44-457: The Māori renaissance , as a turning point in New Zealand's history, describes a loosely defined period between 1970 and the early 2000s, in which Māori took the lead in turning around the decline of their culture and language that had been ongoing since the early days of European settlement. In doing so, social attitudes towards Māori among other New Zealanders also changed. At the start of
88-620: A blossoming in Māori art and culture. In 1939, the Second World War began; many Māori were exposed to a world outside New Zealand and were placed in positions of authority within the armed forces, such as in the Maori Battalion , positions they could not have achieved in their rural idylls back home. When they returned, a rapid drift into the cities took place and as Māori became increasingly urbanised, concerns again grew that despite
132-812: A cadet for the Native Department in Hawke's Bay and later in Wellington but was back on a farm by 1875. In 1881 he married Heni Materoa and they settled in Gisborne . The couple adopted several children but had none of their own. Carroll first stood for New Zealand Parliament in 1884, unsuccessfully contesting the Eastern Maori electorate against Wi Pere . By the 1887 election , John Ballance 's paternalistic Native Land Administration Act of 1886, which proposed leasing Māori lands through
176-465: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
220-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
264-453: A government commissioner, was a major issue. Carroll, an opponent of the act, won the electorate. He was confirmed in the next election in 1890 . In the 1893 election , he stood in the Waiapu electorate. From 1908 , he represented the Gisborne electorate, until he was defeated in 1919. Entering parliament, Carroll wanted to create equality for Māori by allowing them to lease land and use
308-690: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
352-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
396-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
440-521: A rural existence while leaving the towns to non-Māori. From a group called the Young Maori Party , formed in the 1890s and also following the line of a more rural, separate Māori development, there emerged a new leader of the Māori cause, Āpirana Ngata . He became the first Māori to obtain a degree, in 1893, and he went on to become a respected, long-serving MP, from 1905 to 1943. Ngata too worked on land based policies for Māori, which had led to
484-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
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#1732765976799528-649: Is being judged in the context of contemporary norms, which is unfair. Joseph Williams became the first Māori person appointed to the Supreme Court , in 2019. Since the 1970s, the Renaissance has been a significant literary movement. It stresses a separate form of Māori nationalism, with its own forms of expression and its own history, that can be seen as representing a new post-colonial New Zealand. An established catalogue of notable authors has emerged, including Keri Hulme and Witi Ihimaera . Proportional to
572-527: Is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to
616-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
660-496: The original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use
704-520: The 2008 election, its seats increased to five, and the party also won seats in 2011 and 2014. In 2008, the party entered a loose alliance with the National Party, firstly as part of the opposition, and in 2011 and 2014 as a minor partner in government. Disaffection with National led to a slump in support in the Māori Party in 2017, and it won no seats. Concerns have been raised about the scope of
748-618: The Liberal Government, Carroll acted as Prime Minister, and his status was confirmed by the awarding in the 1911 Coronation Honours of the KCMG , becoming the first Maori to be knighted. Carroll continued to represent the general electorate of Gisborne until 1919, when he was defeated by Douglas Lysnar . On 2 September 1921, Carroll was appointed to the Legislative Council by Prime Minister William Massey . From
792-485: The Māori land councils, controlled by Māori and which could sell or lease land. The settler view was that much of the North Island under Māori control should be developed, and Carroll as Native Minister to 1912 was under pressure to allow more land sales. Many Māori consider that he made too many concessions, but he always fought for the rights of Māori at a time when there was little support for his views. Twice in
836-515: The Treaty was required in eleven statutes from a total of 29 in which the Treaty was mentioned. Elsewhere, the Te Maori art exhibition (1984–1987) saw Māori art exhibited internationally for the first time. By the 1990s, the fundamentals of a Māori recovery were well entrenched, and Māori advancement continued despite ongoing obstacles, such as the slow pace of Treaty settlements and a downturn in
880-419: The Treaty. Māori identified an urgent need to address the declining use of Te Reo , the Māori language. Promoting use of Te Reo was seen as the cornerstone of Māori cultural growth. From the early 1980s, the kohanga reo movement of language nests was started, and this was followed by the creation of kura kaupapa in which schooling in Māori took place. By 1996, there were 765 kohanga in the country. Most of
924-675: The Upper House of New Zealand, he was able to support Āpirana Ngata and other rising Māori leaders. He died suddenly in Auckland from kidney failure on 18 October 1926. His body was returned to Gisborne, where he was buried at Makaraka. Farmer and politician Turi Carroll was a nephew. Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and
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#1732765976799968-484: The Waitangi Tribunal extending back to 1840, because "the past is interpreted by legal reasoning to suit presentist purposes." Historians will interpret the past differently from lawyers, using diachronic rather than a lawyer's synchronic analysis. By allowing claims back to 1840, it has been argued that the reality of what happened in the past, based on the values of that past time, is being altered because it
1012-558: The argument that Māori should be able to follow their own path and not be drowned within Pakeha mores. The labour government of the mid-1980s maintained the ongoing reforms. A bi-cultural approach to government policies had begun to set in. In 1985, the Treaty of Waitangi Act was amended to give the Tribunal's jurisdiction to cover claims going back to 1840, opening the way for numerous further claims from disgruntled iwi and hapū . Although
1056-515: The benefits of assimilation, such as better healthcare, Māori culture and language were dying out. By the start of the 1970s, a new generation of young, educated Māori looked for ways to redress the decline and to breathe new life into what survived of Māori culture. Ngā Tamatoa (the Young Warriors) was a group formed by Auckland University students and, by 1972, it had branches in Wellington and Christchurch . One of its leaders said at
1100-565: The bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
1144-469: The economy. By 2000, the percentage of Māori in higher education, skilled and managerial roles had increased. However, activism returned in the 1990s, carried out by some who wanted further advances. Moutoa Gardens in Whangui were occupied in 1995 by iwi claiming ownership rights, colonial era statues and in Auckland, One Tree Hill 's lone pine were all damaged. Parliamentary changes took place as well. MMP
1188-530: The first time a Māori was elected to a general electorate seat. Te Kotahitanga continued to promote a separate law-making assembly for Māori, and Carroll travelled to Māori communities speaking out against separatism. In 1899, he became Native Minister in the Liberal Government, the first person of Māori descent to hold this office. He established the Māori Councils Act, which allowed local Māori committees to deal with health, sanitation and liquor control, and
1232-558: The funding for this came from Maori communities, not central government. In 1987, the Māori Language Act came into force. It made Māori an official language and it created the Māori Language Commission , which says it focuses on "promoting te reo as a living language and an ordinary means of communication". By 1979, both main parties had recognised that New Zealand was ethnically diverse and in principle they had accepted
1276-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
1320-662: The length of the North Island finished outside Parliament in Wellington. Thousands had joined the march, illustrating how Māori concerns about the loss of their culture and landholdings were reaching the wider public. This was followed by the Bastion Point occupation in 1977–78. In 1975, the Treaty of Waitangi Act was passed. It created the Waitangi Tribunal with judicial powers to inquiry into Crown breaches of
1364-420: The list of tangible benefits to Māori from the Treaty grew ever larger in the late 1980s, such as huge government payments to settle Tribunal claims,the non-Māori public were generally dissatisfied. To assuage more the nation's conscience than to better inform the public of historical reality around the Treaty, the sesquicentenary of its signing in 1990 was a choreographed theatrical exercise reflecting better what
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1408-417: The nation wanted to see rather than to inform about underlying historical issues. The past was remolded to appeal to the electorate. Ongoing Treaty settlements well into the hundreds of millions of dollars had begun: by 2001, and partly as a result of Treaty settlements, Māori assets had reached NZ$ 8.99 billion. Tribunal work relating to Treaty principals began to appear in legislation: by 1999, action related to
1452-501: The perception of the Māori race by Pakeha was that it was capable and worthy of being saved but only by assimilation into a European system. James Carroll , a Māori member of parliament who became the first Māori to win a European electorate, at Waiapu in 1887, and who later served in cabinet, took a similar view. He believed Māori: "...could succeed very well in European society." In general terms, he thought Māori should concentrate on
1496-713: The revenue to invest in their own farms. The settler preference was for freehold title, and this solution was favoured by the Atkinson Government. He was appointed in March 1892 a member of the Executive Council representing the native race, and had to support the government in compulsory acquisition. Te Kotahitanga Māori MPs criticised Carroll's stance, and he decided to stand for the General Electorate of Waiapu . He won this seat in 1893,
1540-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
1584-513: The time there was that "rage" at what had been lost and at how Māori "had become assimilated pseudo-Pakeha". The group chose to protest, focusing on the challenges facing Māori then, not on past grievances. Protest began on Waitangi Day , 6 February 1971, when Nga Tamatoa disrupted Rob Muldoon , the Finance Minister's, speech at Waitangi and a flag burning incident took place. In 1975, a hīkoi (land march) led by Whina Cooper traversed
1628-418: The total New Zealand population, people claiming to be of Māori descent represented 8 percent in 1966 and about 14 percent in 1996. James Carroll (New Zealand politician) Sir James Carroll KCMG ( Māori : Timi Kara ; 20 August 1857 – 18 October 1926), was a New Zealand politician. Beginning his career as an interpreter and land agent, Carroll was elected to the Eastern Maori seat in 1887 . He
1672-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
1716-591: The tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to
1760-498: The twentieth century the Māori population had been in sharp decline, primarily due to exposure to European diseases: it had then reached a low point of fewer than 50,000 people, from a total population of over 800,000. However, the population increased thereafter as natural immunity began to set in. Politically too, change was afoot. After European settlement began, Māori had become increasingly concerned that their culture and language were being marginalised. Until 1914, and possibly later,
1804-494: The word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019
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1848-483: Was acting colonial secretary (equivalent to the minister of internal affairs ) from 1897 to 1899. He was the first Māori to hold the cabinet position of Minister of Native Affairs , which he held between 1899 and 1912. He was held in high regard within the Liberal Party and was acting prime minister in 1909 and 1911. James Carroll was born at Wairoa , one of eight children in 1857. His father, Joseph Carroll,
1892-625: Was born in Sydney of Irish descent, and his mother, Tapuke, was a Māori woman of the Ngāti Kahungunu iwi . He was educated both at whare wananga (traditional Māori college) and the Wairoa native school but left early to be a farm worker. In 1870, while no more than thirteen, he was part of the Māori force pursuing Te Kooti in the Urewera , and his bravery was mentioned in dispatches. He became
1936-480: Was introduced at the 1996 General Election and by 2002 the number of designated Maori seats had risen from four to seven. In 2002, there were 20 Māori MPs in a parliament of around 120 seats. The year 2004 saw the founding of the Māori Party , to date New Zealand's most successful Māori-specific party. Founded by former Labour MP Tariana Turia , the party gained four seats in the following year's general election. In
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