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33-586: The tablet was discovered on 15 September 1851 by Petar Dorčić during paving of the Church of St. Lucy in Jurandvor near the village of Baška on the island of Krk . Already then a small part of it was broken. Since 1934, the original tablet has been kept at the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts , Zagreb . Croatian archaeologist Branko Fučić contributed to the interpretation of Baška tablet as

66-466: A ⟩ , Cyrillic ⟨ д ⟩ → ⟨ d ⟩ , Greek ⟨ χ ⟩ → the digraph ⟨ ch ⟩ , Armenian ⟨ ն ⟩ → ⟨ n ⟩ or Latin ⟨ æ ⟩ → ⟨ ae ⟩ . For instance, for the Greek term ⟨ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ⟩ , which is usually translated as ' Hellenic Republic ', the usual transliteration into

99-467: A different script or writing system. Transliterations are designed to convey the pronunciation of the original word in a different script, allowing readers or speakers of that script to approximate the sounds and pronunciation of the original word. Transliterations do not change the pronunciation of the word. Thus, in the Greek above example, ⟨λλ⟩ is transliterated ⟨ll⟩ though it

132-493: A left altar partition. His reconstruction of the text of the Baška tablet is the most widely accepted version today. The Baška tablet is made of white limestone. It is 199 cm wide, 99.5 cm high, and 7.5–9 cm thick. It weighs approximately 800 kilograms. The tablet was installed as a partition between the altar and the rest of the church, specifically, it was left pluteus of the cancellus/septum (the right pluteus tablet

165-608: A topic of study throughout the 20th century. One of the most disputed parts of it is the mention of "Mikula/Nicholas in Otočac", considered as a reference, or to the church and later monastery of St. Mikula/Nicholas in Otočac in Northwestern part of Lika (but earliest historical mention dating to the 15th century), or to the toponym of St. Lucia's estate of Mikulja in Punat on Krk which

198-519: A vaguely damaged ornamental string pattern, the Croatian interlace ( Croatian : troplet ). The tablet was depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 100 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2002, and on a postage stamp issued by Croatian Post in 2000. Church of St. Lucy, Jurandvor The Church of St. Lucy ( Croatian : Crkva svete Lucije ) in Jurandvor near Baška , Krk , Croatia

231-477: Is a Romanesque Catholic church from the year 1100 with two major medieval Croatian artifacts: the Baška Tablet , and a checkerboard-pattern carving on the bell tower that is suspected to be one of the first instances of the Croatian coat of arms . Archaeological research confirmed it was built on the site of a 6th century church, where was also located ancient Roman villa rustica . In the 9th and 10th century

264-583: Is an island (in Croatian island is "otok" with "Otočac" being a derivation), or somewhere else on Krk and its surroundings (like monastery of St. Nicholas near Omišalj , old churches of St. Nicholas in Bosar, Ogrul, Negrit or island of Susak ). Lately, church historian Mile Bogović supported the thesis about St. Nicholas in Otočac because the Gregorian Reform during Zvonimir's reign went from Croatian inland toward recently conquered Byzantine lands (Krk

297-1161: Is as follows: a[zъ vъ ime o]tca i s(i)na [i s](ve)tago duha azъ opat[ъ] držiha pisahъ se o ledi[n]ě juže da zъvъnimirъ kralъ hrъvatъskъï [vъ] dni svoję vъ svetuju luciju i sv[edo]- mi županъ desim(i)ra krъ[ba]vě mra[tin]ъ vъ l(i)- cě pr(i)bъnebža [s]ъ posl[ъ] vin[od](o)lě [ěk](o)vъ v(ъ) o- tocě da iže to poreče klъni i bo(g) i bï(=12) ap(osto)la i g(=4) e- van(je)listi i s(ve)taě luciě am(e)nъ da iže sdě žive- tъ moli za ne boga azъ opatъ d(o)brovitъ zъ- dah crěkъvъ siju i svoeju bratiju sъ dev- etiju vъdni kъneza kosъmъta oblad- ajućago vъsu kъrainu i běše vъ tъ dni m- ikula vъ točъci [sъ s]vetuju luciju vъ edino Ja, u ime Oca i Sina i Svetoga Duha. Ja opat Držiha pisah ovo/to o ledini koju dade Zvonimir, kralj hrvatski, u svoje dane svetoj Luciji, i svjedoci župan Desimir u Krbavi, Martin u Lici, Piribineg posal u Vinodolu i Jakov na otoku. Da tko to poreče, prokleo ga Bog i 12 apostola i 4 evanđelista i sveta Lucija. Amen. Da tko ovdje živi, moli za njih Boga. Ja opat Dobrovit zidah crkvu ovu sa svoje devetero braće u dane kneza Kosmata koji je vladao cijelom Krajinom. I bješe u te dane Mikula u Otočcu sa svetom Lucijom zajedno I, in

330-406: Is common, as for Burmese , for instance. In Modern Greek , the letters ⟨η, ι, υ⟩ and the letter combinations ⟨ει, oι, υι⟩ are pronounced [i] (except when pronounced as semivowels ), and a modern transcription renders them as ⟨i⟩. However, a transliteration distinguishes them; for example, by transliterating them as ⟨ē, i, y⟩ and ⟨ei, oi, yi⟩. (As the ancient pronunciation of ⟨η⟩ was [ɛː] , it

363-613: Is dated to the late Romanesque period (13-14th century). 44°58′40″N 14°44′18″E  /  44.977735°N 14.738224°E  / 44.977735; 14.738224 This article about a church building or other Christian place of worship in Croatia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus trans- + liter- ) in predictable ways, such as Greek ⟨ α ⟩ → ⟨

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396-565: Is often transliterated as ⟨ē⟩.) On the other hand, ⟨αυ, ευ, ηυ⟩ are pronounced /af, ef, if/ , and are voiced to [av, ev, iv] when followed by a voiced consonant – a shift from Ancient Greek /au̯, eu̯, iu̯/ . A transliteration would render them all as ⟨au, eu, iu⟩ no matter the environment these sounds are in, reflecting the traditional orthography of Ancient Greek, yet a transcription would distinguish them, based on their phonemic and allophonic pronunciations in Modern Greek. Furthermore,

429-571: Is opposed to letter transcription , which is a letter by letter conversion of one language into another writing system. Still, most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the target script, for some specific pair of source and target language. Transliteration may be very close to letter-by-letter transcription if the relations between letters and sounds are similar in both languages. For many script pairs, there are one or more standard transliteration systems. However, unsystematic transliteration

462-414: Is pronounced exactly the same way as [l] , or the Greek letters, ⟨λλ⟩ . ⟨Δ⟩ is transliterated ⟨D⟩ though pronounced as [ð] , and ⟨η⟩ is transliterated ⟨ī⟩ , though it is pronounced [i] (exactly like ⟨ι⟩ ) and is not long . Transcription , conversely, seeks to capture sound, but phonetically approximate it into

495-414: Is so-called "Jurandvorski ulomci/Jurandvor fragments" with four preserved pieces which were also found on the pavement, mentions name of Zvonimir, Croatia, Lucia, word "opat", "prosih" and "križ", has almost the same but smaller letters and it is also dated to the 11th and 12th century). According to historical sources the cancellus was preserved at least until 1752, when somewhere since then until before 1851

528-527: The Latin script is ⟨Hellēnikḗ Dēmokratía⟩ ; and the Russian term ⟨ Российская Республика ⟩ , which is usually translated as ' Russian Republic ', can be transliterated either as ⟨Rossiyskaya Respublika⟩ or alternatively as ⟨Rossijskaja Respublika⟩ . Transliteration is the process of representing or intending to represent a word, phrase, or text in

561-659: The soft palate but on the uvula , but the pronunciation varies between different dialects of Arabic . The letter is sometimes transliterated into "g", sometimes into "q" or " ' " (for in Egypt it is silent) and rarely even into "k" in English. Another example is the Russian letter "Х" (kha) . It is pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative /x/ , like the Scottish pronunciation of ⟨ch⟩ in "lo ch ". This sound

594-432: The 11th century and around 1100), Leo Košuta (three, similar to Hamm). The meaning of the opening lines is contested. While some scholars interpret the introductory characters simply as Azъ ("I"), others believe that letters were also used to encode the year. There is no agreement, however, on the interpretation: 1100, 1077, 1079, 1105 and 1120 have been proposed. The name of Croatia and King Zvonimir are mentioned on

627-412: The church was accepted by scholars like Margetić, they still considered it does not change the early 12th century dating of the whole tablet which features are "hardly possible" for the middle of the 12th century and "unimaginable" for the beginning of the 14th century. Scholars argue that the textual background for the inscription was made in the period between abbot Držiha and Dobrovit, probably based on

660-435: The church's cartulary . It is considered that the fact it was inscribed at once as one unit ( scriptura continua ) rejects the thesis different rows were inscribed in two, three or four different periods as argued by Franjo Rački (two, 1078 and 1092-1102), Rudolf Strohal (four, between 1076 and 1120), Ferdo Šišić (two, until 1100), Vjekoslav Štefanić (three, between 1089 and 1116), Josip Hamm (three, 1077/1079, end of

693-417: The days of knez/count Cosmas who ruled over the entire Krajina . And in those days Nicholas in Otočac was one with St. Lucia Several evidences show that the tablet is dated to the late 11th or early 12th century (c. 1100 CE). The tablet's content suggests it was inscribed after the death of King Zvonimir (who died in 1089), since abbot Držiha describes Zvonimir's donation as an event that happened further in

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726-567: The eastern coast of Istria), suggests the period of Croatian succession crisis of the 1090s and before the Venetian domination since 1116 and first mention of counts of Krk in 1118-1130 (later known as Frankopan family ). Lujo Margetić considered it was erected by the same counts of Krk between 1105-1118. Desimir is identified with Desimir župan of Krbava mentioned in the 1078 charter of king Zvonimir, while Pribineg some scholars identified with Pirvaneg župan of Luka in 1059. Ornamental decoration of

759-461: The initial letter ⟨h⟩ reflecting the historical rough breathing ⟨ ̔⟩ in words such as ⟨Hellēnikḗ⟩ would intuitively be omitted in transcription for Modern Greek, as Modern Greek no longer has the /h/ sound. A simple example of difficulties in transliteration is the Arabic letter qāf . It is pronounced, in literary Arabic, approximately like English [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on

792-542: The locality was used by early Christianized Croats as a graveyard, and in 11th century the church was renovated. In the 12th century it was used by the Benedictines who renovate it again. In the 14th century the monasteries buildings were renovated while built a bell tower to the church which would be reconstructed in the 19th century. Initially considered that the church is dated to early Romanesque period (11-12th century), lately art historian Pavuša Vežić argued it

825-812: The name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. I abbot Držiha wrote this about the land which gave Zvonimir , the Croatian king, in his days to St. Lucia, and witnesses župan Desimir in Krbava , Martin in Lika , Piribineg deputy in Vinodol and Jakov on island. Whoever denies this, be cursed by God and the twelve apostles and the four evangelists and Saint Lucia. Amen. May he who lives here, pray for them to God. I abbot Dobrovit built this church with nine of my brethren in

858-650: The new script; ⟨ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ⟩ corresponds to [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia] in the International Phonetic Alphabet . While differentiation is lost in the case of [i] , note the allophonic realization of /k/ as a palatalized [c] when preceding front vowels /e/ and /i/ . Angle brackets ⟨ ⟩ may be used to set off transliteration, as opposed to slashes / / for phonemic transcription and square brackets for phonetic transcription. Angle brackets may also be used to set off characters in

891-400: The original script. Conventions and author preferences vary. Systematic transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, typically grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one , so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling. Transliteration, which adapts written form without altering the pronunciation when spoken out,

924-416: The past ("in his days"). The Church of St. Lucy, described as having been built during the reign of count Kosmat (possibly identified with župan of Luka in 1070 or comes Kuzma who was in the entourage of Coloman, King of Hungary to Zadar in 1102) who ruled over whole Krajina (probably a reference to a local place on island of Krk or March of Dalmatia from the 1060s which was composed of part of Kvarner and

957-534: The tablet for the first time in Croatian. Despite the fact of not being the oldest Croatian Glagolitic monument (the Plomin tablet , Valun tablet , Krk inscription , are older and appeared in the 11th century) and in spite of the fact that it was not written in the pure Croatian vernacular - it has nevertheless been referred to by Stjepan Ivšić as "the jewel" of Croatian, while Stjepan Damjanović called it "the baptismal certificate of Croatian culture". It features

990-439: The tablet, and early Romanesque (11-12th century) features of the church of St. Lucy similar to three other churches founded by 1100 on Krk also show it is dated at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries. Lately art historian Pavuša Vežić argued that the church is dated to the late Romanesque period (in the beginning of the 14th century) and Baška tablet text to 1300 with only ornamental decoration from 1100. Although new dating of

1023-753: Was destroyed and the tablet placed on the pavement of the church. A replica is in place in the church. The inscribed stone slab records King Zvonimir 's donation of a piece of land to a Benedictine abbey in the time of abbot Držiha. The second half of the inscription tells how abbot Dobrovit built the church along with nine monks. The inscription is written in the Glagolitic script , exhibiting features of Church Slavonic of Croatian recension influenced by Chakavian dialect of Croatian language , such as writing (j)u for (j)ǫ , e for ę , i for y , and using one jer only (ъ). It also has several Latin and Cyrillic letters (i, m, n, o, t, v) which combination

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1056-1276: Was one of the Dalmatian city-states part of the theme of Dalmatia ), and linguist Valentin Putanec based on the definition of krajina in the dictionary by Bartol Kašić and Giacomo Micaglia (meaning coastline and inland of Liburnia ) argued it shows connection between Benedictines in Krk and Otočac in Lika. The original text, with unreadable segments marked gray: ⰰⰸⱏ ––––– ⱌⰰⱄⰻⱀⰰ –– ⱅⰰ ⰳⱁⰴⱆⱈⰰ ⰰⰸ ⱏ ⱁⱂⰰⱅ – ⰴⱃⱏⰶⰻⱈⱝⱂⰻⱄⰰⱈⱏⱄⰵⱁⰾⰵⰴⰻ ⱑⱓ ⰶⰵ ⰴⰰⰸⱏⰲⱏⱀⰻⰿⱃⱏⰽⱃⰰⰾⱏⱈⱃⱏⰲⱝⱅⱏⱄ ⰽ ⱏ ––– ⰴⱀⰻⱄⰲⱁⱗⰲⱏⱄⰲⰵⱅⱆⱓ ⰾ ⱆⱌⰻⱓⰻⱄⰲⰵ –– ⰿⰻⰶⱆⱂⱝⱀⱏⰴⰵⱄⰻ – ⱃⱝⰽⱃⱏⰱⱝⰲⱑⰿⱃⱝ ––– ⱏⰲⱏ –– ⱌⱑⱂⱃⰱⱏⱀⰵⰱⰳⰰ – ⱏⱂⱁⱄⰾ – ⰲⰻⱀⱁⰴⰾⱑ –– ⰲⰰⰲⱁ ⱅⱁⱌⱑⰴⰰⰻⰶⰵⱅⱉⱂⱁⱃⱒⰵⰽⰾⱏⱀⰻⰻⰱⱁⰻⰱ – ⰰ ⱂ ⰾⰰⰻⰳⰵ ⰲⰰⰼⰾⰻⱄⱅ҃ⰻⰻⱄⱅ҃ⰰⱑⰾⱆⱌⰻⱑⰰⱞⱀⱏⰴⰰⰻⰾⰵⱄ ⰴ ⱑⰶⰻⰲⰵ ⱅⱏⱞⱉⰾⰻⰸⱝⱀⰵⰱ҃ⱁⰳⰰⰰⰸⱏⱁⱂⱝⱅⱏⰴⰱⱃⱉ ⰲ ⱜⱅⱏⰸⱏ ⰴⱝⱈⱏⱌⱃ꙯ⱑⰽⱏⰲⱏⱄⰻⱅⰻⱄⰲⱉⰵⱓⰱⱃⱝ ⰰ ⱜ ⱓ ⱄⱏⰴⰵⰲ ⰵⱅⰻ ⱓ ⰲⱏⰴⱀⰻⰽⱏⱀⰵⰸⰰⰽⱉⱄⱏⱞⱏ ⱅ ⱝⱉⰱⰾⰰⰴ ⰰⱓⱋⱝⰳⱉⰲⱏⱄⱆⰽⱏⱃⱝⰻⱀⱆⰻⰱⱑⱎⰵⰲⱏⱅ ⱏ ⰾ N ⱜⱞ ⱜⰽⱆⰾⱝ ⰲⱏ ⱉ т ⱉ ⱒⱍ––– ⰲ ⰵ т꙯ ⱆⱓⰾⱆⱌ꙯ⱜⱓ ⰲ ⱏ ⰵⰴⰻ N ⱉ The transliterated text, according to Branko Fučić (1960s, last update 1982-1985), with restored segments in square brackets,

1089-506: Was still common for that period. It provides the only example of transition from Glagolitic of the rounded Bulgarian (old Slovak) type to the angular Croatian alphabet type. The scholars who took part in deciphering of the Glagolitic text dealt with palaeographic challenges, as well as the problem of the damaged, worn-out surface of the slab. Through successive efforts, the contents were mostly interpreted before World War I, but remained

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