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34-646: The main settlement of the Red Nation is Hoachanas , a small settlement in southern central Namibia, today part of the Hardap Region . The word Khaiǁkhaun means "great defender" in Khoekhoe, from ǁkhau, "defend". There is no agreement as to where the name Red Nation originated from. Heinrich Vedder claims that the Khaiǁkhaun called themselves ǀAwa-khoi, "red people", whereas Klaus Dierks declares that

68-542: A limited number of 'tone melodies' ( word tones ), which have sandhi forms in certain syntactic environments. The most important melodies, in their citation and main sandhi forms, are as follows: Within a phrase, lexical words receive greater stress than grammatical words . Within a word, the first syllable receives the most stress. Subsequent syllables receive less and less stress and are spoken more and more quickly. Nama has 31 consonants: 20 clicks and only 11 non-clicks. Orthography in brackets. Between vowels, /p/

102-504: A macron, as in ā /ʔàa̋/ 'to cry, weep'; these constitute two moras (two tone-bearing units). A glottal stop is not written at the beginning of a word (where it is predictable), but it is transcribed with a hyphen in compound words, such as gao-aob /kȁòʔòȁp/ 'chief'. The clicks are written with the Lepsius letters that were later adopted as IPA symbols. The basic (tenuis) clicks are: Sometimes ASCII characters are substituted, e.g.

136-423: A series of short courses teaching the language, and 21 September 2020 launched its new Khoi and San Centre. An undergraduate degree programme is being planned to be rolled out in coming years. Modern scholars generally see three dialects: They are distinct enough that they might be considered two or three distinct languages. There are 5 vowel qualities, found as oral /i e a o u/ and nasal /ĩ ã ũ/ . /u/

170-421: Is also difficult to hear when not between vowels, so to foreign ears, it may sound like a longer but less raspy version of the contour clicks. Tindall notes that European learners almost invariably pronounce the lateral clicks by placing the tongue against the side teeth and that this articulation is "harsh and foreign to the native ear". The Namaqua instead cover the whole of the palate with the tongue and produce

204-480: Is also the home of Markus Kooper , reverend, educator and anti-apartheid activist. Hoachanas has a Combined School from Pre- Primary to Grade 11 that is named after the first principal of the school Piet Jan Tsai-Tsaib. Hoachanas is situated on Namibia's Central Plateau in an Acacia tree and shrub savanna typical for the Kalahari . The area has an elevation of 1,200 to 1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft),

238-736: Is pronounced [β] and /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] . The affricate series is strongly aspirated, and may be analysed phonemically as aspirated stops; in the related Korana they are [tʰ, kʰ] . Beach (1938) reported that the Khoekhoe of the time had a velar lateral ejective affricate , [kʟ̝̊ʼ] , a common realisation or allophone of /kxʼ/ in languages with clicks. This sound no longer occurs in Khoekhoe but remains in its cousin Korana. The clicks are doubly articulated consonants . Each click consists of one of four primary articulations or "influxes" and one of five secondary articulation or "effluxes". The combination results in 20 phonemes. The aspiration on

272-535: Is situated at the junction of the main road C21 from Kalkrand, and C15 from Dordabis to Stampriet and belongs to the Mariental Rural electoral constituency. Inhabited since at least 1695, Hoachanas is the main settlement of the Khaiǁkhaun ( Red Nation ), the largest and most important of the subtribes of the Nama people . All chiefs of the Red Nation had their main residence at this settlement. Hoachanas

306-466: Is spoken in Namibia , Botswana , and South Africa primarily by three ethnic groups: Namakhoen , ǂNūkhoen , and Haiǁomkhoen . The Haiǁom, who had spoken a Juu language , later shifted to Khoekhoe. The name for the speakers, Khoekhoen , is from the word khoe "person", with reduplication and the suffix -n to indicate the general plural. Georg Friedrich Wreede was the first European to study

340-468: Is strongly rounded, /o/ only slightly so. /a/ is the only vowel with notable allophony; it is pronounced [ə] before /i/ or /u/ . Nama has been described as having three or four tones , /á, ā, à/ or /a̋, á, à, ȁ/ , which may occur on each mora (vowels and final nasal consonants ). The high tone is higher when it occurs on one of the high vowels ( /í ú/ ) or on a nasal ( /ń ḿ/ ) than on mid or low vowels ( /é á ó/ ). The tones combine into

374-659: The Schutztruppe ("protection force", the units deployed to the German colonies). The Red Nation under Manasse, with only 100 armed men, took over the defense of the central eastern area of Aranos , Leonardville , Aminuis , and Hoachanas. The German Empire's Schutztruppe defeated both the Nama and the Herero during this war. Manasse ǃNoreseb and Hendrik Witbooi died in 1905, survivors were detained in concentration camps , much

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408-596: The Herero and Nama War broke out in which the Germans attacked the indigenous Herero and Nama in their colonial territory, Manasse ǃNoreseb and Hendrik Witbooi ceased their hostilities and fought together against the Schutztruppe ("protection force", the unit deployed to the German colony). Manasse, with only 100 armed men, took over the defense of the central eastern area of Aranos , Leonardville , Aminuis , and Hoachanas. The German Empire's Schutztruppe defeated both

442-676: The hash (#) in place of ǂ. Nama has a subject–object–verb word order, three nouns classes ( masculine/gu-class, feminine/di-class and neuter/n-class ) and three grammatical numbers ( singular, dual and plural ). Pronominal enclitics are used to mark person, gender, and number on the noun phrases . The PGN ( person - gender - number ) markers are enclitic pronouns that attach to noun phrases . The PGN markers distinguish first, second, and third person , masculine, feminine, and neuter gender , and singular, dual, and plural number . The PGN markers can be divided into nominative , object , and oblique paradigms. (PGN + i ) (PGN +

476-515: The ǀHaiǀkhauan (Berseba Orlam), but also the Ovaherero , and later the Imperial colonial administration of German South-West Africa . Witbooi attacked Hoachanas several times and broke the resistance of the Khaiǁkhaun. He installed a rival chief, ǃHoeb ǁOasemab ( Fritz Lazarus ǁOaseb ) and confiscated the land of the Red Nation. The German protection treaty did not help, the Germans never had

510-639: The Europeans later nicknamed the tribe Red Nation . In any case, the attribution is a reference to their slightly reddish face color. The first Kaptein of the Khaiǁkhaun was ǂHâb who unified most of the Nama clans at the end of the 17th century. After ǂHâb's death in 1710 the ǁKhauǀgoan (Swartbooi Nama) and the ǂKharoǃoan (Keetmanshoop Nama) were the first Nama groups to leave the union and to settle at Rehoboth and Keetmanshoop , respectively. Later other groups split from this union one by one and settled at different places in central and southern Namibia, but

544-477: The German colonies of Togoland and Kamerun . The ethnical structures of the Nama people were destroyed; the Red Nation only got a new chief in 1922. The following people have been chiefs of the Red Nation since the foundation of that tribe in 1695: Hoachanas Hoachanas ( Khoekhoe : ǃHoaxaǃnâs ) is a settlement of 3,000 inhabitants in the Hardap Region of southern central Namibia , located 55 kilometres (34 mi) northeast of Kalkrand . It

578-399: The Nama and the Herero during this war. Namas were displaced all over the country, and even deported to the German colonies of Togoland and Kamerun . The ethnical structures of the Nama people were destroyed, and Hoachanas lost its importance as community centre. All land and lifestock was confiscated by the Germans, and the Red Nation only got a new chief in 1922. In the 1950s, Hoachanas

612-631: The Nama, was forced to relocate with his family to the village of Itsawisis . The rest of the Nama resisted eviction throughout the apartheid era, and Kooper also was brought back by the community. In 1996, Government of Namibia bought the farms Blankenese and Gomchanas and integrated them into the Hoachanas area, raising its total size to 22,000 hectares (54,000 acres). Khoekhoe language Khoekhoe ( / ˈ k ɔɪ k ɔɪ / KOY -koy ; Khoekhoegowab , Khoekhoe pronunciation: [k͡xʰo̜͡ek͡xʰo̜͡egowab] ), also known by

646-465: The Red Nation in 1880, Hendrik Witbooi , leader of the ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Nama), had risen to considerable power. Witbooi was an archenemy of Manasse. He installed a rival chief for the Red Nation, ǃHoeb ǁOasemab ( Fritz Lazarus ǁOaseb ), and attacked Hoachanas several times. Manasse and his clan, although since 1885 under a protection treaty with the German Empire which had in 1884 established

680-403: The Red Nation is still regarded as the main Nama faction. With Manasse ǃNoreseb 's ascent to chieftaincy in 1880, hostilities started between the Red Nation and other Nama clans. Hendrik Witbooi , leader of the ǀKhowesin (Witbooi Nama) was an archenemy of Manasse. His superiority in power forced the Red Nation into alliances with other Nama factions such as the ǁOgain (Groot Doden) and

714-645: The area controlled by the Nama people reaching from the Kalahari to the Auas Mountains near Windhoek . Although not of Herero descent, Jonker Afrikaner was accepted as the leader of Hereroland and remained in that position until he was defeated by Maharero in 1880. 13 Nama chiefs ratified the treaty. The original document survived and is stored at the National Archives of Namibia in Windhoek . When Manasse ǃNoreseb assumed chieftaincy of

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748-414: The aspirated clicks is often light but is 'raspier' than the aspirated nasal clicks, with a sound approaching the ch of Scottish loch . The glottalised clicks are clearly voiceless due to the hold before the release, and they are transcribed as simple voiceless clicks in the traditional orthography. The nasal component is not audible in initial position; the voiceless nasal component of the aspirated clicks

782-415: The average annual rainfall is 200 to 250 millimetres (7.9–9.8 in). The settlement is cut by the !Guwisib River, a tributary to the ephemeral Auob River . The majority of the houses at the settlement are shacks made from iron sheets. Almost half of the villagers are unemployed, literacy levels are low. The main economic activity is small livestock farming with goats and sheep. Hoachanas has been

816-400: The colony of German South-West Africa , fled their home settlement in 1889 and moved to Seeis , which was situated in an area under the control of Maharero. After Witbooi's troops were defeated by the Germans in 1894, Manasse returned to Hoachanas. In 1902 Imperial Germany confirmed Hoachanas as the home area of the Red Nation and created a reserve of 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres). When

850-461: The consonants b d g are used for words with one of the lower tone melodies and p t k for one of the higher tone melodies; they are otherwise pronounced the same. W is only used between vowels, though it may be replaced with b or p according to tone. Overt tone marking is otherwise generally omitted. Nasal vowels are written with a circumflex. All nasal vowels are long, as in hû /hũ̀ṹ/ 'seven'. Long (double) vowels are otherwise written with

884-456: The ethnic terms Nama ( / ˈ n ɑː m ə / NAH -mə ; Namagowab ), Damara ( ǂNūkhoegowab ), or Nama/Damara and formerly as Hottentot , is the most widespread of the non- Bantu languages of Southern Africa that make heavy use of click consonants and therefore were formerly classified as Khoisan , a grouping now recognized as obsolete. It belongs to the Khoe language family , and

918-434: The form CV or CN, with any vowel or tone, where C may be any consonant but a click, and the latter cannot be NN. Suffixes and a third mora of a root, may have the form CV, CN, V, N, with any vowel or tone; there are also three C-only suffixes, -p 1m.sg, -ts 2m.sg, -s 2/3f.sg. There have been several orthographies used for Nama. A Khoekhoegowab dictionary (Haacke 2000) uses the modern standard. In standard orthography,

952-562: The intention to help single parties within the same tribe. Heinrich Vedder opined that Witbooi's plan was to defeat the Nama tribes one by one, lease the land back to them after he conquered it, and gain the position of a Nama Paramount Chief in the process. When the Herero and Nama War broke out in which the Germans attacked the indigenous Herero and Nama in German South-West Africa , Manasse ǃNoreseb and Hendrik Witbooi ceased their hostilities and fought together against

986-569: The language, after arriving in ǁHui!gaeb (later Cape Town) in 1659. Khoekhoe is a national language in Namibia. In Namibia and South Africa, state-owned broadcasting corporations produce and broadcast radio programmes in Khoekhoe. It is estimated that only around 167,000 speakers of Khoekhoe remain in Africa, which makes it an endangered language . In 2019, the University of Cape Town ran

1020-680: The main settlement of the Red Nation , a subtribe of the Nama people , since the formation of this group at the end of the 17th century. There is a perennial spring at the centre of today's settlement, located behind the old Lutheran church. The Hoachanas Peace Treaty of 1858 saw an alliance formed between Orlam chief Jonker Afrikaner and Nama chief ǁOaseb , two of the most powerful tribal leaders in South-West Africa of that time. This treaty partitioned southern and central South-West Africa into Namaland and Hereroland , with

1054-623: The reduced number of nasal vowels, nasal sequences are /ĩĩ ãã ũũ ãĩ [ə̃ĩ] ãũ [ə̃ũ] õã ũĩ/ . Sequences ending in a high vowel ( /ii uu ai au ui ĩĩ ũũ ãĩ ãũ ũĩ/ ) are pronounced more quickly than others ( /ee aa oo ae ao oa oe ãã õã/ ), more like diphthongs and long vowels than like vowel sequences in hiatus. The tones are realised as contours. CVCV words tend to have the same vowel sequences, though there are many exceptions. The two tones are also more distinct. Vowel-nasal sequences are restricted to non-front vowels: /am an om on um un/ . Their tones are also realised as contours. Grammatical particles have

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1088-533: The same way as the British had set up camps for forced labour in their colony of South Africa during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902. Thousands of people, including women and children, died in these concentration camps from illness, neglect, and malnutrition, leading to a genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples . After the defeat in the war, Namas were displaced all over the country, and even deported to

1122-576: The sound "as far back in the palate as possible". Lexical root words consist of two or rarely three moras , in the form CVCV(C), CVV(C), or CVN(C). (The initial consonant is required.) The middle consonant may only be w r m n ( w is b~p and r is d~t ), while the final consonant (C) may only be p, s, ts . Each mora carries tone, but the second may only be high or medium, for six tone "melodies": HH, MH, LH, HM, MM, LM. Oral vowel sequences in CVV are /ii ee aa oo uu ai [əi] ae ao au [əu] oa oe ui/ . Due to

1156-515: Was populated by approximately 400 Nama and a number of Boers , Afrikaans -speaking white farmers. The Boers tried to have the Nama people move to their bantustan in the area of Tses and Aminuis north of Keetmanshoop . The size of the Hoachanas reserve was decreased to 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres), and an eviction order was obtained that was confirmed by the High Court in Windhoek in 1959. However, only Markus Kooper , spiritual leader of

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