Misplaced Pages

#555444

38-437: (Redirected from Independence War ) Independence war may refer to: War of independence I-War (1997 video game) , a space combat simulator also known as Independence War Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Independence war . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

76-812: A ground offensive to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation . The 1991 breakup of Yugoslavia led to fewer wars of independence in part of the Yugoslav Wars , including the Ten-Day War and the Croatian War of Independence . The aftermath of the Rwandan genocide saw the AFDL invade Zaire , overthrowing the regime of Mobutu and reverting its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo . In

114-425: A larger context of great power politics and are often proxy wars . These strategies explain why they are quite successful against foreign regimes and quite unsuccessful against indigenous regimes. Foreign regimes usually have a threshold beyond which they would prefer to go home rather than to fight the war. By contrast, an indigenous regime has no place to which they can retreat, and will fight much harder because of

152-702: A series of campaigns in the war of independence (1919-1922), which resulted in the subsequent withdrawal of Allied forces and establishment of the Republic of Turkey . The Indonesian War of Independence (1945-1949) followed with the Liberation of Irian Jaya (1960-1962), the First Indochina War (1946–54), Vietnam War (1959–75), Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) and the Algerian War (1954–62) were all considered national liberation wars by

190-444: A third-party state sponsor. A proxy war is characterised by a direct, long-term, geopolitical relationship between the third-party sponsor states and their client states or non-state clients, thus the political sponsorship becomes military sponsorship when the third-party powers fund the soldiers and their matériel to equip the belligerent proxy-army to launch and fight and sustain a war to victory, and government power. However,

228-796: A useful extension of a pre-existing conflict, such as France and England during the Hundred Years' War , both of which initiated a longstanding practice of supporting privateers , which targeted the other's merchant shipping. France used England's turmoil of the Wars of the Roses from their victory as a proxy, siding with the Lancastrians against the Yorkists who were backed by the Burgundian State . The Ottoman Empire likewise used

266-580: Is at a disadvantage, they will often respond by escalating military and/or financial support. If their counterpart(s), perceiving a material threat or desiring to avoid the appearance of weakness or defeat, follow suit, a proxy war ensues between the two powers. That was a major factor in many of the proxy wars during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union , as well as in

304-552: Is general agreement among all states today in principle that the use of force to frustrate a people's legal right to self-determination is unlawful. Wars of national liberation are usually fought using guerrilla warfare. The main purpose of these tactics is to increase the cost of the anti-guerrilla forces past the point where such forces are willing to bear. Wars of national liberation generally depend on widespread public support, with ordinary civilians providing crucial support. Finally, wars of national liberation are often embedded in

342-450: Is most commonly used for those fought during the decolonization movement. Since these were primarily in the third world , against Western powers and their economic influence, and a major aspect of the Cold War , the phrase has often been applied selectively to criticize the foreign power involved. Some of these wars were either vocally or materially supported by the Soviet Union , which claimed to be an anti-imperialist power, supporting

380-537: The Barbary pirates as proxies to harass Western European powers in the Mediterranean Sea . Frequent application of the term "proxy war" indicates its prominent place in academic research on international relations. Distinct implementations of soft power and hard power have proved to be unsuccessful in recent years. Accordingly, great failures in classic wars increased the tendency to use proxy wars. Since

418-775: The British government partially organized and instigated the Arab Revolt to undermine the Ottoman Empire during the First World War . Many proxy wars began assuming a distinctive ideological dimension after the Spanish Civil War , which pitted the fascist political ideology of Italy and Nazi Germany against the communist ideology of the Soviet Union without involving these states in open warfare with each other. Sponsors of both sides also used

SECTION 10

#1732764786556

456-792: The OAU at that time included the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC). It is the only non-African national liberation movement to hold observer status in the OAU, and was one of the first national liberation movements granted permanent observer status by the United Nations General Assembly pursuant to a 1974 resolution. The PLO also participates in UN Security Council debates; since 1988, it has represented

494-518: The Palestinian people at the UN under the name " Palestine ". The following current conflicts have sometimes also been characterized as wars or struggles of national liberation (such a designation is often subject to controversy): Conflicts which have been described as national liberation struggles: Proxy war In political science, a proxy war is an armed conflict where at least one of

532-787: The United Nations . That is especially significant when standing peace treaties, acts of the alliance or other international agreements ostensibly forbid direct warfare. Breaking such agreements could lead to a variety of negative consequences due to either negative international reaction (see above), punitive provisions listed in the prior agreement, or retaliatory action by the other parties and their allies. In some cases, nations may be motivated to engage in proxy warfare because of financial concerns: supporting irregular troops, insurgents, non-state actors, or less-advanced allied militaries (often with obsolete or surplus equipment) can be significantly cheaper than deploying national armed forces, and

570-866: The Vietnam War because of the so-called " Vietnam Syndrome " of extreme war weariness among the American population. That was also a significant factor in motivating the US to enter conflicts such as the Syrian Civil War by proxy actors after a series of costly drawn-out direct engagements in the Middle East spurred a recurrence of war weariness, the " War on Terror syndrome." Nations may also resort to proxy warfare to avoid potential negative international reactions from allied nations, profitable trading partners, or intergovernmental organizations such as

608-453: The Vietnam War , Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev would pledge support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. In the same decade, Cuba , led by Fidel Castro , would support national liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique . The Portuguese colonial wars finally led to the recognition of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau as independent states in 1975, following

646-497: The first Libyan Civil War (2011), an uprising developed into a rebellion , toppling the regime of Muammar Gaddafi and the National Transitional Council declared the liberation of Libya from 42 years of his rule. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is a national liberation movement, meaning that it holds official recognition of its legal status as such. Other national liberation movements in

684-705: The royalists , which resulted in the formation of new Latin American states. The Siege of Patras (1821) led to the Greek War of Independence , ending Ottoman domination in the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece . The Easter Rising (1916) in Dublin eventually led to the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), ending in the establishment of the Irish Free State . In the aftermath of World War I and

722-613: The 1917 Russian Revolution the Bolsheviks unsuccessfully fought a number of independence movements until Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , and Poland gained independence. The Ukrainian People's Republic fought its war of independence (1917-1921), which resulted in being absorbed into a Soviet republic . Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire , the Turkish National Movement fought

760-784: The April Carnation Revolution . The Rhodesian Bush War became a scene of guerrilla warfare by factors of the ZANLA and ZAPU against Rhodesia until white-majority rule came to an end in 1979 and the Lancaster House Agreement led to the independence of Zimbabwe in April 1980. In February 1991, six months after the outbreak of the Gulf War , the coalition led by the United States launched

798-675: The Highest Stage of Capitalism . For example, Ho Chi Minh — who founded the Viet-Minh in 1941 and declared the independence of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, following the 1945 August Revolution — was a founding member of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 1921. In January 1961, over three years before the Gulf of Tonkin incident which would mark the United States government 's increased involvement in

SECTION 20

#1732764786556

836-537: The Soviet Union as being social imperialist . In turn, China presented themselves as models of independent nationalist development outside of Western influence, particularly as such posturing and other long-term hostility meant they were regarded as a threat to Western power and regarded themselves as such, using their resources to politically, economically and militarily assist movements such as in Vietnam . When

874-489: The Spanish conflict as a proving ground for their own weapons and battlefield tactics. During the Cold War , proxy warfare was motivated by fears that an armed conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union by conventional warfare would result in nuclear holocaust , which rendered the use of ideological proxies a safer way to conduct hostilities. The Soviet government found that supporting parties antagonistic to

912-400: The U.S. and other Western nations was a cost-effective way to combat NATO 's influence compared to direct military engagement. Additionally, the proliferation of televised media and its impact on public perception made the U.S. public especially susceptible to war-weariness and being skeptical of risking life abroad. That encouraged the American practice of arming insurgent forces, such as

950-399: The belligerents is directed or supported by an external third-party power. In the term proxy war , a belligerent with external support is the proxy ; both belligerents in a proxy war can be considered proxies if both are receiving foreign military aid from a third party country. Acting either as a nation-state government or as a conventional force , a proxy belligerent acts in behalf of

988-449: The early twentieth century, proxy wars have most commonly taken the form of states assuming the role of sponsors to non-state proxies and essentially using them as fifth columns to undermine adversarial powers. That type of proxy warfare includes external support for a faction engaged in a civil war, terrorists, national-liberation movements , and insurgent groups, or assistance to a national revolt against foreign occupation. For example,

1026-616: The first wars of national liberation. It pitted self-liberated slaves against Imperial France , coming about during a period in history where interconnected movements such as the American and French Revolutions had caused a rise of national consciousness in the Atlantic world. At the same time during the Spanish American wars of independence (1808-1833), the patriots launched a series of complex wars of independence against

1064-547: The funnelling of supplies to the mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War . Other examples of proxy war include the Korean War and the Vietnam War . The governments of some nations, particularly liberal democracies , may choose to engage in proxy warfare (despite their military superiority) if most of their citizens oppose declaring or entering a conventional war. That featured prominently in US strategy following

1102-529: The lack of alternatives. Moreover, foreign regimes usually have fewer active supporters in the theater, and those that exist can often be easily identified, making it possible for guerrilla armies to identify their targets. By contrast, indigenous regimes often have much more popular support, and their supporters are often not easily recognized as such, making it much harder to conduct operations against them without also causing harm to neutral parties. The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) can be considered to be one of

1140-416: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_war&oldid=1195480956 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages War of independence The term "wars of national liberation"

1178-605: The nation is defined in ethnic terms, wars fought to liberate it have often entailed ethnic cleansing or genocide in order to rid the claimed territory of other population groups. International law generally holds that a people with a legal right to self-determination are entitled to wage wars of national liberation. While Western states tend to view these wars as civil wars , Third World and communist states tend to view them as international wars. This difference in classification leads to varying perceptions of which laws of war apply in such situations. However, there

Independence war - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-703: The ongoing series of conflicts between Saudi Arabia and Iran , especially in Yemen and Syria . Proxy wars can have a huge impact, especially on the local area. A proxy war with significant effects occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Vietnam War . Operation Rolling Thunder , a U.S bombing campaign in North Vietnam destroyed significant amounts of infrastructure. Many bombs were also dropped on North Vietnamese supply routes in Cambodia and Laos . Equally, if not more, significant

1254-680: The proxies usually bear the brunt of casualties and economic damage resulting from prolonged conflict. Another common motivating factor is the existence of a security dilemma . A nation may use military intervention to install a more favorable government in a third-party state. Rival nations may perceive the intervention as a weakened position to their own security and may respond by attempting to undermine such efforts, often by backing parties favorable to their own interests (such as those directly or indirectly under their control, sympathetic to their cause, or ideologically aligned). In that case, if one or both rivals come to believe that their favored faction

1292-650: The rebelling sides of the conflicts. The African National Congress (ANC)'s struggle against the apartheid regime is also another example. Most of these rebellions were in part supported by the Soviet Union . Since the Russian Revolution the revolutionary objectives of communism and socialism were shared by many anticolonialist leaders, thus explaining the objective alliance between anticolonialist forces and Marxism . The concept of " imperialism " itself had been theorized in Lenin's 1916 book, Imperialism,

1330-518: The region. Proxies could be introduced by an external or local power and most commonly took the form of irregular armies which were used to achieve their sponsor's goals in a contested region. Some medieval states like the Byzantine Empire used proxy warfare as a foreign-policy tool by deliberately cultivating intrigue among hostile rivals and then backing them when they went to war with each other. Other states regarded proxy wars as merely

1368-472: The relationship between sponsors and proxies can be characterized by principal-agent problems whereby the sponsor may be unable to control the actions of the proxy. During classical antiquity and the Middle Ages , many non-state proxies were external parties that were introduced into an internal conflict and aligned themselves with a belligerent to gain influence and to further their own interests in

1406-548: The replacement of western-backed governments with local communist or other non pro-western parties. In January 1961 Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev pledged support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world. On the other hand, the Soviet involvement was often viewed as a way to increase the size and influence of the Soviet Bloc , and thus a form of imperialism itself. The People's Republic of China criticized

1444-498: Was the Soviet–Afghan War , which saw the U.S. fund the Afghan mujahideen against the invading Soviet forces (see Operation Cyclone ). This war cost hundreds of thousands of lives and billions of dollars, bankrupting the Soviet Union and contributing to its collapse . The conflict in the Middle East between Saudi Arabia and Iran is another example of the destructive impact of proxy wars. Since 2003, nearly 500,000 have died in

#555444