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48-737: Sănătescu was born on January 14, 1885, in Craiova . He was the son of the infantry lieutenant Gheorghe Sănătescu (1858–1942), a future general. He graduated from the School of Sons of Soldiers in Iași (1905), then attended the Military School of Infantry and Cavalry in Bucharest (September 1, 1905 – July 1, 1907). He attended military school in the same class with future Generals Gheorghe Mihail and Nicolae Macici , being promoted after graduation to

96-474: A 30 km (18.64 mi) network. Craiova was the first city in the country powered by electricity based on internal combustion engines. In 1900, Craiova held 43.1% of the industrial units in Oltenia, having 924 industrial firms (of which 20 establishments belonged to heavy industry, using 1078 workers). In 1925, the number of heavy industry establishments had increased to 49, and in 1930 the number of workers

144-657: A delegation consisting of Prince Barbu A. Știrbey , General Dumitru Dămăceanu , Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu , and Ghiță Popp to negotiate and sign the Armistice Convention in Moscow with the United Nations . The Russians delayed receiving the delegation until their army had fully occupied the Romanian territory. The deed was signed on September 12. On September 15, a working meeting took place between members of

192-579: A team, FC Craiova , that won the unofficial war championship. Later, another team from the city, Universitatea Craiova , became the first Romanian football team to reach the semi-finals of a European tournament, during the UEFA Cup in 1982-83 . Public transportation in Craiova started in September 1948 with only 2 buses, received from Bucharest . The buses connected the Craiova railway station with

240-511: Is served by Craiova Airport , which has recently been modernised. [REDACTED] Media related to Craiova at Wikimedia Commons Marshal of the Court (Romania) The Marshal of the Royal Court and Household of Romania (Romanian: Mareșalul Curții și al Casei Regale a României ) was the highest official in the Royal Court of Romania. The Marshal was appointed by the monarch and

288-545: Is the largest city in southwestern Romania, the seventh largest city in the country and the capital of Dolj County , situated near the east bank of the river Jiu in central Oltenia . It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximately equal distances from the Southern Carpathians (north) and the River Danube (south). Craiova is the chief commercial city west of Bucharest and

336-457: The 1944 coup d'état and was a close friend of the king. That evening, Sănătescu was appointed President of the Council of Ministers and formed a military cabinet in which the leaders of the four parties that had supported King Michael had one representative without a portfolio. The Communist Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu also held the position of interim minister of justice. The Sănătescu government

384-455: The Danube to Brăila , established in 1846. Around 1860 in Craiova there were 4633 buildings, of which 3220 were houses, 26 churches, 11 schools, and 60 factories or workshops. There were also approximately 90 establishments with an industrial character, of which 12 were wind mills , 3 beer factories, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanneries, and 2 were printing houses. Statistics show that Craiova

432-577: The Köppen climate classification , Craiova has a humid continental climate ( Dfa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ). This results in a combination of occasional cold winters, but too mild of a climate to contain permanent snow cover, along with long and hot summers. Annually, Craiova experiences 64 days with fog , more frequently in winter than other seasons. The city also experiences 34 days per year with thunder, and 1 day with hail . As of 2021 , 234,140 inhabitants live within

480-544: The Nicolae Romanescu Park . The tram was first introduced in 1987, on an 18.4 km (11.43 mi) double-track line, as a result of the state's intention of keeping energy consumption low. The public transport in Craiova today consists of 3 tram lines and 17 bus lines. It is operated by the RAT Craiova  [ ro ] , a corporation run by City Hall. There are 190 buses and 35 trams serving

528-774: The Second Balkan War (1913). Captain Sănătescu took part in the battles of the First World War and was promoted to the rank of major on September 1, 1917. From February 15, 1918, he served in the staff of the 16th Infantry Division, then was transferred to the General Staff, and later became an instructor at the Military School of Active Cavalry Officers. He then attended the Higher War School (April 1, 1919 – November 1, 1920), being assigned to

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576-687: The Second World War on June 22, 1941, Sănătescu was the commanding officer of the 4th Army Corps . He participated for two years in the battles on the Eastern Front , standing out in the Battle of Odessa and the Battle of Stalingrad . He was decorated on November 7, 1941, with the Order of the Star of Romania with swords in the rank of Grand Officer with the ribbon of Military Virtue "for

624-503: The Tsarist take-over (1828–1834), Craiova experienced significant economic growth. In 1832, there were 595 shops, of which "187 [were] of wood and 398 of stone wall". The city was the commercial centre of Oltenia . It exported cereal, skins, wax, animals, tallow and services to Austria and Turkey . As a consequence of the permanent high demand for exports, Craiova was the site of the first Romanian society for shares in cereal shipping on

672-530: The bans relocated to Bucharest, leaving behind kaymakams to represent them in Craiova. Under Prince Emanuel Giani Ruset , Wallachia's seat was moved to Craiova (1770–1771), viewed as a place of refuge during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 . A large part of the city was burned down by the rebel pasha Osman Pazvantoğlu in 1800. During the Wallachian uprising of 1821 , inhabitants of

720-430: The "Scrisul Românesc" ("The Romanian Writing") publishing house, the "Concordia" macaroni factory, the "Barbu Druga" bread and macaroni factory, the "Semănătoarea" factory and the "Traiul" bread factory. The only branch of industry at the same level of development as other centers of the country was graphic art. The two printing houses "Ramuri" and "Scrisul Românesc" were well-known all over Romania and abroad. Starting in

768-442: The 1960s the city became a powerful industrial center; it developed industry in machinery, tools, aircraft, chemicals, food, light industry, construction materials, electronics, extraction, and energy. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 led to important changes in the economy, with the introduction of a free market and decentralization of the management of all national economic sectors. In industry, an overall drop in production capacity

816-686: The General Staff after graduation. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on April 1, 1921. On November 2, 1926, he was transferred to the General Secretariat of the Ministry of War and on July 1, 1927, he was promoted to colonel. Colonel Sănătescu was appointed on May 5, 1928, as a military attaché in the Romanian Legation in London , where he remained for two years until June 30, 1930. After returning to Romania, he

864-484: The General Staff and fulfilled the position during the term of Major General Ștefan Ionescu. From May to December 1939, he served as director of the National Military Circle . On February 27, 1939, shortly after the replacement on February 1 of General Ionescu with General Țenescu as Chief of the General Staff, Sănătescu passed to the command of the 3rd Cavalry Division and was promoted on October 25 to

912-582: The Palace (April 1, 1944 – August 23, 1944). He participated in several meetings with civilians and soldiers close to the Royal House who planned the overthrow of the Antonescu regime, Romania's exit from the anti-Soviet war and turning around the weapons against Nazi Germany . On August 23, 1944, King Michael I dismissed and arrested Marshal Ion Antonescu . Sănătescu was one of the organizers of

960-469: The Sănătescu government and participants in the signing of the armistice during which Iuliu Maniu observed that Romania's negotiators had to "accept points that represent a real capitulation, not a free Armistice contract." Also, on September 12, 1944, at the energetic intervention of Sănătescu, Anton Buga, who had been sentenced to death, was released. On November 4, 1944, the Second Sănătescu cabinet

1008-468: The city also housed about 90 industrial establishments, of which 12 were mills, 3 breweries, 2 gas and oil factories, 4 tanning yards and 2 printing presses ; 57% of the total number of craftsmen of Dolj County lived in Craiova (1,088 craftsmen , 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices ). The period following the Independence War was a time of economic and cultural progress. As a result, at

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1056-500: The city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded in 2011, making it the 7th most populous city in Romania. Ethnic composition (2011): Ethnic composition (2021): In the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova was characterized by economic growth and the increased presence of trade, commerce, and public services. Similarly to other large urban areas, Craiova became a commercial, administrative and cultural centre. During

1104-481: The city today. Craiova is also a major railway centre and is connected to all other major Romanian cities, as well as local destinations, through the national Căile Ferate Române network. There are daily trains with service from Craiova to: Bucharest (3 hours), Brașov (6 – 8 hours - via connecting service), Cluj-Napoca (8 – 10 hours - connecting service), Sibiu (4 – 7 hours), Sighișoara (8 – 11 hours - connecting service), Timișoara ( 5 hours) The city

1152-424: The city. There are two possible etymologies for Craiova: Old Slavonic kral ("king"), which has been borrowed in Romania as crai and Slavonic krajina ("border" or "edge"). Since no source prior to 1475 mentions the city, it is impossible to tell which of the two words is the real etymology. The name is probably of Serbian origin, due to historical autochthonous minorities in the area. In Hungarian,

1200-458: The country to be supplied with electric power by internal combustion engines . In 1900, Craiova had 43.1% of the industrial units of Oltenia ; these numbered 924 industrial companies (including 20 large industrial establishments, employing 1,078 workers). The number of large industrial establishments rose to 40 by 1925. Banking also developed at the beginning of the 20th century (when 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change were already operating). In

1248-613: The dexterity with which he led the troops of the Army Corps in the battle of Odessa. Acting with all his might, he definitively defeated the enemy resistance in the South Tătarca region, entering Odessa." He was promoted to the rank of Army Corps General on January 24, 1942. In March 1943, he was called from the front and appointed head of the Royal Military House (March 20, 1943 – January 24, 1944) and then Marshal of

1296-623: The end of the 16th century was about 100 villages (182 financial goods). This power gave them a statute of political autonomy so big, that the hospodars ruling at that time were not able to keep in power without an alliance with this powerful dynasty. From the Craiovești family there were chosen a lot of hospodars to rule the country: Neagoe Basarab , Radu de la Afumați , Radu Șerban (1602–1611), Matei Basarab , Constantin Șerban , Șerban Cantacuzino , Constantin Brâncoveanu . In 1395 Craiova

1344-414: The end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova, with its 40,000 inhabitants, had developed small factories (producing chemicals, farming utilities, and construction materials) and textile factories. On October 26, 1896, the Craiova power station entered service (with AEG equipment working at 310 CP, supplying 365 streetlights on 39 streets, forming a 30 km-long network); Craiova was the first city in

1392-596: The first in 1967–1968, followed by Siloz-Valea Roșie in the same years. Later on in the 1980s the Craiovița Nouă, Rovine, 1 Mai, Sărari and Lăpuș-Argeș housing estates are built. After the 1989 Revolution brought the re-establishment of a free market and decentralisation in overall management, several industries became subject to privatisation , while the market opened itself to private initiatives. Industry, although affected by economic changes, remains an important branch, representing circa 70% of Craiova's output. Under

1440-464: The interwar period, Craiova, as the centre of an agricultural region, experienced little further industrialization ; the number of industrial workers remained comparatively small. In 1939, Craiova had 7 industrial units with over 100 workers: the clothing industry companies Oltenia and Scrisul Românesc were well-known all over the country and abroad. The Treaty of Craiova was signed here on 7 September 1940; under its terms, Romania ceded to Bulgaria

1488-427: The most important city of Oltenia. The city prospered as a regional trading centre despite an earthquake in 1790, a plague in 1795, and a Turkish assault in 1802 during which it was burned. Eight villages are administered by the city: Făcăi, Mofleni, Popoveni, Șimnicu de Jos, Cernele, Cernelele de Sus, Izvoru Rece, and Rovine. The last four were a separate commune called Cernele until 1996, when they were merged into

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1536-517: The present-day Dolj County joined Tudor Vladimirescu 's Pandurs in great numbers, contributing to the expedition on Bucharest. During the first two decades of the 19th century, Craiova witnessed economic prosperity, centered on handicraft trades and public services. During Imperial Russian occupation and the early stages of Organic Statute rules (1828–1834), the city increased its economic output; in 1832 there were 595 shops, 197 of which were made barracks and 398 were houses built of brick. At

1584-770: The rank of major general. He then held the positions of commander of the 8th Army Corps, commander of the Cavalry Corps, commander of the Military Command of the Capital during the Legionnaires' rebellion and commander of the 4th Army Corps (1941–1943). As commander of the 8th Army Corps, it was General Sănătescu who stopped the Pogrom from Dorohoi against the Jews that was launched in 1940. When Romania joined

1632-460: The rank of second lieutenant (July 1, 1907) and assigned to the 5th Roșiori Regiment. Sănătescu was promoted to lieutenant on July 1, 1910, and transferred on October 16 as an instructing officer to the Military School of Active Cavalry Officers. He obtained the rank of captain on April 1, 1915, and was appointed first as the commander of the squadron of the 10th Călărași Regiment and then in the 7th Roșiori Regiment. He fought against Bulgaria during

1680-569: The site of the Dacian and Roman city Pelendava , was formerly the capital of Oltenia. Its ancient bans , the highest ranking boyars of the Wallachian state, were initially those of the Craiovești family. The bans had the right of minting coins stamped with their own effigies – the origin of the Romanian word ban as used for coins. The economic power of the Craiovești family at

1728-550: The territory of Southern Dobruja , which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War . In the early 1960s, under the Communist regime , the city became a centre for the automotive and engine building industries, as well as for aerospace manufacturing , chemical industry , food industry , construction , electrical engineering , mining and the electrical power industry . The construction of housing estates also begins at this time, with Brazda lui Novac being one of

1776-744: The time, Craiova exported wheat, furs, leather, live animals and other products into the Austrian and Ottoman Empires . Costache Romanescu, a citizen of Craiova, was among the leaders of the Provisional Government during the 1848 Wallachian revolution . Wallachia's last two rulers, Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei , came from an important boyar family residing in Craiova – the Bibescu family. Around 1860, there were 4,633 buildings in Craiova, which were 3,220 houses, 26 churches, 11 schools and 60 factories and workshops. In all,

1824-543: The town is either referred to as Királyi , a remnant of the city's Hungarian rule during the Árpád dynasty , or as Krajova . The German name of the city is Krajowa . [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1475–1718 [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy 1718–1739 [REDACTED]   Wallachia 1739–1859 [REDACTED] United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862 [REDACTED] Romanian United Principalities 1862–1866 [REDACTED]   Romania 1866–present Craiova, which occupied

1872-478: Was 5530. The banking industry was also present; at the beginning of the 20th century, there were 6 banks and 2 bureaux de change. In the inter-war period , the city, situated in an eminently agricultural area, was considered to be industrialising too slowly in comparison with other urban areas of Romania. In 1939, there were only 7 industrial units with over 100 workers in Craiova: the "Oltenia" clothing factory,

1920-545: Was buried at Bellu Cemetery . He was the last general of the Romanian Army buried with full honours according to his rank. Sănătescu was decorated with numerous Romanian and foreign decorations and medals, including: and a number of other decorations. Craiova Craiova ( / k r ə ˈ j oʊ v ə / , also US : / k r aɪ ˈ oʊ v ə , k r ɑː ˈ j ɔː v ɑː , k r ɑː ˈ j oʊ v ɑː / , Romanian: [kraˈjova] )

1968-697: Was entrusted with the command of the Mounted Guards Regiment. He was appointed the Chief of Staff of the General Inspectorate of the Cavalry on October 1, 1933. After a year, he returned to the General Staff, and on June 15, 1935, he became the commander of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on October 16, 1935. After two years in command, he was appointed on November 1, 1937, as Deputy Chief of

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2016-553: Was entrusted with the important mission of consolidating the coup by repelling the attack of the German contingents in the country. In the battles between August 24 and August 31, a large part of Romania was liberated, but the Soviet Union de facto occupied the country . The appointment of Sănătescu to head the government was made official by a royal decree, which was issued only on September 1, 1944. The Sănătescu government sent

2064-641: Was formed, led by General Sănătescu. The cabinet faced the challenges of the Romanian Communist Party , supported by the Soviet Union, which requested that it be granted two strategic ministries, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of War. Losing the trust of the leaders of the liberal and peasant parties , which perceived him as too moderate towards the communists, Sănătescu submitted his resignation on December 2, 1944. Sănătescu

2112-710: Was founded on 24 April 2015 in Craiova by Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia . Greece later joined to the organization in 2017. The first school in Craiova was founded in 1759 by Constantin Obedeanu. In the spring of 1826 Obedeanu's school took the name Școala Naţională de Limba Română which means National School of Romanian Language . This was the second Romanian high school after Saint Sava high school in Bucharest (founded in 1818). Universities: The first football teams in Craiova appeared in 1921, Craiovan Craiova and Rovine Griviţa Craiova. They merged in 1940, forming

2160-514: Was home to 57.7% of the total number of craftsmen in Dolj County (1088 craftsmen, 687 journeymen and 485 apprentices). Towards the end of the 19th century, the city of Craiova had small factories and workshops with chemical products, agricultural machines, graphic design, tanneries, textiles, construction materials, among others. On 26 October 1896, Craiova's power plant (using AEG equipment) began operations, supplying 365 lamps on 39 streets in

2208-480: Was noted, caused by an inability to anticipate the impact of change and the economic shocks that followed the change of system. Nevertheless, industry continues to represent the largest sector of the city's economy (70%). The Craiova Municipal Council, chosen at the 2020 local election , is made up of 27 councillors, with the following party composition: The Craiova Group , inspired by the Visegrád Group ,

2256-791: Was probably the scene of a victory won by the Wallachian Prince Mircea I of Wallachia over Bayezid I , Sultan of the Ottomans ( see Battle of Rovine ). Frequently referred to as "a city" after the first half of the 16th century, the Craiova area was always regarded as an important economic region of Wallachia and Romania at large. During the 1718–1739 Habsburg occupation of Oltenia (see Banat of Craiova ), Craiova's status declined due to economic pressures and increased centralism , partly leading to an increase in hajduk actions, in parallel with protests of Craiovan boyars . In 1761, under Prince Constantine Mavrocordatos ,

2304-501: Was promoted to the rank of general on December 6, 1944. He then served as Chief of the Romanian General Staff (December 11, 1944 – June 20, 1945), developing the battle plans of the Romanian Army and leading the military operations until the final defeat of Germany. After the end of the war, General Sănătescu served for a period as inspector general of the army. Sănătescu died of cancer in 1947 in Bucharest, and

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