Misplaced Pages

#162837

54-640: The Gorgas–Manly Historic District is a historic district that includes 12 acres (4.9 ha) and eight buildings on the campus of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama . The buildings represent the university campus as it existed from the establishment of the institution through to the late 19th century. Two buildings included in the district, Gorgas House and the Little Round House, are among only seven structures to have survived

108-507: A Certificate of Appropriateness (COA), and the historic commission or architectural review board may decide upon the changes. The COA process is carried out with all aspects of due process, with formal notification, hearings, and fair and informed decision-making. According to the National Park Service, historic districts are one of the oldest forms of protection for historic properties. The city of Charleston, South Carolina

162-444: A State Historic Preservation Office, not all states must have a "state historic district" designation. As of 2004, for example, the state of North Carolina had no such designation. Local historic districts usually enjoy the greatest level of protection legally from any threats that may compromise their historic integrity because many land-use decisions are made at the local level. There are more than 2,300 local historic districts in

216-637: A dining hall and classrooms on the ground floor. It remained a dormitory until 1961, when it was converted for use by the Department of Art and Art History. The area between Woods Hall on the one side and Garland, Clark, and Manly on the other side is known as Woods Quad. Built in 1884, the Gothic Revival-style Clark Hall was constructed on the site of the old Lyceum, destroyed during the Civil War. Named for Willis G. Clark,

270-580: A federal designation, such as granting qualifications and tax incentives. In addition, the property can become protected under specific state laws. The laws can be similar or different from the federal guidelines that govern the National Register. A state listing of a historic district on a "State Register of Historic Places", usually by the State Historic Preservation Office , can be an "honorary status", much like

324-581: A historic district could comprise an entire neighborhood with hundreds of buildings, or a smaller area with just one or a few resources. Historic districts can be created by federal, state, or local governments . At the federal level, they are designated by the National Park Service and listed on the National Register of Historic Places ; this is a largely honorary designation that does not restrict what property owners may do with

378-596: A historic district per U.S. federal law , last revised in 2004. According to the Register definition, a historic district is: a geographically definable area, urban or rural, possessing a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united by past events or aesthetically by plan or physical development. A district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U.S. federal guidelines generally begin

432-544: A mesh of structures, streets, open space, and landscaping to define a historic district's character. As early as 1981, the National Trust for Historic Preservation identified 882 American cities and towns that had some form of "historic district zoning " in place--local laws meant specifically to protect historic districts. Before 1966, historic preservation in the United States was in its infancy. That year

486-514: A price per square foot basis increased in value significantly more than non-designated properties. The original concept of an American historic district was a protective area surrounding more important, individual historic sites. As the field of historic preservation progressed, those involved came to realize that the structures acting as "buffer zones" were key elements of the historical integrity of larger landmark sites. Preservationists believed that districts should be more encompassing, blending

540-431: A property. State -level historic districts usually do not include restrictions, though this depends on the state. Historic districts created by local municipalities, however, almost always protect historic properties by regulating alterations, demolition, or new construction within the district. Much criticism has arisen of historic districts and the effect protective zoning and historic designation status laws have on

594-456: A separate process unrelated to zoning. Local historic districts are identified by surveying historic resources and delineating appropriate boundaries that comply with all aspects of due process . Depending on local ordinances or state law, property owners' permission may be required; however, all owners are to be notified and allowed to share their opinions. Most local historic districts are constricted by design guidelines that control changes to

SECTION 10

#1732773278163

648-423: A specific definition in relation to the National Register. All but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is a governmental acknowledgment of a historic district. However, the Register is "an honorary status with some federal financial incentives." The National Register of Historic Places defines

702-477: A university trustee, Clark Hall was originally designed as an all-purpose building with a library, reading rooms, chapel, and a large public meeting room, which served as "the great public hall of the University." By 1910 the building was beginning to deteriorate, and by the late 1940s the brick walls were near collapse due to the heavy roof. The hall was preserved by the erection of an interior steel frame within

756-407: Is credited with beginning the modern-day historic districts movement. In 1931, Charleston enacted an ordinance which designated an "Old and Historic District" administered by a Board of Architectural Review. Charleston's early ordinance reflected the strong protection that local historic districts often enjoy under local law. It asserted that no alteration could be made to any architectural features

810-471: Is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Generally, the criteria for acceptance to the National Register are applied consistently, but there are considerations for exceptions to the criteria, and historic districts influence some of those exceptions. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, or properties that have achieved significance within

864-488: Is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site , property or district no protections. For example, if company A wants to tear down the hypothetical Smith House and company A is under contract with the state government of Illinois, then the federal designation would offer no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract, the Smith House would be protected. A federal designation

918-560: The U.S. Conference of Mayors penned an influential report which concluded, in part, that Americans suffered from a sense of "rootlessness." They recommended historic preservation to help give Americans a sense of orientation. The creation of the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, on the heels of the report, helped instill that sense of orientation the mayors sought. The mayors also recommended that any historic preservation program not focus solely on individual properties but also on "areas and districts which contain special meaning for

972-582: The Alabama legislature, and then became one of the University of Alabama museums now known as the Gorgas House Museum upon the death of the last two surviving Gorgas children in 1953. This small octagonal building with crenelations originally served as the guard house of the university. It was completed in 1860 during the conversion university into a military campus, intended to be a shelter for sentries from inclement weather. As tensions between

1026-550: The Campus Dining Hall. Enslaved workers endured repeated harassment and threats of violence from students, ultimately resulting in the students losing use of the building as a dining hall. Enslaved people continued to work in the building up until the destruction of the campus during the Civil War. Shortly after its construction as shelter for university sentries, the Round House was converted into headquarters for

1080-471: The Civil War. Constructed from 1867 to 1868 out of salvaged bricks from campus buildings destroyed in the war, the four-story brick structure was built with a Gothic Revival arcade on the ground floor, end facades in the Gothic Revival style with a crenelated roof, and cast iron galleries on the central upper floors. Initially known simply as "the barracks," it was used as a dormitory . It also had

1134-517: The Department of Chemistry, it was named in honor of Michael Tuomey, state geologist and professor. Toumey Hall was previously the home of the Army ROTC at the University of Alabama. The 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story Barnard Hall, now known as Oliver-Barnard Hall, was completed in 1889. Built as a laboratory and gymnasium , it now houses offices and classrooms for the College of Arts and Sciences. It

SECTION 20

#1732773278163

1188-465: The Department of Religious Studies, the Department of Women's Studies, the Department of Gender and Race Studies, offices of the English department, and the office of the literary magazine Black Warrior Review . It was named in honor of Basil Manly , the second university president. The three-story Garland Hall is another Gothic Revival–style building on campus, built in 1887 to house a dormitory and

1242-470: The National Register of Historic Places. If such an objection occurred, then the nomination would become a determination of National Register eligibility only. This provision is controversial because of the presumption that owners who do not file a formal objection support the designation, placing the burden on opponents. Most U.S. state governments have a listing similar to the National Register of Historic Places. State listings can have similar benefits to

1296-669: The National Register. For example, in Nevada , listing in the State Register places no limits on property owners. In contrast, state law in Tennessee requires that property owners within historic districts follow a strict set of guidelines from the U.S. Department of Interior when altering their properties. Though, according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, all states must have

1350-456: The North and South escalated, the request for the transition came from the university president of the time, Landon Cabell Garland . Ironically, the Little Round House, despite its military associations, was one of the few structures that remained after Federal troops burned the campus. When the university reopened its doors in 1871, the building was used as a physician's office. A few years later

1404-424: The United States is primarily based on arguments that such laws creating such districts restrict the supply of affordable housing, and thus the result of such districts is that of enforcing caste structures and class divisions by region and segments of urban areas. Several historic districts have been proposed not for a true preservation purpose but to prevent development. The issue of local historic districts and

1458-425: The United States. Local historic districts can be administered at the county or the municipal level; both entities are involved in land use decisions. The specific legal mechanism by which historic districts are enacted and regulated varies from one state to the next. In some areas, they are a component of zoning (where they are sometimes referred to as "overlay districts." In other places, they are created under

1512-668: The Vieux Carré Commission and authorizing it to act to maintain the historic character of the city's French Quarter . Other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The regulatory authority of local commissions and historic districts has been consistently upheld as a legitimate use of government police power, most notably in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York (1978). The Supreme Court case validated

1566-462: The building was considered for demolition due to its deteriorated condition. It was saved by the university trustees and converted into a records repository. It became known as Jasons Shrine during the 1930s, while being used by the Jasons, a men's honor society. 1990 saw the structure converted into a memorial for all university honor societies. Woods Hall was the first new building on campus following

1620-401: The building. The building was restored again in the 1980s. Clark Hall contains the main office space for the College of Arts and Sciences, as well as a dance studio (currently overseen by Cornelius Carter ). Manly Hall is a 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story Gothic Revival structure in red brick. Similar in design to Clark Hall, it was finished in 1885. Originally built as a dormitory, it now houses

1674-679: The burning of the campus by the Union Army , under the command of Brigadier General John T. Croxton , on April 4, 1865. The other survivors were the President's Mansion and the Old Observatory , plus a few faculty residences. Woods Hall was the first building constructed following the American Civil War . The remaining five buildings, Clark, Manly, Garland, Tuomey and Barnard Halls, represent campus construction during

Gorgas–Manly Historic District - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-705: The community." Local, state, and federal historic districts now account for thousands of historical property listings at all levels of government. Cornelius Carter Carter won a scholarship to The Conservatory of Theatre Arts at Webster University in St. Louis, Missouri , after high school. He received his M.F.A. in Dance from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and joined the Cleo Parker Robinson Dance Ensemble and studied at The Ailey School on scholarship. His first major appointment

1782-421: The designation process through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register is the official recognition by the U.S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, it is only in cases where the threatening action involves the federal government . If the federal government

1836-466: The destruction of campus in 1867, was named after Alva Woods, the first president of the University of Alabama. Under his administration, the university began its first significant usage of enslaved people on campus. Manly Hall is named for the second and longest-serving university president, Reverend Basil Manly . Manly was a staunch defender of slavery and remained loyal to the Confederacy, giving

1890-664: The economic recovery that followed the end of the Reconstruction era . The construction of Manly, Clark, Garland, and other buildings was financed by the sale of a large portion of 46,800 acres (189 km) of land given by the United States Congress to the University as repayment "for the fiery ruin brought by Federal troops in 1865." An example of the Greek Revival style, the Gorgas House

1944-657: The first incarnation of the Alabama Museum of Natural History . It is the "counterpart" of Manly Hall, and today houses the Sarah Moody Gallery of Art. Garland Hall was named for Landon Cabell Garland , the third university president. The 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story Tuomey Hall, now known as the Blount Undergraduate Initiative Tuomey Academic House, was completed in 1889. Built as a laboratory for

1998-528: The historic designation process has in many places been hijacked by NIMBY homeowners to block housing. The first U.S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, predating the U.S. federal government designation by more than three decades. Charleston city government designated an "Old and Historic District" by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing

2052-521: The housing supply. When an area of a city is designated as part of a 'historic district', new housing development is artificially restricted and the supply of new housing permanently capped in area so designated as 'historic'. Critics of historic districts argue that while these districts may offer an aesthetic or visually pleasing benefit, they increase inequality by restricting access to new and affordable housing for lower and middle class tenants and potential home owners. Housing advocates have argued that

2106-627: The impact on property values concerns many homeowners. The effects have been extensively studied using multiple methodologies, including before-and-after analysis and evaluating comparable neighborhoods with and without local designation status. Independent researchers have conducted factual analysis in several states, including New Jersey, Texas, Indiana, Georgia, Colorado, Maryland, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, and elsewhere. As stated by economist Donovan Rypkema, "the results of these studies are remarkably consistent: property values in local historic districts appreciate significantly faster than

2160-406: The last 50 years. However, if a property falls into one of those categories and are " integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria", then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected based on owner disapproval. In the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object to nullify a nomination to

2214-545: The market as a whole in the vast majority of cases and appreciate at rates equivalent to the market in the worst case. Simply put – historic districts enhance property values." In a 2011 study Connecticut Local Historic Districts and Property Values , it was found that "property values in every local historic district saw average increases in value ranging from 4% to over 19% per year." Similarly, in New York City between 1980 and 2000, local historic district properties on

Gorgas–Manly Historic District - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-462: The prayer at the inauguration of Confederate President Jefferson Davis . He owned a large number of slaves, employing the enslaved workers who constructed the President’s Mansion on campus and renting out other for use on campus. Garland Hall is named for Landon Cabell Garland , the third president of the university.Garland was the final president to own personal slaves, as well as overseeing

2322-467: The properties included in the district. Many local commissions adopt specific guidelines for each neighborhood's " tout ensemble " although some smaller commissions rely on the Secretary of Interior Standards. For most minor changes, homeowners can consult with local preservation staff at the municipal office and receive guidance and permission. Significant changes, however, require homeowners to apply for

2376-435: The property owner's consent or compensation for the historic overlay. Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. Broadly defined, a contributing property is any property, structure, or object which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make a historic district, listed locally or federally, significant. Different entities, usually governmental, at both

2430-516: The protection of historic resources as "an entirely permissible governmental goal." In 1966, the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, soon after a report from the U.S. Conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from "rootlessness." By the 1980s, there were thousands of federally designated historic districts. Some states, such as Arizona, have passed referendums defending property rights that have stopped private property from being designated as historic without

2484-713: The public could view from the street. Local historic districts, as in New Orleans and Savannah, Georgia , predate the Register by ten years or more as well. Local historic districts are most likely to generate resistance because of the restrictions they tend to place on property owners. Local laws can cause residents "to comply with (local historic district) ordinances." For example, homeowners may be prevented from upgrading poorly insulated windows unless they spend tens of thousands of dollars on identical styles. Criticism of historic districts in Chicago and elsewhere in

2538-612: The renting of Neal, Crawford, and Gabe, the slaves making up the University Drum Corps. Historic district (United States) Historic districts in the United States are designated historic districts recognizing a group of buildings, archaeological resources, or other properties as historically or architecturally significant. Buildings, structures, objects, and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts vary greatly in size and composition:

2592-525: The state and national level in the United States, have differing definitions of contributing property, but they all retain the same basic characteristics. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of a historic district's historical context and character. In addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are: building, structure, site, district, and object; each one has

2646-479: The university Drum Corps. The Drum Corps consisted of slaves rented from local residents. The members of the Drum Corps, Neal, Gabe, and Crawford (Crawford replacing Neal in 1864), provided music and assistance with military drills during the university’s time as a military institution. Neal and Crawford were the first to alert the cadets when Union forces approached the university in 1865. Woods Hall, built after

2700-547: Was as the new artistic director for one of the first contemporary dance companies and schools in Reykjavik, Iceland . He has been a faculty member at the University of Alabama since 1992 and was tenured in 1998. Carter has been a faculty member at the American Ballet Theatre , American Dance Festival (Moscow 1997 and Korea 2002), Bates Dance Festival , and Harvard Summer Dance Festival. In 2001, Carter

2754-456: Was converted to use as a faculty residence in 1847. The house gained its current name from Josiah Gorgas , the eighth president of the University of Alabama. Ill health forced him to resign as president and the trustees allowed the Gorgas family to move into the house, which also contained the campus post office and student hospital. The building was dedicated as a memorial to the family in 1944 by

SECTION 50

#1732773278163

2808-832: Was named "Professor of the Year" by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education , the first dance teacher in over a decade to receive that honor. Carter was also awarded the 2001-2002 Outstanding Commitment to Teaching Award by the Alabama Alumni Association. He was most recently Guest Rehearsal Director for Dance Brazil 2005 Season in Bahia , Brazil , and teaches and choreographs for

2862-473: Was named for scientist and professor, Frederick A. P. Barnard . It was rededicated as Oliver-Barnard Hall in 2000 in honor of John T. Oliver Jr., trustee emeritus. Barnard Hall was previously the home of the Air Force ROTC at the University of Alabama. Enslaved people worked in the Gorgas House from its opening, from helping in its construction to staffing the kitchen and dining areas during its use as

2916-479: Was the first building built on the campus of the university. Designed by William Nichols , designer of the original campus and Tuscaloosa's Old Alabama State Capitol, it was completed in 1829, prior to the opening of the campus. The main facade, minus the portico , reflects the continuing influence of the Federal style . Initially used as a guest house for visitors and professors and as a dining hall for students, it

#162837