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102-553: Halema ʻ uma ʻ u contained an active lava lake for much of the time before 1924, and was the site of several eruptions during the 20th century. The crater again contained an active lava lake between 2008 and 2018, with the level of the lava usually fluctuating between 20 and 150 meters below Halema ʻ uma ʻ u's crater floor, though at times the lava lake rose high enough to spill onto crater floor. The lava lake drained away in May 2018 as new volcanic vents opened in lower Puna . The subsidence of

204-482: A broken leg. Four people were evacuated by helicopter on May 19, after lava cut off their exit, and three people were airlifted on June 3 from the Kapoho area. On July 16, a further 23 were injured when a tour boat carrying passengers observing a lava ocean entry was pelted by lava rocks thrown by an intense hydrovolcanic explosion, including a large lava rock that pierced through the boat's roof. Thirteen were treated at

306-501: A cluster of earthquakes, activity in Puʻu ʻŌʻō subsided and the crater floor collapsed, with no incandescence visible in the crater after the end of August. Lava began emerging from a series of cracks in the northeast rift zone and spread slowly east and south as a perched flow, with slow advances of ʻaʻā. The flow spread mostly over flows of 1983–1986, with minor incursions into adjoining forests. In late July 2008, additional flows extended from

408-434: A critical level and a hazardous vog plume extended downwind from the crater. The evacuation lasted two days. On April 16, 2008, a third significant explosive event occurred at Halema ʻ uma ʻ u, spreading ash and debris throughout the area. Subsequently, a second evacuation of the park and surrounding areas was ordered on April 23, 2008. Activity continued through the next few months, with Halema ʻ uma ʻ u continuing to emit

510-470: A few hours, should the last functioning road out of the area south of the lava flow be cut off by the eruption. As the area of destruction grew significantly as a result of ʻAhuʻailāʻau's resurgence in late-May 2018, access to surviving sections of Leilani Estate within immediate proximity to the margins of the lava field began to be heavily restricted starting May 31. A proposed ban on future home construction in areas subject to high-risk of volcanic activity

612-539: A green pond of water at the bottom of the much-deepened Halema'uma'u crater. Geologists from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory confirmed the presence of water during a helicopter fly-over on August 1, 2019. Further observation in August showed the pond was rising, with a water temperature of about 160 °F (71 °C). Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists believe that the lake formed because

714-417: A large lake of molten lava: Astonishment and awe for some moments rendered us mute, and like statues, we stood fixed to the spot, with our eyes riveted on the abyss below. Immediately before us yawned an immense gulf, in the form of a crescent, about two miles (3 km) in length, from north-east to south-west, nearly a mile in width, and apparently 800 feet (240 m) deep. The bottom was covered with lava, and

816-594: A majority of the crater floor in new lava. In April 2018, a significant series of overflows had reportedly covered most of the Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor with new lava. On April 30, the Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater on Kīlauea's east rift zone collapsed. Several days later, lava began to emerge from fissures on the lower east rift zone in Leilani Estates . On May 1, concurrent with the shift of activity on Kīlauea's east rift zone,

918-521: A map of the area coincided with an "o" in "Lava flow of 1965". Later, the elders of the village of Kalapana were asked to name the new hill, and chose Puʻu ʻŌʻō , meaning hill of the digging stick . The name is also often translated as "Hill of the ʻŌʻō Bird ". In 2021, the Hawaiʻi Board of Geographic Names updated the spelling of the cone as Pu‘u‘ō‘ō for consistency with the board's spelling guidelines. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began following

1020-497: A new lava shield. Soon lava tubes were feeding lava from the vents to the ocean, with few surface flows in between. The flank vents have held center stage ever since, with the exception of a two-month pause in activity, early in 1997, which followed a brief fissure eruption in Nāpau Crater, a short distance southwest of Puʻu ʻŌʻō. On the evening of January 29, 1997, a series of earthquakes struck Kīlauea's east rift zone. Deep within

1122-676: A new northeastern flow overran Hawaii Route 132 , cutting the access between Kapoho and Pāhoa . The massive lava flow reached the Pacific Ocean at Kapoho Bay on June 4. Lava entered the Kapoho Crater and evaporated Green Lake , which had been the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawaiʻi. On the night of June 4–5, the northeastern flow of lava speedily moved forward and destroyed the subdivision of Vacationland Hawaii . By June 5, Kapoho Bay had been filled in with lava now forming

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1224-474: A period of explosive eruptions took place at Halema ʻ uma ʻ u. The explosions emitted large explosive columns of ash and other debris up to 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) high that precipitated on surrounding communities. In the community of Glenwood, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Halema ʻ uma ʻ u, gutters on the roof of a store collapsed due to the weight of muddy ash. The explosive blasts also ejected rocks out of Halema ʻ uma ʻ u, some as large as 14 tons. One person

1326-469: A plume of ash and gases. A fourth explosive event occurred on August 1, 2008, and a fifth on August 27, 2008. A Hawaii Volcano Observatory news release and images dated September 5, 2008, confirmed the first recorded images of a lava lake 130 feet below the lip of the Overlook Crater. The HVO had alluded to the presence of lava within the vent, including the sporadic ejecting of lava materials from

1428-557: A point where the bay had been. The volcanic activity was the most destructive in the United States since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . By August 7, 13.7 square miles (35 km ) of land had been covered by lava flows. About 875 acres (3.54 km ) of new land has been created in the ocean. The official number of houses destroyed by the eruption reached 700 on July 9. It was estimated that recovery efforts would cost more than $ 800 million (2018 USD). By early August

1530-453: A submarine tumulus pushed up the outermost crust of the earth above sea level. It was connected to the mainland by an isthmus on July 16. In mid-July, the main stream of lava from ʻAhuʻailāʻau changed course away from flowing around the northeast of Puʻu Kapoho crater following a breakout from a lava pond on July 9, redirecting to a new channel that traveled in a more direct southerly direction west of Puʻu Kapoho. The flow would cover more of

1632-434: A sustained lava breakout from this lava flow (informally named the "June 27 flow" by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists) threatened to enter the town of Pāhoa , and to cut Highway 130, the only route into and out of Lower Puna . As a result, work was begun to reopen Chain of Craters Road, initially as a one-lane gravelled surface, and to make Railroad Avenue and Government Beach Road usable as emergency routes. However,

1734-546: Is a volcanic cone on the eastern rift zone of Kīlauea volcano in the Hawaiian Islands . The eruption that created Puʻu ʻŌʻō began on January 3, 1983, and continued nearly continuously until April 30, 2018, making it the longest-lived rift-zone eruption of the last two centuries. By January 2005, 2.7 cubic kilometers (0.65 cu mi) of magma covered an area of more than 117 square kilometers (45 sq mi) and added 230 acres (0.93 km ) of land to

1836-505: The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in 1912, Halema ʻ uma ʻ u was nearly full with active lava. In February 1924, Halema ʻ uma ʻ u's lava lake drained away, again leaving behind a pit crater 150 metres (490 ft) deep. Beginning on April 29, of that year, the crater floor began to collapse, eventually deepening to more than 210 metres (690 ft) deep by May 7, 1924. Beginning during the night of May 9–10, 1924,

1938-660: The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, for humanitarian use of satellite data. (The USGS used Sentinel2 and Arirang-2 .) By May 9, another home had been destroyed, along with other structures. The fifteenth fissure opened near the entrance to Lanipuna Gardens and added more lava to the nearly 117 acres (47 ha) covered since May 3. On May 12, a 16th fissure opened in Lower Puna, which spattered lava in an area east of Puna Geothermal Venture. A 17th fissure opened east of

2040-419: The volcano's east rift zone beginning in 1983 . However, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists observed a gradual increase in activity beginning in late 2007, including an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions and an increase in seismic tremor. By March 2008, these parameters were several times higher than normal. Crater activity began to increase when between March 10 and March 14, 2008, gas began to vent from

2142-408: The 16th fissure later that day. As of May 14, 2018, lava flows from fissure 17 had traveled just under a mile from the vent, destroying an additional structure and leading officials to advise residents in an area known as Four Corners to evacuate due to the possibility that lava from a future fissure could cut Highway 132 and eventually Highway 137 as well. A spokeswoman for the mayor also reported that

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2244-447: The 1955 lava flow, and destroy more coastal features including Ahalanui Beach Park, its warm ponds, as well as Kua O Ka Lā Public Charter School's Lower Puna compound on July 11. By July 24, 2018, the western boundaries of the lava spill was within 200 yards (180 m) of Isaac Hale Beach Park . As of July 21, 2018, the lava flow from ʻAhuʻailāʻau was estimated to be a steady 26,000 US gallons per second (98 m /s), according to

2346-502: The 1980s and 1990s, Puʻu ʻŌʻō produced lava flows that destroyed the nearby Royal Gardens subdivision and the settlement of Kapaʻahu . In 1990, lava flows from the Kūpaʻianahā vent of Kīlauea, downrift from Puʻu ʻŌʻō, destroyed and partly buried most of the nearby towns of Kalapana and Kaimū . On April 30, 2018, the crater floor of the cone of Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed and the summit lava lake level in Halemaʻumaʻu dropped significantly. In

2448-413: The 2018 collapse events caused the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu to collapse below the level of the local water table. The scientists suspect that the water table likely collapsed along with the rest of the crater but began to recover elevation after the collapse. Because the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu was believed to be roughly 520 metres (1,710 ft) lower than level of the area water table after the collapse, water

2550-864: The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory announced in a daily update that Kīlauea was no longer erupting. Lava supply to the lava lake appeared to have ceased between May 11 and May 13, and the lava lake had completely crusted over by May 20. The last surface activity in Halemaʻumaʻu was observed on May 23. At the time eruptive activity ceased, the lava lake was 229 metres (751 ft) deep and had a volume of approximately 41.2 million cubic metres (10.9 billion US gallons). The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began to record increased earthquake activity and changes in ground deformation patterns at Kīlauea's summit at about noon local time on September 29, 2021. An eruption began at 3:20 p.m. local time when several fissures opened within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Kīlauea's summit caldera. During

2652-481: The Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. The eruption forced the evacuation of approximately two thousand residents. The Puna Geothermal Venture , which provided one-quarter of the island's electricity, was forced to shut down and was later damaged by lava. The fissures had sent lava rivers that buried part of Hawaii Route 137 on May 19, and began flowing into the ocean. On May 29, lava from

2754-483: The Overlook Crater by an additional 5–10 meters (15–30 feet), ejected debris over some 60 m (200 ft) and further damaged the overlook as well as scientific monitoring instruments. In response to the second episode, scientists and local government officials on April 9, 2008, ordered hundreds of people to evacuate from the Park and nearby villages because the sulfur dioxide concentration levels had reached

2856-467: The U.S. Geological Survey, which also stated that the most likely scenario was that lava effusion would continue at a steady rate for several months to two years. By mid-July 2018, the volume of lava had exceeded the volume deposited in the eruptions of 1955 or 1960. Eruption activity at ʻAhuʻailāʻau began to see a downtrend beginning on August 5, 2018, as the intensity of both the lava channel and seismic activity at Halemaʻumaʻu decreased significantly over

2958-641: The access road to the PGV and forcing the closure of Route 132 between the Lava Tree State Park from the west and the Four Corners intersection to the east. The lava flow covered a section of the highway later that day, before travelling farther east in the direction of Kapoho. The northeastern lava flow also cut power to Kapoho and nearby developments including Vacationland Hawaiʻi , and surviving sections of Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens. It

3060-511: The air. On May 19 some of the fissures had merged into a line of fountaining lava, with a lava flow that split into separate lobes. At least two of these flows crossed through parts of Malama Kī Forest Reserve, blocked Highway 137 , and flowed into the Pacific Ocean at Malama flats near MacKenzie State Recreation Area on May 19, producing clouds of irritating " laze " (lava haze), made up of steam, hydrochloric acid , and volcanic glass particles produced by littoral explosions . Warnings regarding

3162-466: The area beneath the cone. Following the collapse, seismicity and ground deformation increased downrift of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō. On May 3, fissures opened up at the Leilani Estates , marking the beginning of the 2018 lower Puna eruption . Through the rest of 2018, Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō continued to experience intermittent collapses. In January 2019, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists stated that, considering historical data of prior rift zone eruptions and criteria used by

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3264-569: The area, and Talmadge Magno, the Civil Defense Administrator for Hawaiʻi County , stated that power lines had melted off poles from the heat. The Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV), a power station, was shut down on 22 May 2018; the geothermal power plant provided approximately 25% of the Big Island's power, but its shutdown was later stated not to present a risk to power on the island. A Temporary Flight Restriction area

3366-421: The ash plume from the summit reached 12,000 feet. On May 17, an eruption from the summit sent an ash cloud 30,000 feet high. A 21st fissure opened and several magnitude 3 earthquakes damaged the road near the entrance to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park and some of the park buildings. On May 17, at approximately 4:15 a.m., an explosive eruption occurred at Halemaʻumaʻu, creating a plume of ash 30,000 feet into

3468-567: The base of the east wall on 25 September and from the west wall base during 25–26 September. The crater floor of Puʻu ʻŌʻō slowly subsided. Lava activity resumed within the east lake on 26 September. The floor of the crater continued to subside during 26–27 September, opening up cracks in the north crater floor. The 2011 activity ultimately destroyed all remaining homes in the Royal Gardens Subdivision. Jack Thompson evacuated his home March 2, 2012. His evacuation and return to

3570-464: The beginning of the 62nd episode of the east rift zone eruption that began in January 1983. That evening, Hawaii Governor David Ige activated the state National Guard to help with the evacuation process. The next day, May 4, two homes were reported destroyed in Leilani Estates from three erupting vents. The Hawaii County Civil Defense Agency reported high levels of toxic sulfur dioxide gas in

3672-583: The center of activity moved to fissure 7. A 24th fissure would also form farther up the fissure complex on May 27, between fissures 8 and 9. Due to continued encroachment by lava, the number of destroyed structures was revised upward to 82 on May 25. The area of land covered by the 2018 lava on May 25, 2018, reached 2,223 acres. The eastern fissures would experience limited resurgences in activity into June and July. The pool of lava in Leilani Estates eventually spilled eastwards into two paths, one short-lived route running southeast parallel to lava channels headed for

3774-457: The chemistry of the lava was changing in later fissures, containing a mixture of more viscous old lava and faster-moving new magma. Fissure 17 was unusual in that it erupted Kīlauea's first documented andesitic lava, a composition that is higher in silica and more viscous than the basalt that Kīlaeua normally produces. The higher viscosity resulted in more explosive activity than at other fissures. By May 16, there were 20 fissures. That day

3876-541: The coastal highway, and finally reached the ocean 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the vent. Some weeks later, the lava flow shifted eastwards and buried 14 houses in the town of Kalapana within one day. The lava flow at Kalapana ceased when the lava tube system shut down. In 1990, the eruption entered its most destructive phase, when flows turned eastward and completely destroyed the villages of Kalapana and Kaimū . Kaimū Bay and Kalapana Black Sand Beach were also completely covered with lava. Over 100 homes were destroyed by

3978-460: The course of the following days. Within the same time frame, the USGS reported that Puʻu ʻŌʻō was venting gases at its highest rate in more than 10 years, though no other noticeable changes had taken place at the vent. On August 15, 2018, the lower east rift zone eruption was reported to have subsided, with no new lava entering the channel from ʻAhuʻailāʻau in over a week. While scientists cautioned that

4080-444: The crater and overflows to the west suddenly decreased, as lava broke through the upper east flank of Puʻu ʻŌʻō, bypassing the crater. The new fissure fed a channelized ʻaʻā lava flow that advanced rapidly downslope 2.5 km (1.6 mi) southeast. A second flow to the west of the first began the next day. In addition, a small pad of lava actively refilled the bottom of the drained east lava lake and small flows were barely active at

4182-421: The crater floor and by 7:30 p.m. about 10 meters (32 feet) depth of new lava had been added to the crater floor. The eruption ended 61 days later on March 7, 2023. Three months after the end of the previous eruption, another eruption began on June 7, 2023. On September 10, 2023, a new eruption began at approximately 3:15 HST. This eruption was contained within Halemaʻumaʻu crater and on the down dropped block to

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4284-404: The crater overlook area. This was the first explosive eruption of Halema ʻ uma ʻ u since 1924, and the first lava eruption from the crater since 1982. The new crater formed in the explosion was informally named "Overlook Crater" by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory staff. Sulfur dioxide gas emissions increased rapidly at the beginning of the episode. On March 13, HVO recorded a rate of 2,000 tons/day,

4386-473: The crater's floor, being visible in USGS HVO webcam. The USGS stated that the accumulation of lava had put the crater floor about 39 m (128 ft) below the eastern crater rim, as of June 1. On September 21, 2011, lava in the west lava lake in Puʻu ʻŌʻō Crater fed a series of lava flows that traveled down the west flank of Puʻu ʻŌʻō during September 20–21. At about 0225 UTC on September 21, activity in

4488-408: The crater. Following the 1934 eruption, Halema ʻ uma ʻ u was relatively quiet until 1952, when a six-month long eruption took place. Subsequent eruptions in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s partially refilled the crater. A 1982 eruption covered a small portion of the northeastern crater floor. Halema ʻ uma ʻ u was quiet for 25 years after the 1982 eruption, with eruptive activity at Kīlauea being focused on

4590-512: The depth of the crater increased by more than 500 metres (1,600 ft), to a depth roughly 600 metres (2,000 ft) below the floor of the summit caldera. During the collapse, the former Halema ʻ uma ʻ u overlook and its parking lot were lost when segments of the crater rim slumped into the crater. The summit collapse events ceased abruptly on August 2, 2018, two days before the eruptive activity on Kīlauea's east rift zone decreased significantly. In late July 2019, helicopter pilots reported seeing

4692-504: The dimensions of the water lake were approximately 885 feet (270 m) by 430 feet (130 m), covering an area of about six acres and containing over 125,000,000 US gallons (470,000 m) of water. The lake was over 130 feet (40 m) deep, and had risen an average of 2.5 feet (0.76 m) each week since the lake was first seen in July 2019. The lake continued to deepen through December 2020 and measured 167 feet (51 m) deep, before

4794-475: The disappearance of lava, Halema ʻ uma ʻ u was left behind as a circular pit crater 360 metres (1,180 ft) wide. Sporadic eruptions took place within Halema ʻ uma ʻ u over the following decade, while continued collapse events deepened Halema ʻ uma ʻ u to 300 metres (980 ft) by March 1899. By the end of 1906, the lava lake was again present nearly all of the time. At the time geologist Thomas Jaggar opened

4896-493: The disaster. Starting May 23, two CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters were on standby in Hilo in case of sudden evacuation needs. The U.S. Marine Corps helicopters were in support of Joint Task Force 5–0, a military/government partnership to assist in managing the disaster. The large heavy-lift helicopters have a carrying capacity of about 50 people at once, ensuring that residents south of the lava flow can be completely evacuated in

4998-461: The east in Kīlauea’s summit caldera. The eruption lasted one week, ending September 16. 19°24′19″N 155°16′55″W  /  19.40528°N 155.28194°W  / 19.40528; -155.28194 2018 lower Puna eruption The 2018 lower Puna eruption was a volcanic event on the island of Hawaiʻi , on Kīlauea volcano's East Rift Zone that began on May 3, 2018. It is related to

5100-555: The east wall fumarole directly below the Crater Overlook. At 02:58 am HST on March 19, 2008, HVO personnel recorded seismic events, and sunrise revealed a 20–30 meter (65–100 foot) diameter hole blown in the side where the vent once was; the explosion scattered debris and spatter across 0.30 square kilometers (74 acres) and damaged the Crater Overlook. Pieces as large as 20 millimeters (1 in) were found on Crater Rim Drive while 0.3 m (1 ft) blocks hit

5202-612: The eastern vents of Puʻu ʻŌʻō and in October multiple new fissures opened along the length of the tube expanding into Royal Gardens Subdivision and covered a large area of the coastal flats in November 2008. On March 5, 2011, the floor of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater deflated, then collapsed. Two hours later, a new eruption occurred in Kīlauea's middle east zone, between Puʻu ʻŌʻō and Napau Crater. Lava fountains were reported to be 65 feet (20 m) high. On March 26, 2011, lava began to refill

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5304-496: The eruption and its possible effects on the Hilina Slump , the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory published information concluding that the chance of a catastrophic collapse would be incredibly remote. On May 3, 2018, after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, steaming ground cracks opened in Leilani Estates and began to spew lava, causing evacuations of the Leilani Estates and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions. The outbreak marked

5406-400: The eruption could resume at any time, in that week there was no further underground volcanic inflation registering on instruments, and no further summit collapse events, with only a small amount of lava active inside ʻAhuʻailāʻau. Afterward, a small lava lake was maintained within the crater of the ʻAhuʻailāʻau cone for another 3 weeks. On September 4, the lava lake in ʻAhuʻailāʻau receded below

5508-429: The eruption created a plume that reached 30,000 feet in elevation. The eruption had been preceded by earthquake swarms centered under Kīlauea Caldera on November 30, 2020, and December 2, 2020, the second of which was interpreted as a small intrusion of magma. County emergency officials reported that the eruption had stabilized by the following morning and that two of the three vents remained active and continued to fill

5610-450: The eruption had almost completely subsided, and on December 5, it was declared to have ended after three months of inactivity. The volcanic event in Puna was the 62nd episode of Kīlauea 's east rift zone eruption that began in January 1983. Puʻu ʻŌʻō had become a prominent volcanic cone 12 mi (19 km) east of the summit caldera of Kīlauea, since the 1983 eruption's beginning. In

5712-569: The eruption had ended. Over the course of the eruption, 111 million m (29 billion U.S. gal) of lava had been effused, and the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu had risen 143 meters (469 ft), since the beginning of the eruption on September 29, 2021. On January 5, 2023, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that Kīlauea began erupting within Halema‘uma‘u at approximately 4:34 p.m. HST. Fountain of up to 50 meters (164 feet) high were reported. New lava flows have inundated much of

5814-462: The eruption on the volcano's lower east rift zone. Several small explosive events occurred between May 16 and May 26, ejecting ash and small blocks within a few hundred meters of the vent. An explosion on May 17 created an ash plume that reached 30,000 feet (9,100 m) above sea level. Beginning near the end of May, the floor of Kīlauea Caldera around Halema ʻ uma ʻ u began to subside in a series of 62 separate collapse events. At each collapse event

5916-502: The ever-broadening flow field in a nine-month period. New tubes diverted lava away from Kalapana early in 1991, and lava once again entered the ocean within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park . The volume of lava erupted from Kūpaʻianahā declined steadily through 1991, and in early 1992, the vent died. The eruption then returned to Puʻu ʻŌʻō, where flank vents on the west and southwest sides of the cone constructed

6018-450: The extent of their damage. Chain of Craters Road , which has previously been partially covered by past lava flows, had also been prepared as an alternate escape route should Highway 130 be blocked by the current eruption, a measure previously taken during the 2014 Pāhoa lava flow . In early June, a Winter Weather Advisory alert was issued for the higher areas of the island due to freezing rain and ice falling. The quantity of lava reaching

6120-484: The eye with its unapproachable splendor. The more distant jets, sparkling up through an intervening gossamer veil of vapor, seemed miles away; and the further the curving ranks of fiery fountains receded, the more fairy-like and beautiful they appeared. Following an earthquake swarm in December 1894, the lava lake fully drained away from Kīlauea's summit, ending the decades-long period of nearly continuous activity. After

6222-570: The first two days of May, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East rift zone , leading officials to issue evacuation warnings for some residents of the Puna District. On May 2, 2018, the US Geological Survey reported that ground deformation resulting from magma intruding beneath the Leilani Estates subdivision had caused ground cracks to form on roads in and around the subdivision. In connection with

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6324-423: The floor of Halemaʻumaʻu with lava. As of 7:30 a.m. on December 25, 2020, the lava lake had filled in 176 metres (577 ft) of the crater and the level of the lake was continuing to rise. As of 1 February 2021, the western-most vent remained active and the lava lake had increased to a depth of about 212 metres (696 ft), though the eastern portion of the lava lake had stagnated. On May 26, 2021,

6426-488: The floor of the caldera dropped several meters and there was a magnitude 5.2 to 5.4 earthquake. Between each collapse event, an escalating swarm of earthquakes would occur. Notably, more than 700 earthquakes of a magnitude 4.0 or higher occurred each day during the collapse period. The collapse events enlarged and deepened Halema ʻ uma ʻ u. The crater's volume increased from about 54-60 million cubic meters (1,907–2,119 cubic feet) to 885 million cubic meters (31,253 cubic feet) and

6528-467: The flow had advanced approximately 13.2 km (8.2 mi) from the vent, or to within 1.3 km (0.81 mi) of the eastern boundary of the Wao Kele o Puna Forest Reserve , by the afternoon of September 3. Advancing to the northeast at intermittent rates, the flow had entered the village of Pāhoa and was within 25 meters (27 yards) of the waste recycling center on October 31. In December 2014,

6630-473: The flow stopped just short of entering Pāhoa. By March 2015, the June 27 flow retreated to within 6 kilometers of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, greatly reducing the threat to Pāhoa. Lava from the June 27 flow remained active in this area through the remainder of 2015. On May 24, 2016, a new vent opened on the east flank of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō that cut the supply of lava to the June 27th flow, which became inactive by June 8, 2016. Lava from

6732-438: The hazard were issued for communities downwind of the lava's ocean entry points. By May 22, splashes from fissure 22's lava cone had engulfed the former Hawaiʻi Geothermal Project site adjacent to the PGV and was reported to be threatening the grounds of the PGV proper from the south until activity at fissure 22 slowed. From May 23, eruptions at the eastern fissures began to weaken considerably, as lava activity moved back up

6834-409: The highest rate since measurements began in 1979. A concentration of over 40 ppm on Crater Rim Drive was measured, prompting alerts and other public safety measures. Halema ʻ uma ʻ u continued to intermittently emit high levels of volcanic gases , ash, spatter, Pele's Tears , and Pele's Hair until the second episode. Another explosive event occurred during the night of April 9, 2008, which widened

6936-507: The hospital, including three who were admitted with unspecified injuries and one in serious condition with a broken thigh bone. Hawaii County's Voluntary Housing Program provides buyouts based on land values before the disaster to home and property owners. Hundreds of people in the impacted areas applied for the program. Pu%CA%BBu %CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D Puʻu ʻŌʻō (also spelled Pu‘u‘ō‘ō , and often written Puu Oo , pronounced [ˈpuʔu ˈʔoːʔoː] , poo-oo- OH -oh )

7038-424: The initial stages of the eruption, lava erupted in fountains more than 200 feet (61 m) tall, though the height of the fountains declined as the level of lava in the crater rose, partially drowned the erupting vents. The eruption continued until December 9, 2022, when lava supply to the active lava lake ceased and the lake surface crusted over. On December 13, 2022, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory determined that

7140-497: The larger eruption of Kīlauea that began on January 3, 1983, though some volcanologists and USGS scientists have discussed whether to classify it as a new eruption. Outbreaks of lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) high, lava flows, and volcanic gas in the Leilani Estates subdivision were preceded by earthquakes and ground deformation that created cracks in the roads. On May 4, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake hit Puna . By May 27, 2018, 24 fissures had erupted lava in and near

7242-471: The lava flow from Leilani Estates intensified by the end of May, activity shifted to ʻAhuʻailāʻau (initially designated Fissure 8) as nearly all surrounding fissures ceased to release lava. ʻAhuʻailāʻau's lava fountains rapidly formed a new spatter cone , increasing the volume of pooling lava over the course of the week and feeding the northeastern flow further. By May 29, the northeastern flow approached Hawaii Route 132, which linked Pāhoa and Kapoho , blocking

7344-451: The lava lake fluctuated. In May 2015, the lake rose high enough to spill onto the Halema ʻ uma ʻ u crater floor for the first time, adding a layer of lava approximately 30 feet (9 m) thick to the crater floor. For three years from 2015 to 2018 the lava lake level remained close to the rim, with a further minor overflow event in October 2016 and a significant one in April 2018 that covered

7446-540: The lava lake was accompanied by a period of explosions, earthquakes, large clouds of ash and toxic gas, and finally a gradual collapse of the summit caldera around Halema ʻ uma ʻ u. The collapse events ceased abruptly on August 2, 2018. A small water pond appeared in Halema ʻ uma ʻ u in the summer of 2019. The pond deepened and enlarged into a small lake after it was first observed, measuring 167 feet (51 m) deep on December 20, 2020. A new eruption began at 9:30 pm local time on December 20, 2020, completely boiling away

7548-421: The main lava outflow channel, which created a lava tube . The lava tube allowed the fluid pahoehoe lava to retain heat and flow long distances. In less than a year, overflow from the lake created a broad and low shield about 55 meters (180 ft) above Kūpaʻianahā. Lava streams were first visible from the town of Kapaʻau in November, 1986. In the course of that month, lava cut a swath through Kapaʻahu, covered

7650-467: The new recommended naming convention shortly thereafter. The Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption began when fissures split the ground in the remote rainforest of the eastern rift zone, on January 3, 1983. By June 1983, the activity had strengthened and localized to the Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent. Over the next three years, 44 eruptive episodes with lava fountains as high as 460 meters (1,510 ft) stopped traffic at points across east Hawaiʻi. The fallout of cinder and spatter from

7752-487: The new vent, informally named the "61g" flow by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, flowed south and began entering the ocean at Kamokuna on July 26, 2016. Lava from the 61g flow covered part of the regraded (but never reopened) new section of the Chain of Craters Road. The road is kept flat for use by authorities, but is no longer a public thoroughfare. On April 30, 2018, Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō's crater floor collapsed as magma drained from

7854-488: The night sky. However, activity in this area was short-lived, and the center of activity soon shifted back to Puʻu ʻŌʻō. As of January 2007, 3.1 cubic km of lava had covered 117 km (45 sq mi) and added 201 hectares (500 acres) to Kīlauea's southern shore. The new shoreline was 15.6 km (9.7 mi) long. The lava flows have destroyed 189 structures and covered 14 km (8.7 mi) of highway with as much as 35 m (115 ft) of lava. In 2007, after

7956-443: The number of houses covered by lava was revised upwards by Hawaii County Civil Defense to 614. By July 1, that total had grown to 671 residences destroyed. The official toll of houses reached 700 on July 9, leaving 3 houses left standing in Kapoho. On July 13, geologists reported a tiny new island had appeared immediately offshore from the lava flow. The island was only 20 to 30 ft (6.1 to 9.1 m) across and may have formed as

8058-409: The ocean at Kapoho Bay at about 10:30 PM HST that evening, creating plumes of laze, and began to fill the bay, building a lava delta that reached about 700 yards into the water by late afternoon on June 4. By June 5, the lava had completely filled the bay, and preliminary reports from Hawaiʻi County officials indicated that hundreds of homes had been destroyed. In addition to the draining of Puʻu ʻŌʻō,

8160-438: The ocean created large plumes of steam which rose high enough in the atmosphere to eventually condense and freeze before falling on the summit of Mauna Kea , 45 miles (72 km) from the eruption. Sporadic incidents of injuries and emergency rescues have been reported over the course of the eruption. The first known injury was reported on May 20, 2018: A homeowner was struck with a piece of "lava spatter" and suffered burns and

8262-493: The ocean, and another travelling northeast, crossing Pohoiki Road over the western boundaries of the Puna Geothermal Venture. On May 27, one of the 11 geothermal wells at the PGV was covered by the advancing lava flow from the Leilani Estates fissures, the first time lava had covered a geothermal well, followed by a second well hours later, along with ten more structures in the adjacent Leilani Estates. As

8364-418: The onset of an eruption that began on December 20. On December 20, 2020, at 9:30 pm local time, an eruption broke out within Halemaʻumaʻu. The US Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that three vents were feeding lava into the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, boiling off the water lake that had been growing since summer 2019 and replacing it with a lava lake. The observatory reported that

8466-673: The present site of Halema ʻ uma ʻ u. In 1866, Mark Twain , an American humorist, satirist, lecturer, and writer hiked to the Caldera floor. He wrote the following account of the lake of molten lava which he found there: It was like gazing at the sun at noon-day, except that the glare was not quite so white. At unequal distances all around the shores of the lake were nearly white-hot chimneys or hollow drums of lava, four or five feet high, and up through them were bursting gorgeous sprays of lava-gouts and gem spangles, some white, some red and some golden--a ceaseless bombardment, and one that fascinated

8568-454: The property was documented by Leigh Hilbert. On June 27, 2014, new vents opened on the northeast flank of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone that fed a narrow lava flow to the east-northeast. On August 18, the flow entered a ground crack, traveled underground for several days, then resurfaced to form a small lava pond . The sequence was repeated twice more over the following days with lava entering other cracks and reappearing farther downslope. In this way,

8670-493: The protracted release of lava along the Lower East Rift Zone has also led to significant drainage of lava away from Halemaʻumaʻu at Kīlauea , resulting in large scale inward slumping and collapse around the crater and regular earthquakes since May 17, similar in pattern to the crater's slumping during the 1924 event. Explosions or mild earthquakes of similar magnitude became an almost daily cyclical occurrence at

8772-466: The rift zone, magma was escaping from the conduit leading to the Puʻu ʻŌʻō vent, cutting off the supply to the ongoing eruption. The lava pond at Puʻu ʻŌʻō drained, and residents 10 miles (16 km) away heard a low, rumbling roar as the crater floor dropped 500 feet (150 m) and the west wall of the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone collapsed. A few hours later, as magma found a new path to the surface, the ground cracked in nearby Nāpau Crater, and lava fountains lit up

8874-517: The rift zone; older fissures reopened to release fluid pāhoehoe , which rapidly replaced the output of ʻaʻā , and led to massive pooling of lava over lower Leilani Estates. On the same day, fissures 5, 13, and 15 began to form lava fountains around the Leilani Avenue-Kahukai Street intersection. Fissures 3, 7, 8, 9, 21 and 23 farther up the rift zone would experience intermittent but lively activity between May 24 to May 27 as

8976-442: The south-west and northern parts of it were one vast flood of burning matter, in a state of terrific ebullition, rolling to and fro its "fiery surge" and flaming billows. From the time Ellis made his observations in 1823 (and likely some time before that as well) through 1840, a lava lake was present within a broad region of Kīlauea Caldera. Between 1840 and 1894, the size of the lava lake gradually got smaller, becoming localized near

9078-593: The southeast coast of Hawaiʻi . The eruption claimed at least 189 buildings and 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) of highways, as well as a church, a store, the Wahaʻula Visitor Center, and many ancient Hawaiian sites, including the Wahaʻula heiau . The coastal highway has been closed since 1987, as parts of the road have been buried under lava up to 35 meters (115 ft) thick. The hill was initially nicknamed "Puʻu O" by volcanologists, as its position when marked on

9180-419: The subdivision. The lava vents formed a northeast–southwest line; officials were concerned about potential damage to a water main in the area. On May 7, 1,700 people had been ordered to evacuate their homes. Two hundred residents and their pets were in two Red Cross shelters and hundreds more were staying with family and friends. Several first responders were sickened by sulfur dioxide gas. Also on May 7,

9282-502: The summit lava lake within Halema ʻ uma ʻ u's Overlook Crater began to drop; the US Geological Survey's status update on the evening of May 6 reported that Halema ʻ uma ʻ u's Overlook Crater lava lake had dropped by 722 feet (220 m) since April 30. By May 10, the lava lake was no longer visible. Geologists believed that the draining of the lava lake was driven by a steady withdrawal of magma from Kīlauea's summit to feed

9384-547: The summit, and have also been reported to influence the intensity of lava surges at ʻAhuʻailāʻau. By the middle of June 2018, lava eruption from the source in Leilani Estates reached a consistently vigorous rate, flowing in the direction of Kapoho Bay and forming a widening coastal lava field. By July 3, fissure 8's constant lava splatter created a cone that peaked at 180 feet (50 m) high. A total of 5,914 acres were reported by Hawaii Civil Defense to have been covered by lava, with 533 homes confirmed destroyed. On June 22,

9486-411: The surface, bringing the eruption to an end. The Hawaii National Guard stated on May 11, 2018, that they were ready to evacuate up to 2,000 people at a moment's notice, through the use of land convoys and Blackhawk and Chinook helicopters . Hawaii Governor David Ige had made a request for a Presidential Disaster Declaration, which was approved that day and opened the door to federal assistance for

9588-410: The towering lava fountains built a cone 255 meters (837 ft) high. In July 1986, the conduit feeding magma to Puʻu ʻŌʻō ruptured, and the eruption abruptly shifted 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) downrift to form the Kūpaʻianahā vent. With the new vent came a new style of eruption: continuous, quiet effusion from a lava lake replaced the episodic high fountaining. After a few weeks, a roof formed over

9690-425: The vent due to explosive episodes, but this gave officials the first opportunity to visually confirm that active lava was present. The report also noted that the lava could not be seen from observation points around the crater. The lava lake within Halema ʻ uma ʻ u's Overlook Crater vent was visible nearly continuously from March 2008 until May 2018. During the period, the Overlook Crater slowly enlarged. The height of

9792-447: The water lake and partially refilling the crater with lava. The eruption created a lava lake which lasted until May 23, 2021. The eruption was declared over 3 days later, on May 26, 2021. Another eruption began on September 29, 2021, and lasted until December 9, 2022. William Ellis , a British missionary and amateur ethnographer and geologist, published the first English description of Kīlauea Caldera as it appeared in 1823. Ellis observed

9894-482: The west edge of Puʻu ʻŌʻō Crater. The channelized ʻaʻā lava flow reached 3.7 km (2.3 mi) long on 23 September and then stalled within the Kahaualeʻa Natural Area Reserve . Most of the active lava spread south and west of Puʻu Halulu (1.3 km or 0.8 mi northeast of Puʻu ʻŌʻō) during 23–27 September. Minor lava activity resumed within Puʻu ʻOʻo Crater with short lava flows issuing from

9996-430: Was able to inundate the crater floor as it rose. The lake marked the first time in recorded history that liquid water appeared in Halemaʻumaʻu crater in the form of a crater lake , though the US Geological Survey noted that at least one other small pond, thought to mark a body of perched water trapped by dikes , was present in the caldera just north of Halemaʻumaʻu prior to the caldera's collapse in 2018. As of July 2020,

10098-403: Was also reported on July 1, 2018, to be in discussion by Hawaii politicians. Temporary repair works were conducted for sections of Highway 11 (near Volcano Village and the entrance to Volcanoes National Park) and Highway 130 (connecting much of lower Puna to the rest of the island), which suffered cracks from seismic activities over the months, and have been subject to restricted use due to

10200-595: Was declared by the FAA to restrict flights below 3,000 feet AGL in the eruption area. A 6.9 magnitude earthquake occurred on May 4 that the United States Geological Survey said was related to the eruptions. The earthquake was the strongest to hit the state since 1975. On May 6, Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense reported that 26 houses had been destroyed by lava or fires in Leilani Estates. Lava fountains up to 300 feet (90 m) were observed in

10302-481: Was killed during an explosion on May 18 after being crushed by falling debris. The explosions continued for two and a half weeks, finally ceasing on May 27. Halema ʻ uma ʻ u more than doubled in size during the eruption. The crater's diameter grew to approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), while the crater's depth increased to about 285 metres (935 ft). After the 1924 events, seven eruptions occurred within Halema ʻ uma ʻ u between 1924 and 1934, partly refilling

10404-491: Was not known how and when power to those communities could be restored. By the morning of June 3, the lava flow from ʻAhuʻailāʻau had reached Kapoho and Vacationland Hawaiʻi, where it then destroyed hundreds of houses as it buried most of the town within a day. Lava also entered the Puʻu Kapoho crater and evaporated the 400-year old Green Lake inside the crater, the largest natural freshwater lake in Hawaiʻi. The flow entered

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