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41-499: The first written mention of Berezhany dates from 1374, when the village was granted by the Governor of Galicia and Lodomeria Vladislaus II to Ruthenian boyar Vas'ko Teptukhovych. Shortly afterwards, in the 14th century it became a part of Poland and became the property of a noble family from Buchach — members House of Buczacki , later Sieniawa . As Mikołaj Sieniawski , a notable Polish military commander and politician envisioned

82-986: A gesture of reconciliation with the Church, Vladislaus founded the Pauline monastery of Our Lady at Jasna Góra in Częstochowa; also, the Duke brought the famous icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa , which, according to some old reports, originated in Jerusalem , and travelled via Constantinople and Bełz , to finally reach Częstochowa in August 1382. The deaths of his brother Bolko III (21 October 1382), who left four minor sons, and one month later (14 September) of Duke Henry of Niemodlin without issue, made it possible to Vladislaus extend his influence to Upper Silesia , as

123-518: A large number of Jews , Ukrainians and Armenians . In 1534 Mikołaj Sieniawski also started to construct a large fortress at a steep hill on a small island at the Złota Lipa river (see Berezhany Castle ). The stronghold was finished in 1554 and became the main seat of the Sieniawski family and one of the best fortified places in the region. Simultaneously, a large fortified convent and a church of

164-542: A notable magnate , created a large artificial lake in the town's proximity in the early 18th century. Along the bank of that lake, the suburbs of Siółko and Kastelówka were built. After the First Partition of Poland of 1772 the town was annexed by Austria , who attached it to the region of Galicia . After 1867 the town became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and continued to flourish as it

205-638: A park originally laid out in the 17th century, and the wooden Church of Saint Nicholas (completed in 1691). Vladislaus II of Opole Vladislaus II of Opole ( Polish : Władysław Opolczyk , German : Wladislaus von Oppeln , Hungarian : Oppelni László , Ukrainian : Владислав Опольчик ; ca. 1332 – 18 May 1401), nicknamed Naderspan , was Duke of Opole from 1356, Count palatine of Hungary (1367–1372), Duke of Wieluń (1370–1392), Governor of Ruthenia (1372–1378), Count palatine of Poland (1378) as well as Duke of Dobrzyń , Inowrocław (1378–1392), Krnov and Kuyavia (1385–1392). Vladislaus

246-531: A population of 10,610. Although the city remained quite populous, with time it lost much of its importance as a trade centre and became populated primarily by Jews as a typical shtetl . Also, the castle fell into neglect as the successors of the Sieniawski family, the Czartoryski and Lubomirski families, were owners of many more castles and had no interest in this one in particular. During World War I

287-523: A ruler of Strzelce and Niemodlin (although only as a regent of his nephews) and Głogówek (granted to him one year later, in 1383). The Duke of Opole also supported the Church career of the eldest son of Bolko III, Jan Kropidło , by trying to obtain for him, despite his young age, the position of the Bishop of Poznań . On 10 September 1382 King Louis I of Hungary, Vladislaus' protector, died. Despite his earlier support for late King's daughters to inherit

328-593: A seat of his family there, on March 19, 1530, King Sigismund I of Poland granted the village a city charter modelled on the Magdeburg Law . The document, among other privileges, granted the new town of Brzeżany , as it was called prior to 1945, with: two markets yearly, one for the day of Our Lord's Ascension and the other for the day of Saint Peter in Chains, that are to be held every year. As to weekly fairs these are to be held every Friday, although with respect to

369-419: Is located about 50 km (31 mi) from the administrative center of the oblast, Ternopil . The city is about 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level. There are four secondary schools and a grammar school in the city. A brickyard , a furniture factory and a glassworks are all of economic importance to Berezhany. Of architectural significance are the ruins of the five-cornered fortress (completed in 1554),

410-524: The Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary . He was named "last of the greatest Polish poets of Romanticism ". Kornel was born in a village on Dniester between Buchach and Tlumach . Ujejski was involved in Poland's struggle for independence after it had been partitioned and erased from the map of Europe by neighbouring countries ( Russian Empire , Prussia and Austrian Empire ). In 1846, at

451-531: The Bernardines was constructed on the hill nearby. Both fortified places provided a safe refuge for the tradesmen, which added to the city's prominence in trade and commerce. In the early 17th century one of Mikołaj Sieniawski's grandsons, also named Mikołaj, fortified the city itself. The fortress withstood all attacks by Tatars and Cossacks until the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648, when it

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492-549: The Bohemian Crown ) as co-rulers; however, the strong personality of Vladislaus soon dominated the whole government and made his brothers to accept a modest part of their inheritance. Bolko III and Henry remained co-Dukes of Opole, but only formally. The political career of Vladislaus began in the mid 1360s in the Hungarian court of King Louis I . Already in 1364 he took part in the famous Congress of Cracow as part of

533-471: The Ukrainian SSR . Since 1991 it has been a part of Ukraine. Until 18 July 2020, Berezhany was designated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Berezhany Raion though it did not belong to the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion. The city

574-511: The Crown of Bohemia (causing terrible devastation of Moravia ); however, the following year Vladislaus headed a mediation mission to resolve the dispute between Emperor (also Bohemian King) Charles IV and King Louis I. In October 1372 Vladislaus was unexpectedly dismissed from the office of Count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and possessions in Hungary, his political influence

615-695: The Great master of the Teutonic Order, Konrad von Wallenrode , to attack the Kingdom with the combination of the troops of Teutonic knights in Poland , Hungary and Bohemia , but the conflict ended unexpectedly. The war, which began successfully (for example, with the siege to Nowy Korczyn on 26 July 1393), finally ended in 1396, when the royal army decided to attack the Silesian lands of Vladislaus. After

656-470: The Hungarian suite. However, the most important mission of Vladislaus on behalf of King Louis took place two years later (in 1366), when he negotiated conditions of the planned marriage between a niece of the Hungarian ruler and Wenceslaus , son of Emperor Charles IV . The faithful service to the Hungarian House of Anjou resulted in the appointment of Vladislaus as Count palatine, which made him

697-468: The Polish and Hungarian crowns, Vladislaus put his own nomination to the royal crown. However, he wasn't popular among the Polish nobility, and after the engagement between Louis I's daughter Hedwig and William of Habsburg was broken, he supported the candidacy of Duke Siemowit IV of Płock . Contrary to the old historiography, the Duke of Opole supported the new Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło during

738-562: The Polish troops took control over Strzelce, on 6 August of that year, Vladislaus' nephews decided to make peace with the King of Poland. Since then, the government of the Duchy of Opole was virtually taken over by the sons of Bolko III, and Vladislaus was relegated to a second status. Disappointed because of his ambitions failed disastrously, Vladislaus died on 18 May 1401 in Opole, and was buried in

779-539: The Royal power, the Duke of Opole capitulated, and in 1392 transferred the disputed territories to Poland (with the exception of Bolesławiec , which, completely loyal to Władysław, only accepted the annexation to the Polish Kingdom after the death of the Duke of Opole). However, the attitude of Vladislaus was not changed and in 1393 he sold his rights over Dobrzyń to the Teutonic Order. Has also tried to encourage

820-737: The Soviets left in July 1941, enraged by the discovery of the bodies from the prison massacre, local Ukrainians launched a pogrom , resulting in the murder of dozens of the town's Jews, as well as looting and injuries inflicted upon them. In December 1941, approximately 1,000 Jews were killed in the Lityatyn forest. On 12 June 1943 the Nazis murdered almost all the Jews from the Brzezany ghetto and work camp at

861-592: The border with the domain of the Teutonic Order , with which Vladislaus established close relations. For example, he allowed the Teutonic knights to prosecute of criminals in his domains. In Kuyavia, Vladislaus entered in a dispute over finances with the Bishop of Płock , Dobiesław Sówka , resulting in the Duke's excommunication , which, however, was voided a year later by the Archbishop of Gniezno . As

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902-562: The buildings rebuilt were the Bernardine church and a Uniate church in the suburb of Polska Adamówka (paradoxically being primarily inhabited by Ukrainians and not Poles as the name suggests). Because of its relative safety the town grew and by the end of the 17th century there were nearly 8,000 inhabitants there. After the death of Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski , the last of his kin, the town was inherited by August Aleksander Czartoryski through Sieniawski's daughter Maria Zofia . Czartoryski,

943-533: The death of Casimir III the Great , the Duke of Opole actively participated in preparing the succession of King Louis I of Hungary to the Polish throne. As a reward, King Louis gave him the towns of Wieluń and Częstochowa . By that time, Vladislaus' brother Bolko III had inherited Strzelce Opolskie from their uncle Albert and with this, the Duke of Opole could maintain the sole government over his domains (the youngest brother, Henry, died in 1365 without issue). In 1371 Vladislaus led an armed expedition against

984-564: The first period of his reign. Some historians accept the fact that in 1386 Vladislaus stood as the King's godfather when he converted to the Catholic faith. However, the cooperation between the Duke of Opole and the King was short-lived: in 1388, after the King dispossessed him of Bydgoszcz, the Duke lead a coup to capture the King and the Wawel Castle . Defeated and captured by Starosta (provincial governor) Sędziwój Pałuka , Vladislaus

1025-657: The instigation of the Austrian Government during the Kraków Uprising , the Galician peasants massacred several thousand of the nobility. Ujejski then gave utterance to the universal feeling of indignation in his powerful poem Choral , which has become one of the notable patriotic Polish songs of that period. The political situation in partitioned Poland was reflected in his poems and political writing. His writing conveyed patriotic and historic message and

1066-500: The local Franciscan monastery. Around 1355 and during his stay in Hungary, Vladislaus married firstly Elisabeth Basarab (b. 1340 – d. c. 1369), daughter of Nicolae Alexandru Basarab , Voivode of Wallachia . They had three daughters: By 1369, Vladislaus married secondly Euphemia of Masovia (b. c. 1352 – d. by 9 December 1424), daughter of Duke Siemowit III of Masovia . They had two daughters: Because he died without male heirs, Vladislaus' nephews Bolko IV and Bernard inherited

1107-610: The local cemetery; only a few escaped. Between 1942 and the end of the war there was heavy partisan activity in the area, mostly by local branches of the Armia Krajowa . In 1944 the town was occupied in the course of Operation Tempest of the insurgent Polish Home Army , but the Polish nationalists were soon pushed aside as the town was occupied by the Red Army . In 1945 it was annexed by the Soviet Union and attached to

1148-564: The most important man in the country after the King. The functions of this post were primarily broad judicial powers, comparable only to those of the King. In this office, Vladislaus showed great commitment and capability; he created the rule of four Congregatio generalis , which handled court cases. However, despite his huge income, the new post in Hungary affected Vladislaus' personal finances. During his time as count palatine, Vladislaus did not ceased to participate in foreign politics; for example, in 1368 he travelled to Bulgaria . In 1370, after

1189-567: The onset of Operation Barbarossa , NKVD massacred from 174 to 300 prisoners held in Berezhany prison. On July 4, 1941, the town was again occupied by Germany and latter attached to the so-called Distrikt Galizien of the General Government . Before World War II Brzezany's Jewish population was about 4,000, while after 1939 this population tripled with an additional 8,000 Jews, refugees from eastern German-occupied territories. After

1230-731: The renascent Poland by the Conference of Ambassadors of the League of Nations , following the short Polish-Ukrainian War . During the Polish-Bolshevik War it was briefly occupied by the Red Army , but was soon recaptured by the Polish Army after the Battle of Warsaw . However, some of the most precious sculptures and paintings from the castle and local churches, evacuated to Kraków , were never returned and instead survived

1271-520: The rights of other nearby towns. Thus, the town is to allow each and every tradesman, cart driver or businessman, regardless of his or her state, gender, faith or rite, to arrive to the town of Brzeżany for trade. The town's location on the route between Lviv and Terebovlya proved beneficial to the city's growth and development. Among the first settlers to inhabit the town were people from Lwów liberated by Sieniawski from Tatar captivity . It soon started to attract settlers from all over Poland, including

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1312-411: The town was briefly occupied by Russia , but was soon recaptured by Austria-Hungary. The castle was partially pillaged by Austro-Hungarian soldiers who were stationed there during the war while some of the works of art were evacuated from the palaces of Puławy , Łańcut and Wilanów . At the end of the war the town was part of the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic , but in 1919 was awarded to

1353-446: The vacant position of Polish Count palatine. But almost immediately Vladislaus had to face the strong resistance from the Polish nobility, dissatisfied with the decision of King Louis to name his daughters as his heirs, and soon was forced to resign. The Hungarian and Polish ruler compensated Vladislaus with the towns of Dobrzyń Land and a part of Kuyavia (with towns Bydgoszcz , Inowrocław and Gniewkowo ). These territories were on

1394-561: The war in the castle of Pieskowa Skała near Ojców . After the Invasion of Poland of 1939 and the outbreak of World War II the town was briefly occupied by Nazi Germany , after which it was transferred to the Soviet Union . During the Soviet occupation many of the local inhabitants were sent to the Gulag camps; there was also a notable NKVD prison located in the town. In June 1941, at

1435-521: The whole Duchy except Głogówek , who was given by the Duke to his wife, Euphemia, as her dower . Kornel Ujejski Kornel Ujejski ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈkɔr.nɛl u.ˈjɛj.skʲi] ; September 12, 1823 in Beremyany , Galicia , Austria - September 19, 1897 in Pavliv near Lviv , Galicia , Austria ), also known as Cornelius Ujejski, was a Polish poet, patriot and political writer of

1476-522: Was captured by the Cossacks. In 1655 during The Deluge , it was again captured by the forces of Sweden and the city was again plundered. However, it was rebuilt afterwards and withstood further Cossack attacks in 1667 and 1672. In 1675 the town was again sacked and pillaged by the forces of the Ottoman Empire . However, Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski financed the reconstruction of the town. Among

1517-514: Was forced to give up his claim to the Polish throne. King Władysław II Jagiełło also blocked the nomination of Jan Kropidło for the position of Archbishop of Gniezno . Further frictions with the King of Poland took place in May 1391, when Vladislaus pledged the land of Złotów to the Teutonic Order. Aware of the danger that the Teutonic Order to close to his bordes, the King ordained the deprivation of Vladislaus from his fiefs in Polish territory. Against

1558-460: Was outside of the region of fortifications, inside which construction of new houses was severely limited. A grammar school was founded there in 1805, and had many notable alumni. Among them were Włodzimierz Bednarski , Franz Kokovsky, Bohdan Lepkyi, Rudolf Moch, Kornel Ujejski , Ruslan Shashkevych , and the future Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły . The town was connected by rail to Tarnopol (modern Ternopil , Ukraine) in 1894 and in 1900 it had

1599-656: Was related to his positive attitude to the Eastern Orthodox Church , which caused anger of the local boyars , who were fiercely Catholic. Probably following Vladislaus's advice, in 1374 King Louis I published a provincial privilege for the Polish nobility ( szlachta ) in Košice , which ensured the succession of the King's daughters to the Polish throne after his death. In 1378 the departure of Queen Elisabeth from Poland to Hungary, forced King Louis to release Vladislaus from his post of Governor and appoint him to

1640-625: Was significantly curtailed. As a compensation, he was made Governor of the Hungarian-ruled part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . In this new position, the Duke of Opole successfully contributed to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. Vladislaus resided mainly in Lviv , but at the end of his rule, he spent more time in Halych . The only serious conflict during his time

1681-567: Was the eldest son of Duke Bolko II of Opole by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Bernard of Świdnica . Vladislaus was a descendant of the House of Piast . Little is known about his youth. As a young prince, in order to gain more political experience, he went to Hungary around 1353, where he probably remained until the death of his father (1356). There he also got married. After Duke Bolko II 's death, Vladislaus and his brothers Bolko III and Henry inherited Duchy of Opole (then fiefdom of

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