95-635: Schutztruppe ( German: [ˈʃʊtsˌtʁʊpə] , lit. Protection Force) was the official name of the colonial troops in the African territories of the German colonial empire from the late 19th century to 1918. Similar to other colonial armies, the Schutztruppen consisted of volunteer European commissioned and non-commissioned officers, medical and veterinary officers. Most enlisted ranks were recruited from indigenous communities within
190-532: A "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Dar es Salaam in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Barquisimeto in Venezuela . The annual temperature and temperatures of the warmest month would increase by 1.3 °C (2.3 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would go down by 0.1 °C (0.18 °F). According to Climate Action Tracker ,
285-469: A dilemma: when military developments made numbers a priority, it had to either trust the majority and so risk loss of control, or alternatively to rely on minorities combined with large numbers of expensive European or other non-local troops. The French Army of the Levant provided an example of the latter option. Raised to garrison Syria and Lebanon from 1920 to 1943, this force of about 10,000 men (in 1938)
380-515: A grey or khaki slouch hat called the Schutztruppenhut (aka Südwester) on which the edge of the hat and the cap band were in the color of the respective Schutztruppe. The protectorate colours were as follows; German East Africa white, Cameroon dark red, German South West Africa cornflower blue, Togo yellow, German New Guinea green, German Samoa light pink. Additionally, as Imperial Troops, the 'Reichskokarde' cockade in black, white and red
475-494: A high-profile for the overseas territories represented. The end of the colonial empires saw mixed outcomes for colonial troops. Where the transition was a relatively peaceful one the existing colonial units were likely to form the basis of the new national armies. Where there had been extended conflict those locally recruited troops who had remained loyal to their former colonial rulers might find themselves regarded as collaborators and subject to reprisals after independence. This
570-653: A lack of manpower, especially during and in the run-up to World War II. By the 20th century, colonial troops were often being used outside the boundaries of their territories of origin. Troops from France's North African colonies served in the Crimean War , the Franco-Prussian War , and most notably in the trenches of World War I in France itself. France used African troops in World War II and during
665-471: A metro bus system, Dar es Salaam bus rapid transit ( mwendo kasi in Kiswahili). The metro buses are managed by UDA-RT, a partnership between Usafiri Dar es Salaam (UDA) and the government. The bus rapid-transit system Phase 1 has been completed by UDA-RT and began operation on 10 May 2016. The first section runs between Kimara in the northwest to Kivukoni on the northern headland of the harbour. Phase 1
760-704: A population of over nine million people, Dar es Salaam is the largest city in East Africa by population and the sixth-largest in Africa . Located on the Swahili coast , Dar es Salaam is an important economic center and one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. The town was founded by Majid bin Said , the first Sultan of Zanzibar , in 1865 or 1866. It was the main administrative and commercial center of German East Africa , Tanganyika , and Tanzania. The decision
855-589: A rate lower than any other region in the country. The literacy rate in the city was 96%, while the national average was 78%. Between the 2002 and 2012 censuses, the city's 5.6% average annual growth rate was the highest in the country. More than three-quarters of the city's population live in informal settlements . In 2018, Dar es Salaam scored 0.631 (medium category) on the Human Development Index (HDI). The city's HDI has increased every year since 1992, and it ranked higher than any other region in
950-522: A recruitment depot, a signals department and quartermaster unit. Overall strength was 300 European recruits and 2,472 Africans, specifically 68 combatant officers, 60 warrant officers and NCOs , 132 non-combatant medical officers, civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, and 2 African officers and 184 African NCOs and 2,286 Askari . Lastly there was the Polizietruppe, formed in 1909, with 60 German and around 2,000 experienced askari which
1045-455: A red fez over which a khaki cover could be worn in the field. Company numbers were often worn on the front of the fez. In field conditions the askari wore either a khaki cover over their red fez or a khaki tarbush consisting of a khaki cloth over a wicker frame. Later in the war African troops wore a large floppy hat en lieu of the fez. The arm of service color for African/native troops was red so their uniforms, when trimmed, were trimmed red down
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#17327720934281140-652: A total of 1,967 personnel. German West Africa encompassed two colonial entities, Kamerun and Togoland . The Kamerun force in 1914 consisted of 12 companies, totalling 1,600 men with headquarters at Soppo and established in 1894 from the existing police force (formed in 1891). The structure of the Kamerun forces was as follows: Central Command: Soppo near the capital Buea The companies were assigned to 49 garrisons in Kamerun and consisted of 61 officers, 23 physicians, 23 civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, 98 German NCOs and 1,650 African enlisted ranks for
1235-538: A total personnel count of 1,855. Togoland had a total police force of 673 personnel deployed throughout the colony. Approximately 1,000 troops were raised after the outbreak of the war. With very little arms, ammunition, or provisions, by the end of August 1914, all units had surrendered to French and British forces . When the Schutztruppe for German East Africa was founded in 1891, special uniforms were created which, among other things, were intended to underline
1330-428: A white dress uniform was worn by European officers and NCOs for ceremonial occasions, both white and khaki uniforms were cut the same with four patch pockets and a stand and fall collar. The Schutztruppe arm of service color was blue so their uniforms were trimmed blue down the trousers seam, the fly of their tunic, collar edge, plus NCO's wore silver on blue inverted chevrons on the left sleeve only They were also supplied
1425-551: Is a cultural centre, workshop and retail outlet dedicated to Tanzanian art, showcasing and promoting Tanzanian craftsmanship. Prominent Tanzanian sculptor George Lilanga has donated some of his works to the centre, including decorations of the building's main entrance. The music scene in Dar es Salaam is divided among several styles. The longest-standing style is live dance music ( muziki wa dansi ) played by bands such as DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra and Malaika Musical Band. Taarab , which
1520-544: Is a new railway station currently under construction. It will link the country to Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Congo. The Julius Nyerere International Airport is the principal airport serving the country, with three operating terminals. Terminal Three is located at Kipawa in Ilala Municipality. The airport is located west of Dar es Salaam's central business district. The Tingatinga painting style originates from Dar es Salaam. The Nyumba ya sanaa ("House of Art")
1615-616: Is characterised with a lot of potential social and economic centres such as industries i.e. Urafiki textile industry, bus station and various institutes and universities such as National Institute of Transport(NIT) Kigamboni (also known as South Beach), a beachfront suburb on a peninsula, is home to an economically diverse population. Access to the suburb is mainly by ferry, although the Kigamboni Bridge provides an alternative. Dar es Salaam experiences tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of
1710-484: Is divided into five administrative districts, four of which are governed by municipal councils that are affiliated with the city's suburbs or wards. Kinondoni is the most populated of the districts. It houses half of the city's population and several high-income suburbs. The administrative district of Ilala contains almost all government offices, ministries, and the Central Business District. It
1805-640: Is prominent for entrepot trade with landlocked countries like Rwanda , Burundi , Zambia , and the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . The city's skyline features tall buildings, among them the 35-storey PSPF Tower (finished in 2015) and the Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA) Tower, the tallest in the country (completed in 2016). A number of historical buildings and elements of urban planning, such as parts of
1900-466: Is the most populous city in Tanzania and the fifth most populous in Africa. In 2020, the population was estimated to be 7.3 million. When the 2012 national census was taken, the city had a population of 4,364,541, about ten percent of the country's total. The average private household size was 3.9 persons compared to the national average of 4.7. Less than half of the city's residents were married, with
1995-550: Is the transportation hub of the city, as the Julius Nyerere International Airport , Central Railway Station and Tazara Railway Station are all within the district's boundaries. The residential areas are mainly middle- to high-income, among them: Temeke is the main industrial district of the city, where manufacturing (both heavy and light industry) is located. To the east is the Port of Dar es Salaam,
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#17327720934282090-559: Is undergoing major construction and development. The 35-storey PSPF Twin Towers are the second tallest building in the city and the country. The city has major infrastructural challenges, including an outdated transport system and occasional power rationing. The Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) is the country's first stock market. The headquarters of the Natural Gas Revenue Fund is also here. Dar es Salaam hosts
2185-771: The Abushiri Revolt broke out in the dominions of the German East Africa Company , Bismarck's government in Berlin had to send mercenary troops under Reichskommissar Hermann Wissmann to subdue the uprising. Upon the establishment of German East Africa, these Wissmanntruppe were changed to Schutztruppe by an act of the Reichstag parliament on 22 March 1891. The police forces for South-West Africa under Curt von François and for German Cameroon were re-established as Schutztruppe by
2280-584: The Azania Front Lutheran Church , built between 1899 and 1902, and the Roman Catholic St. Joseph's Cathedral , constructed around the same period, Ocean Road Hospital also belongs to a number of early historical buildings in Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48' S, 39°17' E (−6.8000, 39.2833), on a natural harbour on the coast of East Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas. Dar es Salaam Region
2375-561: The Battle of Tanga , in East Africa, but two divisions of Indian infantry also fought with distinction in France in a type of war and a climate for which they had been little prepared. The selective recruitment of particular ethnic groups for service in the colonial military was frequently influenced by the perception of their military abilities and loyalty towards the colonial regime. On occasion, these restrictions were overturned due to
2470-535: The Central Line from Dar es Salaam west to Kigoma . The city also hosts the head office of Tanzania–Zambia Railways Authority (TAZARA) built in the late 1960s to early 1970s. The main terminal is located west of Dar es Salaam's central business district in north Yombo Vituka along the Nelson Mandela Road. The TAZARA Railway connects Dar es Salaam to Zambia. Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway
2565-760: The East India Company were an early example. By the mid 18th century, these troops were beginning to be directly recruited by the Company, allowing more systematic provisioning, drill and tactics, forming the presidency armies . During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , or "Sepoy Mutiny", many of the sepoys rebelled against the Company, leading to the end of Company rule in India . After the British government took direct control of British India in 1858,
2660-613: The Indian Army . The relative lack of up-to-date weaponry and training put colonial troops at an initial disadvantage when they faced modern opponents such as the German or Japanese armies of World War II. Even earlier, the African and Indian troops that had been sent to France in 1914 encountered a climate, diet, and general conditions of service greatly different from those with which they were familiar. The Senegalese Tirailleurs of
2755-702: The Kisutu , Kivukoni , Upanga and Kariakoo areas. The downtown area is located in the Ilala district. Kivukoni is home to the Tanzania Central Bank, The Bank of Tanzania , the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange and the city's important Magogoni fish market. With businesses and offices, Kisutu is the location of Dar es Salaam central railway station, the PSPF Towers, and the TPA Tower. Dar es Salaam
2850-735: The Mlimani City shopping mall, the City Mall in the Kisutu area, Quality Center Mall, GSM Pugu Shopping Mall, GSM Msasani Mall, and Dar Free Market Mall. On a natural harbour on the Indian Ocean, Dar es Salaam is one of the hubs of the Tanzanian transportation system , as the main railways and several highways originate in or near the city to provide convenient transportation for commuters. Public minibus share taxis ( dala dala ) are
2945-498: The People's Republic of Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania in 1964. In 1973, provisions were made to relocate the capital to Dodoma , a more centrally located city in the interior. The relocation process to Dodoma was completed, although Dar es Salaam continued to be the location of most government offices. In 1967, the Tanzanian government declared the ujamaa policy, which made Tanzania lean towards socialism . The move hampered
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3040-544: The Philippines employed Filipino troops from the same regions and tribal groups. In the 1830s the original zouaves were volunteers from a tribal group which provided mercenaries for both the Turkish and French rulers of Algeria. Colonial troops may comprise local forces drawn from settlers in colonies where these were numerous. In the 18th century, militia units were raised in colonial America . A large portion of
3135-733: The Rif tribesmen of Morocco). Colonial units could be employed in campaigns or conditions in which the use of conscripts from metropolitan regiments would be politically unpopular. Also, the use of local troops often made the actual colonization more palatable for the locals. Colonial troops could be used to garrison or subdue other territories than those in which they were recruited to avoid problems of conflicting loyalties. For example, Italy used Eritrean askaris in Libya and during both wars with Ethiopia ( 1895 and 1936 ). Indian regiments garrisoned Aden , Singapore , and Hong Kong at various times in
3230-500: The "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$ 187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$ 206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$ 397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario. Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures. In his 1979 journal A Modern History of Tanganyika , historian John Iliffe wrote, "In 1949
3325-472: The 1970s, the Ministry of National Youth Culture aimed to create a national culture stressing the importance of music. Dar es Salaam became the music center in Tanzania, with the local radio showcasing new bands and dominating the music and cultural scene. With this ujamaa (family) mentality governing culture and music, a unified people's culture was created, leading to the rise of hip hop culture. Throughout
3420-613: The 19th and the early 20th centuries. In the 1950s, the Portuguese used African troops from Mozambique to garrison Goa , and the Dutch had West Africans ( Belanda Hitam ) for service in the East Indies during much of the 19th century. Colonial troops were usually more lightly equipped than their metropolitan counterparts, who were usually given priority when new weaponry was issued. This apparent discrimination sometimes arose from
3515-627: The Colonial Department with the Schutztruppe command was set up as the independent Imperial Colonial Office ( Reichskolonialamt ) agency directly answerable to the Chancellor of Germany . In 1896 a central Schutztruppe command ( Kommando der Schutztruppen ) was established as part of the Colonial Department. Despite its name, this agency exercised no military leadership but served as an administrative authority. It
3610-629: The Crown following the end of the Indian Mutiny in 1858. The French " Army of Africa " garrisoning Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia comprised all of these elements. The Dutch had a similar mix of locally recruited and metropolitan troops composing their garrison in the East Indies . While the Sikhs , Punjabis , Marathis , Rajputs , Jats , Baloch , and other " martial races " making up
3705-719: The French Army had to be withdrawn to southern France for recuperation and training during the harsh winters of the Western Front. All Indian troops, with the exception of some cavalry regiments, were withdrawn from the Western Front in October 1915, to serve in Mesopotamia , Palestine , and East Africa . On the other hand, the regiments of the Indian Army were an army in their own right with responsibilities in
3800-777: The German colonies or from elsewhere in Africa. Military contingents were formed in German East Africa , where they became famous as Askari , in the Kamerun colony of German West Africa , and in German South West Africa . Control of the German colonies of New Guinea , in Samoa , and in Togoland was performed by small local police detachments. Jiaozhou in China under Imperial Navy administration
3895-1052: The Philippines became independent. These troops including the Philippine Scouts (most notably), the Philippine Constabulary , and eventually the Philippine Army in general. They were usually trained by the US military and initially led by American officers. Philippine colonial soldiers were amongst the first members of the US Army to engage in direct combat against the Japanese during World War II. Colonial troops sometimes served as symbols or icons of imperial power. Representative detachments of Indian and other empire forces came to London to parade as part of coronation or other major celebrations during
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3990-574: The Southwest African forces was as follows: German Southwest Africa Command at Windhuk (modern Windhoek) consisted of headquarters, administration and legal (judge advocate), medical corps, surveying and mapping units. Northern district command: Windhuk Southern district command: Keetmanshoop At the outbreak of the war the force had a total strength of 91 officers, 22 physicians, 9 veterinarians, 59 civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, 342 NCOs and 1,444 German other ranks for
4085-582: The United States, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Portugal). Sometimes they have been recruited under local leaders, as auxiliaries ; and at other times organized directly by the colonial power. At the beginning of the modern colonial period such troops were predominantly Europeans from the home army of the country concerned, but locally raised "native" troops were soon recruited. The latter normally served in separate units, at first under their own leaders, later under European officers. The sepoys of
4180-522: The West Indies and West Africa, which were notoriously unhealthy for European troops until the early 20th century. "Native" troops were usually recruited from tribal or other groups that had long-established martial traditions. It was not uncommon for colonial armies to favor the races that had shown the fiercest opposition to the initial conquest of a given territory (examples being the Sikhs of India and
4275-694: The act of 9 June 1895. Schutztruppe formations under the supreme command of the German Emperor were organizationally never a part of the Imperial German Army , though German military law and discipline applied to its units. Initially supervised by the Imperial Navy Office , they were under the authority of the Colonial Department in the German Foreign Office by the act of 7 and 18 July 1896. In 1907
4370-447: The actual light infantry or light cavalry roles required of colonial forces, which were intended primarily for low intensity warfare against poorly-armed opponents in difficult terrain. Until World War II , artillery or mechanized units rarely had indigenous troops although the Italian colonial army maintained a number of Eritrean , Somali , and Libyan mule artillery batteries, and there were locally-recruited mountain batteries in
4465-419: The armistice in November 1918. A pre-war company consisted of 160 (expandable to 200) men in three platoons ( Züge ) of 50 to 60 men each, including two machine-gun teams. Each of the 14 companies also had a minimum 250 man carrier contingent as well as native irregulars known as Ruga-Ruga , called Fita-Fita in German Samoa, of approximately the same size units. The Dar es Salaam garrison further included
4560-399: The bulk of "native regiments" of the Indian Army were recruited from British subjects, the ten regiments of Gurkha Rifles were recruited from outside British-controlled territory. In Burma, the British recruited primarily from the Hill dwelling minorities such as the Karens , Kachin , and Chin while preventing the plain dwelling majority of Bamar , Rakhine , and Mon people from joining
4655-400: The capital Dar es Salaam . Including carriers and labourers, the force had about 14,000 personnel. On 13 April 1914, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck assumed command in German East Africa. He led his units throughout the First World War, eventually being promoted to Generalmajor . The Schutztruppe in East Africa became the last German formation to surrender – days after
4750-497: The city centre. The city's population also included a large number of workers from British India , many of whom came to take advantage of trade and commercial opportunities. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth. Political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union , led to Tanganyika's independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, even when Tanganyika and
4845-450: The city with the monitor Mersey on 21 July 1916 and battleship HMS Vengeance on 21 August. The German colonial authorities surrendered the city on 3 September. German East Africa became the British Tanganyika Territory . Dar es Salaam remained the administrative and commercial centre. Under British indirect rule , European areas such as Oyster Bay and African areas (e.g., Kariakoo and Ilala ) developed separately from
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#17327720934284940-432: The city's central business district. Due to a huge influx of cargo and the slow pace of expansion, a new cargo port 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Dar es Salaam is proposed at Bagamoyo . MV Kigamboni ferries run between southeast of Kivukoni and northwest of Kigamboni in Dar es Salaam. Travel to urban and suburban parts of the city is provided by the Dar es Salaam commuter rail . Tanzania Railways operates
5035-600: The colonial military service; this was due to the perception that they were unsympathetic towards the colonial government. Many colonial powers sought to recruit minority peoples, such as the Ambonese in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI), to counterbalance majority populations seen as potentially rebellious, such as the Javanese . Such minority groups, and those with records of loyalty in revolt, were often designated as "martial races"; their supposedly superior fighting qualities propagandized, and their communities rewarded with special status. The colonial power might face however
5130-415: The colony in the Spanish–American War . The demographic composition of the 65th stayed generally the same after 1917 (though composed of US citizens it was no longer be a "colonial" regiment), and went onto to serve with distinction in every major US conflict since. The US Army also organized and trained multiple colonial units during the American colonization of the Philippines from 1901 until 1946 when
5225-491: The colony, was mounted on imported camels. A single unit, called the Baster Company, consisting of non-local biracial white European-black Africans, was raised and deployed. Relations between the German administration and the natives in this colony had deteriorated to the point that few local Africans were recruited. Some Boers and Afrikaners were able to be recruited, bolstering the fledgling force. The colonial forces for German Southwest Africa consisted of volunteers from
5320-445: The conquest of Ethiopia during 1936; Eritrean troops were also used in the occupation of Libya from 1911 to 1935 and a full division of Libyan infantry participated in the Ethiopian campaign. Portugal employed Landim troops from Mozambique in Angola during World War I , also using them in the garrisons of Portuguese India and Macau until the 1950s. During the 19th century, several thousand West African soldiers were recruited under
5415-434: The country except for one. Dar es Salaam is the second-fastest-growing city in the world and could have a population as high as 12.9 million by 2030. The population was estimated at 20,000 in 1900, 93,000 in 1957 and 273,000 in 1967. Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's most important city for both business and government. The city contains high concentrations of trade and other services and manufacturing compared to other parts of
5510-430: The country, which has about 65 percent of its population in rural areas. Downtown includes small businesses, many of which are run by traders and proprietors whose families originated in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent—areas of the world with which the settlements of the Tanzanian coast have had long-standing trading relations. The Dar es Salaam Central Business District is the largest in Tanzania and comprises
5605-410: The current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5. Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report , Dar es Salaam is one of 12 major African cities ( Abidjan , Alexandria , Algiers , Cape Town , Casablanca , Dakar , Dar es Salaam, Durban , Lagos , Lomé , Luanda and Maputo ) which would be the most severely affected by
5700-567: The forces maintained by Spain and Portugal in Central America and South America until the early 19th century were locally recruited. Units of regulars (Regimiento Fijo) served alongside militia counterparts in Spanish Louisiana and other colonies. Colonial militias in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand formed the origins of the modern armies of these countries. The advantages of locally-recruited troops in colonial warfare were several. They had familiarity with local terrain, language and culture. They were likely to be immune from disease in areas such as
5795-413: The future sea level rise . It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$ 65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$ 86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability at high levels of warming would involve up to US$ 137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for
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#17327720934285890-436: The harbour and streets going back to colonial times, still exist. The Old Boma , one of the city's oldest buildings, was built in 1866–67 by Majid bin Said , sultan of Zanzibar , and enlarged under German rule. The Botanical Gardens now are close to the National Museum of Tanzania . The present-day State House goes back to Majid bin Said, and were the seat of the German and later the British colonial governments. Along with
5985-411: The history of Tanzania; most notably, it exhibits some of the bones of Paranthropus boisei that were among the findings of Louis Leakey at Olduvai . In 2016, there was a breakthrough discovery in Northern Tanzania by a scientist, from the University of Dar es Salaam, of footprints thought to be of a hominid that predates Homo sapiens . The Makumbusho Cultural Centre & Village Museum, located in
6080-421: The imperial army and navy (including some Austrians ) but essentially consisted of members of German regiments. Before their deployment to Africa these troops were prepared for their special tasks and future environment. Such a training base was at Karlsruhe . Because of the often humid conditions in the upper Rhine valley of the grand-duchy of Baden, the area provided some early acclimatisation. The structure of
6175-421: The largest port in the country. Temeke is believed to have the largest concentration of low-income residents due to industry. It is home to military and police officers as well as port officials. The Ubungo terminal serves as a transportation link to most large Dar es Salaam urban nodes. The narrow-gauge commuter rail runs from there to the city centre, with ten level crossings along the route. This district
6270-437: The late 1990s, Dar es Salaam was not regarded in the same echelon as Africa's leading cities like Cairo , Nairobi , Johannesburg , Lagos , or Addis Ababa . During the 2000s, businesses opened and prospered; growth expanded in the construction sector, with new multi-storey buildings, bridges and roads; Tanzanian banks headquartered in the city became better regulated ; and the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange expanded. The port
6365-423: The late 19th and 20th centuries. French tirailleurs and spahis paraded in Paris on the 14th July each year until 1962. Until at least the 1930s, British Indian and French, Italian, and Spanish North African regiments were notable for their picturesque uniforms which incorporated native features such as colorful turbans , cloaks, and sashes. Such features were an aid to voluntary recruiting as well as ensuring
6460-410: The local colonial forces. However it is notable that British forces in Nigeria and other West African territories were under normal circumstances nearly all locally recruited, except for officers, some non-commissioned officers, and a few specialists. Changes in colonial ruler usually meant the continuation of local recruitment - often from the same sources. Both the Spanish and United States rulers of
6555-481: The most common form of transport in Dar es Salaam and are often found at the major bus terminals of Makumbusho , Ubungo and other areas of the city. However, since the introduction of the motorcycle transit business known as "bodaboda", most people prefer it, allowing them to get into the city faster as compared with the minibuses, which encounter heavy traffic. Other types of transport include motorcycles and bajaj (auto rickshaws). The government has been introducing
6650-427: The name of "Belanda Hitam" by the Dutch colonial authorities for military service in the Dutch East Indies . Prior to the passage of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917, granting full US citizenship to Puerto Ricans , the US Army 's 65th Infantry Regiment , was made up of Puerto Rican enlistees and a mix of American and Puerto Rican officers. The unit was formed in 1899, immediately following America's annexation of
6745-409: The outskirts of the city on the road to Bagamoyo, showcases traditional huts from 16 different Tanzanian ethnic groups. There are also examples of traditional cultivation, as well as daily traditional music and dance shows. Close to the National Museum are also the botanical gardens , with tropical plants and trees. There are beaches on the Msasani peninsula north of Dar es Salaam and in Kigamboni to
6840-520: The potential growth of the city as the government encouraged people not to move into cities and instead remain in Ujamaa socialist villages. By the 1980s, the policy failed to combat the increasing poverty and hunger that Tanzania faced, and had delayed necessary development. This situation led to the liberalization policy of the 1980s that essentially ended socialism and silenced its proponents within Tanzania's government through political repression. Until
6935-561: The sepoys formed the regiments of the Indian Army , some of which survive to the present day in the national armies of India and Pakistan . The French and Portuguese enclaves in the Indian subcontinent also recruited sepoys. In the larger colonial possessions the garrison was likely to comprise both locally recruited and white troops. The latter might be from the home or metropolitan army, from settlers doing their military service or occasionally from mercenaries recruited outside
7030-590: The south. Bongoyo Island can be reached by boat from the Msasani Slipway. The city is home to several churches and mosques . The churches in the city belong to various denominations; for example, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dar es Salaam ( Catholic Church ), Anglican Church of Tanzania ( Anglican Communion ), Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania ( Lutheran World Federation ), Baptist Convention of Tanzania ( Baptist World Alliance ), Ilala Seventh Day Adventist Church and Assemblies of God . There
7125-591: The south; and Kigamboni in the east across the Kurasini estuary. In the 19th century, Mzizima ( Swahili for "healthy town") was a coastal fishing village on the periphery of Indian Ocean trade routes . In 1865 or 1866, Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar began building a new city very close to Mzizima and named it Dar es Salaam. The name is commonly translated from Arabic as "abode (home) of peace", from dar ("house"), and es salaam ("of peace"). Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majid's death in 1870, but
7220-601: The special position of the Schutztruppe as an independent part of the Reichsheer. The uniforms corresponded to the cut of the Prussian Army, initially in grey but later in " field gray " for home service ("Tuchuniform"/"Tuchrock") or khaki ("Feldrock") for the tropics. Schutztruppen in Southwest Africa could wear the home service uniform in the protectorate. A khaki service dress was worn by all ranks while
7315-708: The subsequent Indochina and Algerian Wars . Indian troops served in Europe in large numbers during both World Wars, as well as in the Middle East, Malaya, Burma, and North Africa in World War II. The Regulares (Moorish infantry and cavalry) of Spanish Morocco played a major role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. Japan recruited levies from Korea and Taiwan during the period of colonial rule in both countries. Italy employed Dubats from Italian Somaliland , together with Eritrean and Libyan units in
7410-608: The territories of the colonial power concerned. Units of european troops raised specifically for overseas service include those in France ( les marsouins within numerous régiments d'infanterie coloniale ), and in Spain ( Spanish Legion in the 1920s, contiuning the legacy of the Regimiento Fijo a century previous). The european regiments of the British East India Company were placed under the command of
7505-587: The town became a municipality...[with] four honourable nominated Town Councillors who elected a Mayor." According to Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis , published in 2001: "Until June 1996, Dar es Salaam was managed by the Dar es Salaam City Council...the highest policy-making body in the city." As of 2017, Paul Makonda serves as the commissioner of Dar es Salaam Region. Dar es Salaam
7600-493: The trousers seam, the tunic fly, collar edge, plus NCO's wore red, later brown, chevrons on the left sleeve only. The rank insignia of Africans differed by one chevron from German ranks (eg. a German Gefreiter wore no chevrons, an African wore one, a German Unteroffizier wore one chevron, and African wore two etc). Despite them having nominally similar ranks, European NCOs always outranked Native NCOs. German/European Ranks: Standard Imperial Army collar and or shoulder rank insignia
7695-482: The war dragged on. Numerous other small detachments were also formed. Several, possibly four, Reserve Kompagnien were also raised consisting of older Askari , they were prefixed by the letter "R". The Schutztruppe in German Southwest Africa was structured in 12 companies of mounted infantry totalling 1,500 men, primarily Germans. The 7th Company, stationed in the northern desert area of
7790-670: The wider Empire. They were equipped as such, apart from lacking certain specialist capabilities, and took on the Ottomans , the Germans , the Italians and later the Japanese more or less on their own but were sometimes accompanied by a substantial British presence. In the early stages of World War I (November 1914), a British-Indian expeditionary force suffered a major defeat by well-trained and well-led German askaris ( Schutztruppe ) at
7885-595: The year due to its proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean. It has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen : Aw / As ). Annual rainfall is approximately 1,150 millimetres or 45 inches, and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: the "long rains" in April and May, and the "short rains" in November and December. A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 ,
7980-612: The years, the radio in Dar es Salaam has played a major role in the dissemination of music, because many people do not have television; cassettes are more common than CDs. Dar es Salaam has two of the five museums that make up the National Museum of Tanzania consortium, namely the National Museum proper and the Makumbusho Cultural Centre & Village Museum. The National Museum is dedicated to
8075-628: Was a notable exception. As part of the East Asian Station the navy garrisoned Qingdao with the marines of Seebattaillon III, the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate. The name of the German colonial force dates back to the parlance of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , who had the term Schutzgebiete , " protectorates ", used instead of colonies . Schutztruppe contingents arose from local police forces or private paramilitary units, where German colonizers met with stronger resistance. When in 1888
8170-576: Was funded by the World Bank , African Development Bank and the Tanzanian government. Dar es Salaam will have a metro system, currently undergoing a feasibility study conducted by Mota-Engil and Dar Rapid Transit Agency . The Port of Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's busiest, handling 90% of the country's cargo. It is located in the Kurasini administrative ward of Temeke District southeast of
8265-692: Was located at Berlin’s Mauerstrasse, in proximity to the Colonial Office. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, there were three Schutztruppe military commands, one in each of the German colonial regions in East Africa, South-West Africa, and in Kamerun, subordinate to each governor. At the outbreak of the First World War, the Schutztruppe in German East Africa was organised into 14 field companies ( Feldkompanien ) with 2,500 men under arms, with headquarters at
8360-411: Was made in 1974 to move the capital to Dodoma which was officially completed in 1996. Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's most prominent city for arts, fashion, media, film, television, and finance. It is the capital of the co-extensive Dar es Salaam Region, one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions , and consists of five districts : Kinondoni in the north; Ilala in the centre; Ubungo and Temeke in
8455-583: Was particularly the case in Algeria in 1962 (see Harkis ) and in Guinea-Bissau during 1973/74. Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam ( / ˌ d ɑːr ɛ s s ə ˈ l ɑː m / ; from Arabic : دَار السَّلَام , romanized : Dār as-Salām , lit. 'Abode of Peace') is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania . It is also the capital of the Dar es Salaam Region . With
8550-528: Was predominantly recruited from Alawite , Druze , Kurdish , and Circassian minorities, augmented by North African, Senegalese, and French Foreign Legion units. Following the integration of the HEIC 's european regiments from 1858 onwards, such as the 2nd Bengal (European) Fusiliers , the British Army rotated large numbers of its regular troops through India and other overseas possessions, augmenting
8645-435: Was reintegrated into the Schutztruppe as soon as war erupted. During the First World War, companies numbered 15 through 30 were added, plus eight (A through G, and L) temporary companies; and 1st through 10th Schützenkompagnies [rifle companies]. The Schützenkompagnies were originally composed of white settlers, their sons, plantations administrators and trading company employees but some units became racially mixed as
8740-573: Was revived in 1887 when the German East Africa Company established a station there. The town's growth was facilitated by its role as the administrative and commercial centre of German East Africa and industrial expansion following the construction of the Central Railway Line in the early 1900s. In the East African campaign of World War I , British and Empire forces captured German East Africa . The Royal Navy bombarded
8835-525: Was traditionally popular in Zanzibar has also found a niche. However, it remains small compared both to dance music and " Bongo Flava ", a broad category representing the Tanzanian take on hip hop and rhythm and blues that has quickly become the most popular locally produced music. The rap music scene is also present. Traditional music, which locally refers to tribal music, is still performed, but typically only on family-oriented occasions such as weddings. In
8930-805: Was worn by German/European Officers and men. Many of the original East African Askaris were Sudanese therefore the East African Schutztruppen utilized existing Turkish rank titles. The following ranks existed for East African other ranks: German language sites: Colonial troops Colonial troops or colonial army refers to various military units recruited from, or used as garrison troops in, colonial territories. Such colonies may lie overseas or in areas dominated by neighboring land powers such as Imperial China or Tsarist Russia. Colonial troops have been used by imperial powers whether ancient (such as Carthage and Rome ), or modern (such as Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Denmark,
9025-406: Was worn on the folded brim of the Schutztruppenhut, a black, white and red cord could be worn around the tropical helmet (Tropenhelm), and black, white and red intertwined shoulder straps were worn on both tunic shoulders. Schutztruppe Askaris wore a pocketless cotton khaki tunic and breeches with blue puttees and ankle boots, which replaced bare lower legs and feet. African personnel also wore
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