and Ushakovka, the first "zapalisadny" row of blocks is formed. A spontaneous settlement appears near the soldiers' barracks, first along the roads that approached the Mill and Overseas gates, and then between them. The development proceeded unevenly,

924-644: Is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast , Russia . With a population of 587,891 as of the 2010 Census, Irkutsk is the 25th-largest city in Russia by population , the fifth-largest in the Siberian Federal District , and one of the largest cities in Siberia . Located in the south of the eponymous oblast, the city proper lies on the Angara River , a tributary of

990-482: Is typical in Eastern Siberia. The population has been shrinking since the late 1980s: 587,891 ( 2010 Census ) ; 593,604 ( 2002 Census ) ; 622,301 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . . According to the regional plan, Irkutsk city will be combined with its neighboring industrial towns of Shelekhov and Angarsk to form a metropolitan area with a total population of over a million. The center of

1056-540: The Angara River , a tributary of the Yenisei , 72 kilometers (45 mi) below its outflow from Lake Baikal and on the bank opposite the suburb of Glaskovsk. The river, 580 meters (1,900 ft) wide, is crossed by the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Dam and three other bridges downstream. The Irkut River , from which the town takes its name, is a smaller river that joins the Angara directly opposite

1122-624: The Armorial of the Russian Empire . Furthermore, the tigers became extinct in this part of Siberia. In the 1870s, a high-placed French heraldist with a limited command of Russian assumed that "babr" was a misspelling of "bobr", the Russian word for " beaver ", and changed the wording accordingly. This modification engendered a long dispute between the local authorities, who were so confused by the revised description that they started to depict

1188-523: The Far East , favored multi-colored crystal beads. The local voyevoda could also provide the yasak -payers ("ясачные люди") with supplies of provisions such as fish oil . When the Tsar failed to deliver due compensation or his presents were deemed insufficient or too cheap, the yasak -payers would voice their discontent. According to one 17th-century report, not only the yasak-gatherers were beaten, but

1254-835: The Institute of System Dynamics and Control Theory , the Earth's Crust Institute , the Solar-Terrestrial Physics Institute , the Institute of Chemistry , the Limnological Institute (formerly located on Lake Baikal's shore), the Institute of Plant Physics , Laser Physics Institute (a Branch of the Institute of Laser Physics in Novosibirsk). A number of institutes conduct research within Irkutsk State University :

1320-602: The Nogai Horde and ancestor of the Yusupov family) to Tsar Ivan IV in 1559, three years after Ivan's conquest of the Volga Delta and Astrakhan . The border between the two polities was not yet established, and Ismail complained that Ivan's governor of Astrakhan demanded yasak from those inhabitants of the delta that Ismail considered his subjects: "in grain from those who farm and in fish from those who fish" Yasak

1386-628: The Rusal Company. Important roads and railways like the Trans-Siberian Highway (Federal M53 and M55 Highways) and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia . The city is also served by the Irkutsk International Airport and the smaller Irkutsk Northwest Airport . The Federal road and railway to Moscow and Vladivostok pass through the other side of

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1452-698: The Siberian Route , was built in 1760, and benefited the town economy. Many new products, often imported from China via Kyakhta , became widely available in Irkutsk for the first time, including gold , diamonds , fur , wood , silk , and tea . In 1821, as part of the Mikhail Speransky 's reforms, Siberia was administratively divided at the Yenisei River . Irkutsk became the seat of the Governor-General of East Siberia. In

1518-650: The Yakutsk customs office from about 1642. It has its origin in a seal of the Siberia Khanate representing a sable and showcasing the fact that Siberia (or rather Yugra ) was the main source of sable fur throughout the Middle Ages . (Actually, the English word "sable" is derived from the Russian "sobol"). By the mid-19th century, the word "babr" had fallen out of common usage, but it was still recorded in

1584-470: The Yenisei , about 850 kilometres (530 mi) to the south-east of Krasnoyarsk and about 520 kilometres (320 mi) north of Ulaanbaatar . The Trans-Siberian Highway (Federal M53 and M55 Highways) and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia . Many distinguished Russians were sent into exile in Irkutsk for their part in the Decembrist revolt of 1825, and

1650-455: The districts . As a municipal division , the City of Irkutsk is incorporated as Irkutsk Urban Okrug . The coat of arms of Irkutsk features an old symbol of Dauria : a Siberian tiger with a sable in his mouth. When the coat of arms was devised in 1690, the animal was described as a tiger ("babr", a bookish word of Persian derivation) with a sable in his mouth. This image had been used by

1716-407: The "Reds". In 1920, Aleksandr Kolchak , the once-feared commander of the largest contingent of anti-Bolshevik forces, was executed in Irkutsk. This effectively destroyed the anti-Bolshevik resistance. Irkutsk was the administrative center of the short-lived East Siberian Oblast , from 1936 to 1937. The city subsequently became the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast , after East Siberian Oblast

1782-463: The "babr" as a fabulous animal, half-tiger and half-beaver. The Soviets abolished the image altogether, but it was restored following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The 662.4 MW Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station was the first cascade hydroelectric power station in the Irkutsk region. The construction of the dam started in 1950 and finished in 1958. The largest industry in Irkutsk

1848-406: The 1999–2000 period. Although the epidemic, which started in 1999, is reported to have slowed down, Irkutsk will lose tens of thousands of its working age population from 2010 onwards. This is one of the reasons Irkutsk's male life expectancy, at 53 years, is one of the lowest in all of Russia. Preventive measures are in place to prevent the spread of the epidemic to the generation which was born after

1914-515: The Angara River from central Irkutsk. Trams are one major mode of public transit in Irkutsk. Other modes are trolleybus, bus, fixed-route taxi ( marshrutka ) and cycling. Despite its remoteness, Irkutsk was reported in 2004 to have the highest HIV infection rate in Russia. Tens of thousands of drug addicts, mostly ethnic Russians in their mid to late teens are infected. The number of reported AIDS cases increased by more than 10,000% during

1980-768: The Institute of Biology, the Institute of Oil and Coal Chemistry and Synthesis, the Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, the Institute of Applied Physics, the Interregional Institute of Social Studies, the Astronomical Observatory, and the Botanical Gardens. The East-Siberian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences is also located in Irkutsk and is represented by the following research organizations:

2046-634: The Scientific Center for Medical Ecology, the Institute for Paediatrics and Human Reproduction, the Institute for Microbiology and Epidemiology, the Institute for Medicine of the Workplace and Human Ecology, the Institute of Reconstructive and Restorative Surgery, the Institute of Surgery, and the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics. Also, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Scientific and Technical Center has

Zhuya - Misplaced Pages Continue

2112-461: The Siberian winter falls as fluffy, dry snow. Irkutsk is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Irkutsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Irkutsk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of

2178-689: The Steppes , to the moral code imposed by Genghis Khan on his original horde. The Yasaq continued to be practiced by Mongol hordes until they came under Vajrayana Buddhist influences (in Mongolia and China) and Islamic influences (among the Golden Horde, in Persia, and in Central Asia) during successive centuries. The earliest mention of the tax is found in a letter sent by Ismail (a ruler of

2244-460: The Tsar's officials worked to transform yasak from an exchange of items (the centuries-old concept inherited from the Khanate of Siberia and Golden Horde) into a fixed and regular levy, but this process took centuries to complete. In many frontier areas: "...the regular supply of... presents to the local ruler and his nobles was, in fact, the only way to secure the natives' cooperation." In

2310-408: The advancement of Russian explorers in the Angara region, soon ceased to be only a defensive structure due to the advantage of its geographical position. According to historical documents, 10 years later, in 1671, here, in addition to servicemen and yasak people, lived "plowed peasants with their wives and children." A posad appeared, which gave rise to residential quarters of the future city. As for

2376-421: The barracks of the local garrison were taken out. The construction of the palisade changed the process of the spontaneous evolution of buildings and influenced the formation of the city's layout in the most significant way. After the fortification was dismantled in 1790, a complete mismatch of street directions in the old and new parts of the city was revealed. The state of development of the "pre-palisade" period

2442-526: The basin of the Volga, yasak was replaced by a regular tax in the 1720s, and most of Siberia followed suit in 1822. A largely symbolic form of yasak continued to be levied from the nomadic peoples of Eastern Siberia ( Yakuts , Evenks , Chukchi ) until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Yasak collection procedures were not strictly regulated and varied considerably from ulus to ulus. A census

2508-964: The breakup of the USSR. There are state-owned and privately owned television stations in Irkutsk, including state company IGTRK and private ones, such as AS Baikal TV, TV company AIST, TV company Gorod, and also other media outlets, like the VSP Newspaper Agency. There is also a live webcam broadcasting from the city center. Irkutsk is home to the East Siberian Education Academy (since 1909), Irkutsk State University (1918), Irkutsk State Medical University (1918), Baykalsky State University of Economics and Law (since 1932), Irkutsk State Technical University (since 1939), Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture , Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948), Irkutsk State Railway Transport University (since 1975), and

2574-577: The center of the largest region in Russia—Eastern Siberia, which included Transbaikalia, Yakutia, the entire northeast to the Pacific Ocean. Irkutsk needed to expand, and by that time there were no enemies ready to lay claim to the city. The palisade was dismantled, and in its place appeared Bolshaya Preshpektnaya Street, now Karla Marxa Street, the only straight street in modern Irkutsk. The devastating fire of 1879 made its own adjustments to

2640-604: The central streets and the disparity of the quarters formed by them, shows the spontaneous process of their formation. This is especially noticeable in the example of Basninskaya Street (now Sverdlova Street), which they tried to straighten with each new attempt to streamline the development. And it simply repeated the outlines of the log that once was here, formed, possibly, by the old lady of the Gryaznushka river, which connected Ushakovka and Angara. In 1726, defensive fortifications (palisade) were built in Irkutsk, behind which

2706-577: The city became an exile-post for the rest of the century. Some historic wooden houses still survive. When the railway reached Irkutsk, it had earned the nickname of "The Paris of Siberia." The city was the center of bitter fighting in the Russian Civil War of 1918–20. Afterward, in the Soviet period, its architecture was dominated by the mandatory squared-up style. The city became a major centre of aircraft manufacture. The historic centre of Irkutsk

Zhuya - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-477: The city's name was «Иркуцкъ». Before the revolution, the city was called "East Paris", "Siberian Petersburg", "Siberian Athens". In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye (winter quarters) near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for collecting fur taxes from the Buryats . In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov built an ostrog (a small fort) nearby. The ostrog gained official town rights from the government in 1686. The Irkutsk prison, founded in 1661 as an outpost for

2838-418: The city. The main portion of the city is separated from several landmarks—the monastery, the fort and the port, as well as its suburbs—by another tributary, the Ida (or Ushakovka) River. The two main parts of Irkutsk are customarily referred to as the "left bank" and the "right bank", with respect to the flow of the Angara River. Irkutsk is situated in a landscape of rolling hills within the thick taiga that

2904-431: The closest to the current state at that time were the fragments of buildings located in the area of Zamorskaya (Lenin st.) And Institutskaya (Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsii st.) Streets. Now it is, roughly, quarters No. 90, 91, 92. The last third of the 18th century was significant both for the history of the city as a whole and for the formation of its buildings. With the formation of the Irkutsk province in 1764, Irkutsk became

2970-428: The construction laws as it was from here that the border began, beyond which it was forbidden to build from wood. This has divided the old Irkutsk into two parts: closer to the Angara river, mainly stone buildings remained, and on the other side, where there were once outskirts, the wooden Irkutsk grew. Irkutsk has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb , bordering Dwc ). Irkutsk

3036-520: The cultural history of Irkutsk (and another one about the nearby Lake Baikal) is included in Rasputin's non-fiction collection Siberia, Siberia , which is also available in an English translation. Irkutsk also figures prominently in descriptions by foreign travelers, including the so-called British "Blind Traveler" James Holman , who was suspected of spying and conducted back forcibly to the frontiers of Poland . Yasak Yasak or yasaq , sometimes iasak , ( Russian : ясак ; akin to Yassa )

3102-449: The early 19th century, many Russian artists, officers, and nobles were sent into exile in Siberia for their part in the Decembrist revolt against Tsar Nicholas I . Irkutsk became the major center of intellectual and social life for these exiles, and they developed much of the city's cultural heritage. They had wooden houses built that were adorned with ornate, hand-carved decorations. Many still survive today, in stark contrast with

3168-596: The eastern wall of the fortress and also preserved to this day, this is one of the oldest stone buildings in Siberia. The protective palisade and the moat, which once defended the Irkutsk fortress from the south, from the Angara bank to the Ushakovka River, existed until the middle of the 18th century. In early Irkutsk there were no streets at all, the buildings approached the driveways with random turns and only with subsequent alterations were turned around with front facades. The first settlers did not orientate their houses in relation to neighboring buildings either. When building

3234-433: The historical part of the city is Kirov Square. In that place on July 6, 1661, Yakov Pokhabov laid a prison for collecting Yasak , a tax collected from the local population with fur. The architectural appearance of present-day Irkutsk has been born since the days of the wooden prison. The historic center of the city is now in its place. By the beginning of the 18th century, it had turned into a wooden fortress, which protected

3300-415: The inhabitants from the raids of nomads. A major fire of 1716 almost completely destroyed the fortifications, but in just a year new ones were built, already made of stone. Of the buildings on the territory of the Irkutsk Kremlin of that time, the Savior Church has survived, the stone building of which was laid in 1706 in the north-western corner of the fort. Along with the Epiphany Cathedral, erected behind

3366-415: The natives proceeded to: "...throw the sovereign's presents, and tie them onto dog's necks, and throw them into the fire, and they pay yasak with no courtesy, they kick it with their feet and throw it to the ground and they call us, your servants, bad people." On several occasions, such conflicts prompted the natives to rise in rebellion against the Muscovite government. Against this volatile background,

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3432-475: The number of cattle in each household, while the Bashkir people paid yasak on the basis of a land census. Yasak was payable in sables , red foxes , beavers , martens ; cattle was also allowed as payment in some circumstances. Yasak payments formed the basis for Russia's fur trade with Western Europe . The Siberian Prikaz was responsible for yasak collection in Muscovite Russia . In 1727, an ukase decreed that yasak could be paid in cash, but this measure

3498-425: The prison itself, as its influence in the region grew, it was completely rebuilt twice (in 1669 and 1693), expanding in size. The fate of the prison was such that its military-defensive significance was less noticeable than other previously erected forts near the Angara, for example, Bratsk (1631) or Verkholensk (1644). However, its location at the crossroads of colonization, trade and industrial routes predetermined

3564-593: The provincial chancellery, the house of the vice-governor (former voivodship) with barns and cellars, the Church of the Savior. "Small town" was the administrative center of the vast Irkutsk province since 1731. In the "big city", as the posad was called, the commercial and economic life of Irkutsk was concentrated. It was inhabited mainly by people from the northern regions of Russia: Veliky Ustyug , Yarensk , Pinega , Solvychegodsk , Pereyaslavl-Zalessky , who brought their traditions, customs, and culture to Siberia. The first road connection between Moscow and Irkutsk,

3630-549: The right, and the 86 km (53 mi) long Khomolkho (Хомолхо) and 95 km (59 mi) long Vacha from the left. The river is navigable below its confluence with the Khomolkho. The Zhuya is frozen between October and May. This article related to a river in Siberia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Irkutsk Irkutsk ( / ɪər ˈ k u t s k / eer- KOOTSK ; Russian: Иркутск , IPA: [ɪrˈkutsk] ; Buryat and Mongolian : Эрхүү , Erhüü , [ɛrˈxuː] )

3696-418: The role of Irkutsk in the history of Eastern Siberia. In 1682 it became the center of an independent region, and in 1686 it received the status of a city. Irkutsk at the beginning of the 18th century was divided into two parts: "small town", or the prison itself, and "big city". The first one started from the bank of the Angara and was a wooden fortress with adjacent buildings. These included the stone building of

3762-499: The standard Soviet apartment blocks that surround them. By the end of the 19th century, the population consisted of one exiled man for every two locals. People of varying backgrounds, from members of the Decembrist uprising to Bolsheviks , had been in Irkutsk for many years and had greatly influenced the culture and development of the city. As a result, Irkutsk became a prosperous cultural and educational center in Eastern Siberia . From 1848 to 1861, Count Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky

3828-400: The year is January, when the average temperature is −17.6 °C (0.3 °F), and record low of −49.7 °C (−57.5 °F). Precipitation varies widely throughout the year, with July being the wettest month, when precipitation averages 107 millimeters (4.2 in). The driest month is February, when precipitation averages only 9 millimeters (0.35 in). Almost all precipitation during

3894-399: Was built in 1897 and a major train station opened in 1898. The first train arrived in Irkutsk on August 16 of that year. By 1900, the city had earned the nickname of "The Paris of Siberia." During the Russian Civil War , which broke out after the October Revolution , Irkutsk became the site of many furious, bloody clashes between the " White movement " and the " Bolsheviks ", known as

3960-405: Was divided into Chita Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast. During the communist years, the industrialization of Irkutsk and Siberia in general was strongly encouraged. The large Irkutsk Reservoir was built on the Angara River between 1950 and 1959 in order to generate hydroelectric power and facilitate industrial development. The Epiphany Cathedral, the governor's palace, a school of medicine, a museum,

4026-405: Was found to be less than profitable for the imperial treasury and, twelve years later, it was revoked. The Cabinet of Ministers then decreed that yasak be paid in sables, or, in the absence thereof, in other furs. Catherine the Great undertook a reform of yasak collection by instituting a number of "yasak commissions", with the head office located in Tobolsk . In 1827 the task of yasak collection

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4092-482: Was gradually introduced in North Asia in the 17th century as a consequence of Russia's conquest of Siberia . The Tsar's relationship with natives was based on a quid pro quo principle. The annual delivery of yasak by the native representatives was normally accompanied by a state-sponsored feast and distribution of royal gifts to the natives. This compensation included tobacco , flints , knives , axes , and other useful tools . Some native populations, especially in

4158-511: Was introduced in Muscovy is uncertain. It appears likely, however, that the tax was inherited by Muscovy from the Volga khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan - two fragments of the Golden Horde that were subjugated by Ivan IV in the 1550s. These territories were settled by a range of non-Christian peoples who were expected to pay yasak either in kind or cash. The late French scholar of Eurasian history, Renee Grousset, traces "yasaq" (Regulations) back still further in his classic work, The Empire of

4224-434: Was reported that armed Russian OMON (Special Purpose Mobile Unit of the Russian National Guard) officers physically assaulted and tortured two Jehovah’s Witness couples as part of a round up of Jehovah’s Witnesses in the city. Irkutsk is located about 850 kilometres (530 mi) to the south-east of Krasnoyarsk , and about 520 kilometres (320 mi) north of Ulaanbaatar , the capital of Mongolia . The city proper lies on

4290-415: Was required to determine the numbers of yasak-payers, with results recorded in a list of yasak-payers, or "yasak-book", of which more than 1,700 survive from the 17th century alone. Each male yasak-payer between the ages of 18 and 50 was expected to take a shert , or an oath of allegiance to the Tsar. Most peoples of Siberia paid tribute on a house-to-house basis, but the Yakut people delivered it based on

4356-402: Was the Governor-General. He annexed the Amur Territory to Russia, however, on the spot he showed unbridled despotism and extreme cruelty. Since the opening of communication along the Amur in 1854, on the way from St. Petersburg to the Pacific Ocean, the old Yakutsk tract began to decline. The population of the city is 28,000, of them there were 3,768 exiles. In 1879, on July 4 and 6,

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