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97-664: Lanai is a roughly apostrophe -shaped island with a width of 18 miles (29 km) in the longest direction. The land area is 140.5 square miles (364 km), making it the 43rd largest island in the United States . It is separated from the island of Molokaʻi by the Kalohi Channel to the north, and from Maui by the Auʻau Channel to the east. The United States Census Bureau defines Lanai as Census Tract 316 of Maui County . Its total population rose to 3,367 as of

194-460: A megatsunami that inundated land at elevations higher than 300 metres (980 ft). Tourism on Lanai began to be prominent in more recent history as the pineapple and sugarcane industries were phased out in the islands. The number of visitors coming to the island is still relatively small, however, with around 59,000 arrivals forecast for 2016. Of all the publicly accessible Hawaiian islands, only Molokaʻi attracts fewer visitors. As of 2016,

291-411: A Rancho or Estancia as "a unit of land which comprises a Hacienda, where cattle and horses are raised, and which is in the care of a Caporal who is the captain of the other cowboys." Niceto de Zamacois , in his book "Historia de Méjico" (1879), defined terms as follows: "...the men of the countryside who carry out their jobs on horseback are given the name of "Rancheros," derived from the word Rancho that

388-546: A circle; a mess hall. “Rancho” in Spain is also the: “food prepared for several people who eat in a circle and from the same pot.” It was also defined as a family reunion to talk any particular business. While “ranchero” is defined as the: “steward of a mess”, the steward in charge of preparing the food for the “rancho” or mess-hall. In South America, specifically in Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Brasil, Bolivia and Paraguay,

485-449: A coordinate possessive construction has two personal pronouns, the normal possessive inflection is used, and there is no apostrophe (e.g., "his and her children"). The issue of the use of the apostrophe arises when the coordinate construction includes a noun (phrase) and a pronoun. In this case, the inflection of only the last item may sometimes be, at least marginally, acceptable ("you and your spouse's bank account"). The inflection of both

582-482: A dollar's worth , five pounds' worth , one mile's drive from here . This is like an ordinary possessive use. For example, one hour's respite means a respite of one hour (exactly as the cat's whiskers means the whiskers of the cat ). No apostrophe is used in the following possessive pronouns and adjectives: hers , his , its , my , mine , ours , theirs , whose , and yours . All other possessive pronouns do end with an apostrophe and an s . In singular forms,

679-538: A few struggling smaller operations have added some dude ranch features such as horseback rides, cattle drives, and guided hunting to bring in additional income. Ranching is part of the iconography of the " Wild West " as seen in Western movies and rodeos . The term ranch comes from the Spanish term rancho , itself from the term rancharse , which means “to get ready, to settle in a place, to pitch camp”, itself from

776-540: A group of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were granted a lease in the ahupuaʻa of Pālāwai. In 1862 Walter M. Gibson arrived on Lanai to reorganize the settlement. A year later he bought the ahupuaʻa of Pālāwai for $ 3000; he used money of the church but titled the land in his own name. When the members of the Church found this out they excommunicated him, but he was still able to retain ownership of

873-481: A large portion of land to Gay, a land exchange deal circumvented that law. Gay transferred several acres of land of what is now downtown Honolulu in exchange for the rest of the land on Lanai. The transfer was completed on April 10, 1907 and Gay mortgaged the land the very same day to Irwin for $ 200,000. By 1909, Gay had defaulted on the mortgage and officially conveyed the land to Irwin for a rebuttable presumption of consideration of $ 1. From this conveyance comes

970-589: A number of terms, including cowhand , ranch hand, and cowboy . People exclusively involved with handling horses are sometimes called wranglers . Ranching and the cowboy tradition originated in Spain , out of the necessity to handle large herds of grazing animals on dry land from horseback. During the Reconquista , members of the Spanish nobility and various military orders received large land grants that

1067-459: A pasturing land or agricultural settlement where cattle are raised. Originally used to refer to a hamlet or village where cattle is raised and where the land is sowed; and to a small independent cattle farm, or to a cattle station, an area of land for cattle raising, that is dependent of a hacienda , a large cattle estate. In Spain it retained its military origin, being defined as: the group of people, typically soldiers, who eat together in

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1164-402: A punctuation mark, an apostrophe and an s are still added in the usual way: " Westward Ho! 's railway station"; " Awaye! ' s Paulette Whitten recorded Bob Wilson's story"; Washington, D.C.'s museums . (assuming that the prevailing style requires full stops in D.C. ). An apostrophe is used in time and money references in constructions such as one hour's respite , two weeks' holiday ,

1261-616: A settlement originated. For example, many of the traditions of the Jalisco charros in central Mexico come from the Salamanca charros of Castile. The vaquero tradition of Northern Mexico was more organic, developed to adapt to the characteristics of the region from Spanish sources by cultural interaction between the Spanish elites and the native and mestizo peoples. Cattle ranching flourished in Spanish Florida during

1358-595: A sibilant sound, have possessive forms with an extra s after the apostrophe so that the spelling reflects the underlying pronunciation. Examples include Oxford University Press , the Modern Language Association , the BBC and The Economist . Such authorities demand possessive singulars like these: Bridget Jones's Diary ; Tony Adams's friend; my boss's job; the US's economy . Rules that modify or extend

1455-486: A silent x , z or s , the few authorities that address the issue at all typically call for an added s and suggest that the apostrophe precede the s : The Loucheux's homeland is in the Yukon ; Compare the two Dumas's literary achievements . The possessive of a cited French title with a silent plural ending is uncertain: " Trois femmes 's long and complicated publication history", but " Les noces ' singular effect

1552-427: A stadium called St James' Park , and Exeter City at St James Park , London has a St James's Park (this whole area of London is named after the parish of St James's Church, Piccadilly ). Modern usage has been influenced by considerations of technological convenience including the economy of typewriter ribbons and films, and similar computer character "disallowance" which tend to ignore past standards. Practice in

1649-473: A steep ramp, and tied by their horns to the horns of a tame, older steer (or ox ) and taken to fenced-in areas. The industry grew slowly under the reign of Kamehameha's son Liholiho ( Kamehameha II ). When Liholiho's brother, Kauikeaouli ( Kamehameha III ), visited California , then still a part of Mexico , he was impressed with the skill of the Mexican vaqueros . In 1832, he invited several to Hawaii to teach

1746-426: A third, free course. Shipwreck Beach on the north shore of the island is so named because of the remains of a wrecked vessel aground a short distance offshore. This is popularly referred to as a WW II Liberty Ship , although it is YOG-42 , one of several concrete barges built during the war. In Lanai City, there are no traffic lights. Public transportation is supplied by the hotels. Most attractions outside of

1843-449: A vowel (as in   [...] Comma's are used , Philip Luckcombe , 1771) and in the consonants s , z , ch , sh , (as in waltz's and cotillions , Washington Irving , 1804)... The use of elision has continued to the present day, but significant changes have been made to the possessive and plural uses. By the 18th century, an apostrophe with the addition of an "s" was regularly used for all possessive singular forms, even when

1940-614: Is a common grammatical error in present times. Each of these four phrases (listed in Steven Pinker 's The Language Instinct ) has a distinct meaning: Kingsley Amis , on being challenged to produce a sentence whose meaning depended on a possessive apostrophe, came up with: Some singular nouns are pronounced with a sibilant sound at the end: /s/ or /z/. The spelling of these ends with -s , -se , -z , -ze , -ce , -x , or -xe . Most respected authorities recommend that practically all singular nouns, including those ending with

2037-485: Is a lack of consensus and certainly the use of an apostrophe continues, legitimately, in which "the apostrophe of plurality occurs in the first word but not the second". The Oxford Companion to the English Language notes that "a plural s after a set of numbers is often preceded by an apostrophe, as in 3's and 4's ..., but many housestyles and individuals now favour 3s and 4s ". Most style guides prefer

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2134-471: Is also one hospital, Lanai Community Hospital, with 24 beds, and a community health center providing primary care, dental, behavioral health and selected specialty services in Lanai City. There are no traffic lights on the island. Lanai was under the control of nearby Maui before recorded history. Its first inhabitants may have arrived as late as the 15th century. The Hawaiian-language name Lānaʻi

2231-426: Is an employee of the actual owner, the term foreman or ranch foreman is used. A rancher who primarily raises young stock sometimes is called a cow-calf operator or a cow-calf man . This person is usually the owner, though in some cases, particularly where there is absentee ownership, it is the ranch manager or ranch foreman. The people who are employees of the rancher and involved in handling livestock are called

2328-531: Is applied to a small hacienda, or to a part of a large one that is divided into racherias or ranchos. Those who carry out the same tasks in the haciedas of Veracruz are given the name of "Jarochos." Thus the term Rancho in Mexican Spanish became a unit of land that makes up a hacienda where cattle is raised and where people live in farmhouses. The people that live and work in those Ranchos managing cattle and horses are called Rancheros. As settlers from

2425-749: Is more than one neighbour owning the garden) is standard rather than "the neighbours's garden". Compound nouns have their singular possessives formed with an apostrophe and an added s , in accordance with the rules given above: the Attorney-General's husband ; the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 's prerogative ; this Minister for Justice's intervention ; her father-in-law's new wife . For two nouns (or noun phrases) joined by and , there are several ways of expressing possession, including: Some grammars make no distinction in meaning between

2522-409: Is normally preferred (e.g. Jack's and your dogs), but there is a tendency to avoid this construction, too, in favour of a construction that does not use a coordinate possessive (e.g. by using "Jack's letters and yours"). Where a construction like "Jack's and your dogs" is used, the interpretation is usually "segregatory" (i.e. not joint possession). If the word or compound includes, or even ends with,

2619-535: Is of uncertain origin, but the island has historically been called Lānaʻi o Kauluāʻau , which can be rendered in English as "day of the conquest of Kauluāʻau". This epithet refers to a legend about a Mauian prince who was banished to Lanai because of his wild pranks at his father's court in Lāhainā. The island was said to be haunted by Akua-ino, ghosts and goblins that Kauluāʻau chased away, bringing peace and order to

2716-508: Is often a policy of leaving off the additional s on any such name, but this can prove problematic when specific names are contradictory (for example, St James' Park in Newcastle [the football ground] and the area of St James's Park in London). However, debate has been going on regarding the punctuation of St James' Park (Newcastle) for some time, unlike St James's Park (London) which

2813-442: Is the less contentious version. For more details on practice with geographic names, see the relevant section below . Some writers like to reflect standard spoken practice in cases like these with sake : for convenience' sake , for goodness' sake , for appearance' sake , for compromise' sake , etc. This punctuation is preferred in major style guides. Others prefer to add 's : for convenience's sake . Still others prefer to omit

2910-435: Is truffle ; His pince-nez 's loss went unnoticed ; "Verreaux('s) eagle, a large, predominantly black eagle, Aquila verreauxi ,..." ( OED , entry for "Verreaux", with silent x ; see Verreaux's eagle ); in each of these some writers might omit the added s . The same principles and residual uncertainties apply with "naturalised" English words, like Illinois and Arkansas . For possessive plurals of words ending in

3007-414: The 2020 United States census , up from 3,193 as of the 2000 census and 3,131 as of the 2010 census . As visible via satellite imagery, many of the island's landmarks are accessible only by dirt roads that require a four-wheel drive vehicle due to the lack of paved roadways. There is one school, Lanai High and Elementary School , serving the entire island from kindergarten through 12th grade . There

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3104-534: The Conquistadors came to the Americas in the 16th century, followed by settlers, they brought their cattle and cattle-raising techniques with them. Huge land grants by the Spanish (and later Mexican) government, part of the hacienda system, allowed large numbers of animals to roam freely over vast areas. A number of different traditions developed, often related to the original location in Spain from which

3201-539: The Homestead Act of 1862, more settlers came west to set up farms . This created some conflict, as increasing numbers of farmers needed to fence off fields to prevent cattle and sheep from eating their crops. Barbed wire , invented in 1874, gradually made inroads in fencing off privately owned land, especially for homesteads. There was some reduction of land on the Great Plains open to grazing. The end of

3298-569: The Kingdom of Castile had conquered from the Moors . These landowners were to defend the lands put into their control and could use them for earning revenue. In the process it was found that open-range breeding of sheep and cattle (under the Mesta system) was the most suitable use for vast tracts, particularly in the parts of Spain now known as Castilla-La Mancha , Extremadura and Andalusia . When

3395-681: The Revolutionary War , and three or four drives in the late 1930s, when area cattle were herded down Montauk Highway to pasture ground near Deep Hollow Ranch. The prairie and desert lands of what today is Mexico and the western United States were well-suited to " open range " grazing. For example, American bison had been a mainstay of the diet for the Native Americans in the Great Plains for centuries. Likewise, cattle and other livestock were simply turned loose in

3492-567: The United States moved west, they brought cattle breeds developed on the east coast and in Europe along with them, and adapted their management to the drier lands of the west by borrowing key elements of the Spanish vaquero culture. However, there were cattle on the eastern seaboard. Deep Hollow Ranch , 110 miles (180 km) east of New York City in Montauk, New York , claims to be

3589-471: The Western United States and Western Canada , though there are ranches in other areas. People who own or operate a ranch are called ranchers , cattlemen , or stockgrowers . Ranching is also a method used to raise less common livestock such as horses , elk , American bison , ostrich , emu , and alpaca . Ranches generally consist of large areas, but may be of nearly any size. In

3686-591: The 17th century. The word "Rancho" in Mexico developed different definitions from what it originally meant in Spain. In the book "Descripción de la Diócesis de Guadalajara de Indias" (1770), Mateo José de Arteaga defined "Ranchos" as "extensions of land where few people live with few assets and sheltering in huts." In 1778, José Alejandro Patiño , in his text "Topografía del Curato de Tlaxomulco," defined Ranchos as "In these Indian kingdoms, Ranchos are country houses of little pomp and value, where men of average means and

3783-458: The 1840s, and expansion both north and west from that time, through the Civil War and into the 1880s, ranching dominated western economic activity. Along with ranchers came the need for agricultural crops to feed both humans and livestock, and hence many farmers also came west along with ranchers. Many operations were "diversified", with both ranching and farming activities taking place. With

3880-603: The 20th century, today "the apostrophe of plurality continues in at least five areas": abbreviations, letters of the alphabet/small words, numbers, family names, and in non-standard use. For abbreviations, including acronyms, the use of s without an apostrophe is now more common than its use with an apostrophe. Most modern style guides disparage the use of apostrophes in all plural abbreviations. Some references continue to condone their use, or even recommend their use in some abbreviations. For example, The Canadian Style states "Add an apostrophe and  s  to form

3977-650: The American government so that they could keep better control of the pasture land available to their own animals. Ranching in Hawaii developed independently of that in the continental United States. In colonial times, Capt. George Vancouver gave several head of cattle to the Hawaiian king, Pai`ea Kamehameha , monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and by the early 19th century, they had multiplied considerably, to

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4074-591: The Hawaiian people how to work cattle. The Hawaiian cowboy came to be called the paniolo , a Hawaiianized pronunciation of español. Even today, the traditional Hawaiian saddle and many other tools of the ranching trade have a distinctly Mexican look, and many Hawaiian ranching families still carry the surnames of vaqueros who made Hawaii their home. In Argentina and Uruguay , ranches are known as estancias and in Brazil , they are called fazendas . In much of South America , including Ecuador and Colombia ,

4171-537: The United Kingdom and Canada is not so uniform. Sometimes the apostrophe is omitted in the names of clubs, societies, and other organizations, even though the standard principles seem to require it: Country Women's Association , but International Aviation Womens Association ; Magistrates' Court of Victoria , but Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union . Usage is variable and inconsistent. Style guides typically advise consulting an official source for

4268-459: The United Kingdom has Bishop's Stortford , Bishop's Castle and King's Lynn (among many others) but St Albans , St Andrews and St Helens . London Underground's Piccadilly line has the adjacent stations of Earl's Court in Earl's Court and Barons Court . These names were mainly fixed in form many years before grammatical rules were fully standardised. While Newcastle United play football at

4365-505: The United States. The gaucho culture of Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay are among the cattle ranching traditions born during the period. However, in the 20th century, cattle raising expanded into less-suitable areas of the Pantanal . Particularly in Brazil , the 20th century marked the rapid growth of deforestation , as rain forest lands were cleared by slash and burn methods that allowed grass to grow for livestock, but also led to

4462-462: The apostrophe comes first, e.g. one's ; everyone's ; somebody's , nobody else's , etc., while the apostrophe follows the s in plural forms as with nouns: the others' complaints . The possessive of it was originally it's , in contrast to the modern its . The apostrophe was dropped by the early 19th century. Authorities are now unanimous that it's can be only a contraction of it is or it has . Despite this, adding an unnecessary apostrophe

4559-400: The apostrophe in place of the elisioned "e" could lead to singular and plural possessives of a given word having the exact same spelling. The solution was to use an apostrophe after the plural "s" (as in "girls' dresses"). However, this was not universally accepted until the mid-19th century. Plurals not ending in -s keep the -'s marker, such as "children's toys, the men's toilet", since there

4656-560: The apostrophe is used for three basic purposes: It is also used in a few distinctive cases for the marking of plurals , e.g. "p's and q's" or Oakland A's . It is also used informally to indicate the units of foot and minutes of arc , although in these uses, the prime symbol is generally preferred. The word apostrophe comes from the Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French . The apostrophe

4753-420: The apostrophe of plurality only for lowercase letters. Sometimes, adding just s rather than 's may leave meaning ambiguous or presentation inelegant. However, an apostrophe is not always the preferred solution. APA style requires the use of italics instead of an apostrophe: p s, n s, etc. In the phrase dos and don'ts , most modern style guides disparage spelling the first word as do's . However, there

4850-456: The apostrophe originally marked the loss of the old "e" (for example, lambes became lamb's ). Its use for indicating plural "possessive" forms was not standard before the middle of the 19th century. For most singular nouns the ending " 's" is added; e.g., "the cat's whiskers". When the noun is a normal plural, with an added "s", no extra "s" is added in the possessive, and it is pronounced accordingly; so "the neighbours' garden" (there

4947-442: The apostrophe when there is an s sound before sake : for morality's sake , but for convenience sake . The English possessive of French nouns ending in a silent s , x , or z is addressed by various style guides. Certainly a sibilant is pronounced in examples like Descartes's and Dumas's ; the question addressed here is whether s needs to be added. Similar examples with x or z : Sauce Périgueux 's main ingredient

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5044-584: The apostrophe. Names based on a first name are more likely to take an apostrophe, but this is not always the case. Some business names may inadvertently spell a different name if the name with an s at the end is also a name, such as Parson. A small activist group called the Apostrophe Protection Society has campaigned for large retailers such as Harrods, Currys , and Selfridges to reinstate their missing punctuation. A spokesperson for Barclays PLC stated, "It has just disappeared over

5141-627: The breadfruit trees on Lanai, accounting for the historic lack of them on that island. The highest point in Lanai is Mount Lānaʻihale. It is an inactive volcano near the center of the island and to the east of Lanai City. The elevation of Mount Lānaʻihale is 3,366 ft (1,026 m). Lanai was traditionally administered in 13 political subdivisions ( Ahupuaʻa ), grouped into two districts ( mokuoloko ): kona ( Leeward ) and koʻolau ( Windward ). The ahupuaʻa are listed below, in clockwise sequence, and with original area figures in acres , starting in

5238-424: The common myth that the land was bought for a mere $ 1, when the true cost of the land included the $ 200,000 mortgage. In 1921, Charles Gay planted the first pineapple plant on Lanai. The population had decreased again - to 150 - most of whom were the descendants of the traditional families of the island. A year later, James Dole , the president of Hawaiian Pineapple Company (later renamed Dole Food Company ), bought

5335-496: The depletion of the land within only a few years. Many of indigenous peoples of the rain forest opposed this form of cattle ranching and protested the forest being burnt down to set up grazing operations and farms. This conflict is still a concern in the region today. In Spain, where the origins of ranching can be traced, there are ganaderías operating on dehesa -type land, where fighting bulls are raised. However, ranch-type properties are not seen to any significant degree in

5432-452: The first ranch in the United States, having continuously operated since 1658. The ranch makes the somewhat debatable claim of having the oldest cattle operation in what today is the United States, though cattle had been run in the area since European settlers purchased land from the Indian people of the area in 1643. Although there were substantial numbers of cattle on Long Island, as well as

5529-493: The hotels and town can be visited only via dirt roads that require an off-road vehicle, bicycle or walking. Lanai is served by Lanai Airport , which offers air taxi and scheduled commercial operations to other Hawaiian islands. Apostrophe The apostrophe ( ' or ’ ) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English,

5626-701: The island and developed a large portion of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation. Upon Hawaii statehood in 1959, Lanai became part of the Maui County . In 1985, Lanai passed into the control of David H. Murdock as a result of his purchase of Castle & Cooke , which was then the owner of Dole. High labor and land costs led to a decline in Hawaii pineapple production in the 1980s, and Dole phased out its pineapple operations on Lanai in 1992. In June 2012, Larry Ellison , then CEO of Oracle Corporation , purchased Castle & Cooke's 98 percent share of

5723-758: The island and regaining his father's favor as a consequence. The first people to migrate here, most likely from Maui and Molokaʻi, probably established fishing villages along the coast at first, and then spread into the interior, where they raised taro in the fertile volcanic soil . During most of this period, the Mōʻī of Maui had control over Lanai, but generally left its inhabitants alone. However, at some point, King Kamehameha I or Kalaniʻōpuʻu-a-Kaiamamao invaded and killed many of them. The population must have been mostly eradicated by 1792, because in that year Captain George Vancouver reported that he had ignored

5820-409: The island during his voyage because of its apparent lack of inhabitants or villages. Lanai is said to have been Kamehameha's favorite fishing spot among Hawaii's main eight islands. The history of sugar cultivation in Hawaii begins in Lanai, when in 1802 a farmer from China, Wong Tse Chun, produced a small amount there. He used a crude stone mill that he had brought with him to crush the cane. In 1854

5917-764: The island for $ 300 million. The state and individual homeowners own the remaining 2 percent, which includes the harbor and the private homes where the 3,000 inhabitants live. Ellison stated his intention to invest as much as $ 500 million to improve the island's infrastructure and create an environmentally friendly agricultural industry. Ellison had spent an estimated $ 450 million to remodel his Four Seasons Resort Lanai , which reopened in April 2016. He would also remodel his other resort in 2020 and has explained plans for further green energy projects by buying out diesel-powered utility assets, though he has since ended this plan. According to Hawaiian legends , man-eating spirits have occupied

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6014-500: The island. For generations, Maui chiefs believed in these man-eating spirits. Differing legends say that either the prophet Lanikāula drove the spirits from the island or the unruly Maui prince Kauluāʻau accomplished that heroic feat. The more popular myth is that the mischievous Kauluāʻau pulled up every breadfruit tree ( ʻulu ) he could find on Maui. Finally his father, Kakaʻalaneo had to banish him to Lanai, expecting him not to survive in that hostile place. However, Kauluāʻau outwitted

6111-511: The lack of apostrophe for groups of years (e.g. 1980s ) and will prefer 90s or '90s over 90's or '90's . Ranching A ranch (from Spanish : rancho / Mexican Spanish ) is an area of land , including various structures, given primarily to ranching , the practice of raising grazing livestock such as cattle and sheep . It is a subtype of farm . These terms are most often applied to livestock-raising operations in Mexico ,

6208-557: The land. By the 1870s, Gibson, then the leader of the colony on the island, had acquired most of the island's land, which he used for ranching. By 1890, the population of Lanai had been reduced to 200. In 1899, Gibson's daughter and son-in-law formed Maunalei Sugar Company, headquartered in Keomuku, on the windward (northeast) coast, downstream from Maunalei Valley. The company failed in 1901. However, between 1899 and 1901 nearly 800 laborers, mostly from Japan, had been contracted to work for

6305-465: The letter "e" was not omitted (as in "the gate's height"). This was regarded as representing not the elision of the "e" in the "-e" or "-es" ending of the word being pluralized, but the elision of the "e" from the Old English genitive singular inflection "-es". The plural genitive did not use the "-es" inflection, and since many plural forms already consisted of the "-s" or "-es" ending, using

6402-566: The military French term se ranger (to arrange oneself, to tidy up), from the Frankish hring , which means ring or circle . It was, originally, vulgarly applied in the 16th century to the provisional houses of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The term evolved differently throughout the Spanish speaking world : In Mexico, it evolved to mean a cattle farm, station or estate,

6499-408: The need to herd them to and from common grazing lands on a seasonal basis, the cattle handlers actually lived in houses built on the pasture grounds, and cattle were ear-marked for identification, rather than being branded. The only actual "cattle drives" held on Long Island consisted of one drive in 1776, when the island's cattle were moved in a failed attempt to prevent them from being captured during

6596-534: The northwest of the island. Kamoku hosts the largest share of population, because the bigger part of Lanai City falls into it. Parts of Lanai City stretch to Kaa and Paomai. As of 2010, the remaining ahupuaʻa were virtually uninhabited. According to the census of 2020, Lanai City accounts for 99 percent of the island population (3332 of 3367). As a census-designated place , Lanai City is defined solely for statistical purposes, and not by administrative boundaries. A volcanic collapse in Lanai 100,000 years ago generated

6693-487: The noun ending "-es", which marked either plurals or possessives, also known as genitives (see Possessive apostrophe , below) . An apostrophe followed by "s" was often used to mark a plural; specifically, the Oxford Companion to the English Language notes that: There was formerly a respectable tradition (17th to 19th centuries) of using the apostrophe for noun plurals, especially in loanwords ending in

6790-603: The only use of the case was to show possession   [...] Simply changing the name of the genitive does not change or eliminate any of its multiple functions. This dictionary also cites a study that found that only 40% of the possessive forms were used to indicate actual possession. The modern spelling convention distinguishes possessive singular forms ("Bernadette's", "flower's", "glass's", "one's") from simple plural forms ("Bernadettes", "flowers", "glasses", "ones"), and both of those from possessive plural forms ("Bernadettes ' ", "flowers ' ", "glasses ' ", "ones ' "). For example,

6887-399: The open range was not brought about by a reduction in land due to crop farming , but by overgrazing . Cattle stocked on the open range created a tragedy of the commons as each rancher sought increased economic benefit by grazing too many animals on public lands that "nobody" owned. However, being a non-native species, the grazing patterns of ever-increasing numbers of cattle slowly reduced

6984-430: The plantations. Many Native Hawaiians continued to live along the less arid windward coast, supporting themselves by ranching and fishing . By 1907, approximately half of the island was owned by cattle rancher Charles Gay. Backed by sugar planter William G. Irwin , Gay worked to acquire the remaining land. While the  Hawaiian Organic Act would have made it illegal for the territorial government to sell such

7081-462: The plural of abbreviations containing more than one period", so G.M.'s is preferred to G.M.s . The Oxford Companion to the English Language condones V.I.P.'s , VIP's , and VIPs equally. For single lowercase letters, pluralization with 's is usual. Many guides recommend apostrophes whether the single letters are lowercase (as in " minding your p's and q's ") or uppercase (as in "A's and S's"). The Chicago Manual of Style recommends

7178-433: The point that they were wreaking havoc throughout the countryside. About 1812, John Parker, a sailor who had jumped ship and settled in the islands, received permission from Kamehameha to capture the wild cattle and develop a beef industry. The Hawaiian style of ranching originally included capturing wild cattle by driving them into pits dug in the forest floor. Once tamed somewhat by hunger and thirst, they were hauled out up

7275-459: The poor live, cultivating the small plots of land that they own or rent, sowing to the extent that each one can afford and raising their domestic, country animals, according to their strength." By the nineteenth century, the words Rancho and Estancia as used in Mexico had been consolidated to define a unit of land that made up a Hacienda or any rural area or the countryside in general. Domingo Revilla in 1844, in his text "Los Rancheros", defined

7372-565: The property. Employees are generally known as stockmen/stockwomen , jackaroos/jillaroos , and ringers (rather than cowboys). Some Australian cattle stations are larger than 10,000 km , with the greatest being Anna Creek Station which measures 23,677 km in area (approximately eight times the largest US Ranch). Anna Creek is owned by S Kidman & Co . The equivalent terms in New Zealand are run and station . In South Africa , similar extensive holdings are usually known as

7469-458: The quality of the rangeland, in spite of the simultaneous massive slaughter of American bison that occurred. The winter of 1886–87 was one of the most severe on record, and livestock that were already stressed by reduced grazing died by the thousands. Many large cattle operations went bankrupt, and others suffered severe financial losses. Thus, after this time, ranchers also began to fence off their land and negotiated individual grazing leases with

7566-605: The rest of western Europe , where there is far less land area and sufficient rainfall allows the raising of cattle on much smaller farms. In Australia , a rangeland property is a station (originally in the sense of a place where stock were temporarily stationed). In almost all cases, these are either cattle stations or sheep stations . The largest cattle stations in the world are located in Australia's dry outback rangelands. Owners of these stations are usually known as graziers or pastoralists, especially if they reside on

7663-430: The school does not own/possess the headmaster, men do not own/possess the department, and tomorrow does not/will not own the weather. In the words of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage : The argument is a case of fooling oneself with one's own terminology. After the 18th-century grammarians began to refer to the genitive case as the possessive case, grammarians and other commentators got it into their heads that

7760-406: The spirits and drove them from the island. The chief looked across the channel from Maui and saw that his son's fire continued to burn nightly on the shore, and he sent a canoe to Lanai to bring the prince back, redeemed by his courage and cleverness. As a reward, Kakaʻalaneo gave Kauluāʻau control of the island and encouraged emigration from other islands. Kauluāʻau had, in the meantime, pulled up all

7857-420: The spring after their young were born and allowed to roam with little supervision and no fences, then rounded up in the fall, with the mature animals driven to market and the breeding stock brought close to the ranch headquarters for greater protection in the winter. The use of livestock branding allowed the cattle owned by different ranchers to be identified and sorted. Beginning with the settlement of Texas in

7954-573: The standard form of the name (as one would do if uncertain about other aspects of the spelling of the name); some tend towards greater prescriptiveness, for or against such an apostrophe. As the case of womens shows, it is not possible to analyze these forms simply as non-possessive plurals, since women is the only correct plural form of woman . Where a business name is based on a family name it should in theory take an apostrophe, but many leave it out (contrast Sainsbury's with Harrods ). In recent times there has been an increasing tendency to drop

8051-507: The standard principle have included the following: Although less common, some contemporary writers still follow the older practice of omitting the second s in some cases ending with a sibilant, but usually not when written -x or -xe . The Associated Press Stylebook recommends or allows the practice of omitting the additional "s" in proper nouns ending with an "s", but not in words ending with other sibilants ("z" and "x"). The 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style had recommended

8148-603: The term hacienda or finca may be used. Ranchero or Rancho are also generic terms used throughout tropical Latin America . In the colonial period, from the pampas regions of South America all the way to the Minas Gerais state in Brazil, including the semi-arid pampas of Argentina and the south of Brazil, were often well-suited to ranching, and a tradition developed that largely paralleled that of Mexico and

8245-507: The term is applied to a modest humble rural home or dwelling, a cottage ; while in Venezuela it’s an improvised, illegal dwelling, generally poorly built or not meeting basic habitability requirements; a shanty or slum house. The person who owns and manages the operation of a ranch is usually called a rancher , but the terms cattleman , stockgrower , or stockman are also sometimes used. If this individual in charge of overall management

8342-522: The time) when it was elided before a vowel, as in un' heure . Modern French orthography has restored the spelling une heure . From the 16th century, following French practice, the apostrophe was used when a vowel letter was omitted either because of incidental elision ("I'm" for "I am") or because the letter no longer represented a sound ("lov'd" for "loved"). English spelling retained many inflections that were not pronounced as syllables , notably verb endings ("-est", "-eth", "-es", "-ed") and

8439-420: The traditional practice, which included providing for several exceptions to accommodate spoken usage such as the omission of the extra s after a polysyllabic word ending in a sibilant, but the 16th edition no longer recommends omitting the possessive "s". Similar examples of notable names ending in an s that are often given a possessive apostrophe with no additional s include Dickens and Williams . There

8536-654: The two resort hotels on Lanai were managed by Four Seasons Hotels ; the Four Seasons Resort Lanai in Manele Bay at Hulupoe Beach. The Hotel Lanai in Lanai City was built in 1923 by James Dole of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company as a lodge to house the executives overseeing the island's pineapple production. It was the island's only hotel until 1990. Lanai is also home to three golf courses, one at each Four Seasons resort and

8633-434: The two forms. Some publishers' style guides, however, make a distinction, assigning the "segregatory" (or "distributive") meaning to the form "John's and Mary's" and the "combinatorial" (or "joint") meaning to the form "John and Mary's". A third alternative is a construction of the form "Jack's children and Jill's", which is always distributive, i.e. it designates the combined set of Jack's children and Jill's children. When

8730-552: The use of possessive apostrophes since 1890 so as not to show ownership of the place. Only five names of natural features in the US are officially spelled with a genitive apostrophe: Martha's Vineyard ; Ike's Point , New Jersey; John E's Pond , Rhode Island; Carlos Elmer's Joshua View , Arizona; and Clark's Mountain , Oregon. Some municipalities, originally incorporated using the apostrophe, have dropped it in accordance with this policy; Taylors Falls in Minnesota, for example,

8827-765: The western United States, many ranches are a combination of privately owned land supplemented by grazing leases on land under the control of the federal Bureau of Land Management or the United States Forest Service . If the ranch includes arable or irrigated land , the ranch may also engage in a limited amount of farming , raising crops for feeding the animals, such as hay and feed grains. Ranches that cater exclusively to tourists are called guest ranches or, colloquially, " dude ranches". Most working ranches do not cater to guests, though they may allow private hunters or outfitters onto their property to hunt native wildlife. However, in recent years,

8924-531: The word "glass's" is the singular possessive form of the noun "glass". The plural form of "glass" is "glasses" and the plural possessive form is, therefore, "glasses ' ". One would therefore say "I drank the glass's contents" to indicate drinking a drink, but "I drank the glasses' contents" after finishing the second drink. For singular forms, the modern possessive or genitive inflection is a survival from certain genitive inflections in Old English, for which

9021-461: The years. Barclays is no longer associated with the family name." Further confusion can be caused by businesses whose names look as if they should be pronounced differently without an apostrophe, such as Paulos Circus, and other companies that leave the apostrophe out of their logos but include it in written text, such as Cadwalader's . An apostrophe is commonly used to indicate omitted characters, normally letters: Following an evolution in usage in

9118-527: Was 'exotic primitive' ..." (with nearby sibilants -ce- in noces and s- in singular ). Compare treatment of other titles, above . Guides typically seek a principle that will yield uniformity, even for foreign words that fit awkwardly with standard English punctuation. Place names in the United States do not use the possessive apostrophe on federal maps and signs. The United States Board on Geographic Names , which has responsibility for formal naming of municipalities and geographic features, has deprecated

9215-402: Was first used by Pietro Bembo in his edition of De Aetna (1496). It was introduced into English in the 16th century in imitation of French practice. Introduced by Geoffroy Tory (1529), the apostrophe was used in place of a vowel letter to indicate elision (as in l'heure in place of la heure ). It was also frequently used in place of a final "e" (which was still pronounced at

9312-438: Was no risk of ambiguity. The apostrophe is used in English to indicate what is, for historical reasons, misleadingly called the possessive case in the English language. This case was called the genitive until the 18th century and, like the genitive case in other languages, expresses relationships other than possession . For example, in the expressions "the school's headmaster", "the men's department", and "tomorrow's weather",

9409-410: Was originally incorporated as "Taylor's Falls". On the state level, the federal policy is not always followed: Vermont 's official state website has a page on Camel's Hump State Forest . Australia's Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping also has a no-apostrophe policy, a practice it says goes back to the 1900s and which is generally followed around the country. On the other hand,

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