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43-418: The word Mărțișor is the diminutive of marț , the old folk name for March ( martie , in modern Romanian), and literally means "little March". Modern tradition involves wearing the small object on the chest like a brooch or a lapel pin , during the first part of the month, starting from 1 March. Some older traditions held it should be worn from the first new moon of March until next significant holiday for

86-595: A gift for migratory birds returning from the south. Less commonly north of the Danube, but often recorded in Dobruja , was the practice of leaving the Mărțișor under a rock, with the type of insects found on the spot being interpreted as omens, throwing it into a spring or river ( Gorj ), or even burning it. In modern times they are often kept as souvenirs . The tradition is placed along with other spring celebrations marking

129-475: A reaction to the heavy, sombre jewellery of the Victorian era. Innovative, flowing designs were now in fashion along with nature, flowers, insects and sensuous women with flowing hair. The jewellery style was fashionable for fifteen years, and ended with the beginning of World War I. The Edwardian era of jewellery (1901–1910) began after the death of Queen Victoria . This period marked the first time platinum

172-599: Is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Oltenia , with its capital city at Târgu Jiu . Gorj comes from the Slavic Gor(no)- Jiu (“upper Jiu”), in contrast with Dolj (“lower Jiu”). At the 2011 census , the county had a population of 334,238 and its population density was 59.66/km (154.5/sq mi). At the 2021 census , Gorj County had a population of 314,685. Gorj County has a total area of 5,602 km (2,163 sq mi). The North side of

215-725: Is renowned for its inventiveness, complexity of design and craftsmanship. The Tara Brooch is a well-known example of a Celtic brooch. Germanic Animal Style decoration was the foundation of Scandinavian art that was produced during the Middle Ages . The lively decorative style originated in Denmark in the late fifth century as an insular response to Late Roman style metalwork. During the early medieval period, Scandinavian craftsmen created intricately carved brooches with their signature animal style ornamentation. The brooches were generally made of copper alloy or silver. Beginning in

258-634: Is responsible for this important contribution to jewellery making. Cameos and brooches with classical scenes were fashionable during this period. Pearls and gemstones continued to be used in brooches, but were less popular than before. The beginning of the French Revolution halted the manufacture and demand for opulent jewellery. The late modern era of jewellery covers the period from 1830 to 1945. The major jewellery styles of this period are: Victorian (1835–1900), Art Nouveau (1895–1914), Edwardian (1901–1910) and Art deco (1920–1939). This period

301-505: Is usually made of metal , often silver or gold or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel or with gemstones and may be solely for ornament or serve a practical function as a clothes fastener. The earliest known brooches are from the Bronze Age . As fashions in brooches changed rather quickly, they are important chronological indicators. In archaeology, ancient European brooches are usually referred to by

344-528: The Bronze Age onwards. In Europe, during the Iron Age , metalworking technology had advanced dramatically. The newer techniques of casting , metal bar-twisting and wire making were the basis for many new objects, including the fibula. In Europe, Celtic craftsmen were creating fibulae decorated in red enamel and coral inlay, as early as 400 BC. The earliest manufacture of brooches in Great Britain

387-610: The Gagauz people , and the Diaspora of these populations also practice local variations of the custom. The object was worn primarily by children and women, less so by men, and rarely by old people. Almost each region had a different time frame for how long it should be kept, varying from 2–3 days in the Iași region of Moldavia , up to 2–3 months in the Vâlcea region of Oltenia . Very often

430-888: The Germanic peoples from the fourth through the eighth centuries belong to the art movement known as Migration period art . During the 5th and 6th centuries, five Germanic tribes migrated to and occupied four different areas of Europe and England after the collapse of the Roman Empire . The tribes were the Visigoths who settled in Spain, the Ostrogoths in Eastern Germany and Austria, the Franks in West Germany,

473-472: The 8th century and continued to be fashionable through the end of the Anglo-Saxon era. Brooch styles were predominantly circular by the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. During this time period, the preferred styles were the annular and jewelled (Kentish) disc brooch styles. The circular forms can be divided generally into enamelled and non-enamelled styles. A few non-circular style were fashionable during

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516-465: The 8th to 11th centuries. The ansate, the safety-pin, the strip and a few other styles can be included in this group. Ansate brooches were traditional brooches from Europe migrated to England and became fashionable in the late Anglo-Saxon period. Safety- pin brooches, more abundant in the early Anglo-Saxon period became more uncommon by the 7th century and by the 8th century, evolve into the strip brooch. Miscellaneous brooches during this time period include

559-626: The Latin term fibula . One example is the Tara Brooch Brooches from antiquity and before the Middle Ages are often called fibula (plural fibulae) , especially in Continental contexts. British archaeologists tend to distinguish between bowed fibulae and flatter brooches, even in antiquity. They were necessary as clothes fasteners, but also often highly decorative, and important markers of social status for both men and women, from

602-728: The Lombards in Northern Italy and the Anglo-Saxons in England. Because the tribes were closely linked by their origins, and their jewellery techniques were strikingly similar, the work of these people was first referred to as Barbarian art. This art style is now called Migration period art . Brooches dating from this period were developed from a combination of Late Roman and new Germanic art forms, designs and technology. Metalworkers throughout western Europe created some of

645-668: The bird, the ottonian, the rectangle and the cross motif. Celtic brooches represent a distinct tradition of elaborately decorated penannular and pseudo-penannular brooch types developed in Early Medieval Ireland and Scotland. Techniques, styles and materials used by the Celts were different from Anglo-Saxon craftsmen. Certain attributes of Celtic jewellery, such as inlaid millefiori glass and curvilinear styles have more in common with ancient brooches than contemporary Anglo-Saxon jewellery. The jewellery of Celtic artisans

688-410: The country's electricity. Due to the decrease in mining activity, the county has one of the highest unemployment levels in the country. The main tourist destinations are: The Gorj County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition: Gorj County has 2 municipalities, 7 towns and 61 communes Historically, the county was located in

731-1008: The county consists of various mountains from the Southern Carpathians group. In the West there are the Vâlcan Mountains , and in the East there are the Parâng Mountains and the Negoveanu Mountains . The two groups are split by the Jiu River . To the South, the heights decrease through the hills to a high plain at the Western end of the Wallachian Plain . The main river, which collects all

774-437: The deconstruction and melting down of many old jewellery pieces to create new jewellery. Because of this, there are very few surviving jewellery pieces from this era. The primary jewellery styles during this time period are: Renaissance, Georgian and Neoclassical. The Renaissance period in jewellery (1300–1600) was a time of wealth and opulence. Elaborate brooches covered in gemstones or pearls were in fashion, especially with

817-977: The delicate new style. The Art Deco period lasted from 1920 to 1939. Cubism and Fauvism , early 20th century art movements , were inspirations for this new art style, along with Eastern , African and Latin American art . Art Deco was named after the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts , a decorative and industrial arts exhibition held in Paris in 1925. Common brooch decoration of this period are: geometric shapes, abstract designs, designs from Cubism, Fauvism, and art motifs from Egypt and India. Black onyx , coral, quartz , lapis and carnelian were used with classic stones such as diamonds , rubies , emeralds , and sapphires . Gorj County Gorj County ( Romanian pronunciation: [ɡorʒ] )

860-821: The eighth century and lasting until the eleventh century, Scandinavian seafarers were exploring, raiding and colonising Europe, Great Britain and new lands to the west. This era of Scandinavian expansion is known as the Viking Age , and the art created during this time period is known as Viking art . Metalwork, including brooches, produced during this period were decorated in one or more of the Viking art styles. These five sequential styles are: Oseberg , Borre, Jellinge, Mammen, Ringerike and Urnes. A variety of Scandinavian brooch forms were common during this period: circular, bird-shaped, oval, equal-armed, trefoil, lozenge-shaped, and domed disc. The most common Scandinavian art styles of

903-501: The end of the Victorian period. It was fashionable during this period to incorporate hair and portraiture into a brooch. The practice began as an expression of mourning, then expanded to keepsakes of loved ones who were living. Human hair was encased within the brooch or braided and woven into a band to which clasps were affixed. The Art Nouveau period of jewellery spanned a short period from 1895 to 1905. The style began in France as

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946-402: The end of this period was associated with signs of spring in the natural world : the return of migratory birds such as swallows and white storks , the flowering of fruit trees ( apple tree , cherry tree ), the blossoming of roses , or with the next significant holiday in the calendar. When the object is removed, it is customary to tie it to a branch of a tree or place it on a fence as

989-829: The local community, which could be anywhere between 9 March and 1 May, or until first tree flowers blossomed, depending on the area. It was also more commonly worn tied around the wrist or like a necklace . Nowadays a Mărțișor is made from silk strings, almost exclusively red and white. Before the 19th century various other colors were used: black and white in Mehedinți and in Aromanian communities, red only in Vâlcea , Romanați , Argeș , Neamț , and Vaslui , black and red in Brăila , white and blue in Vrancea , or even multiple colours in areas of southern Transylvania and Moldova . Likewise,

1032-400: The material used could have been wool, linen, cotton, or silk. Charms were attached to the strings, mostly coins , usually silver, or cross pendants . Later these ornaments were shaped to resemble various images such as four-leaf clover , ladybug , snowdrop etc. Bulgarian Martenitsa models the tassel into small dolls called Pizho and Penda. In Moldova the pendant started being made in

1075-500: The most colourful, lively and technically superior jewellery ever seen. The brooches of this era display techniques from Roman art: repoussé , filigree , granulation , enamelling , openwork and inlay , but it is inlay that the Migration period artists are famous for. Their passion for colour makes their jewellery stand out. Colour is the primary feature of Migration period jewellery. The precious stone most often used in brooches

1118-467: The neck. Brooch decoration usually consisted of a simple inscription or gems applied to a gold or silver base. Inscriptions of love, friendship and faith were a typical feature of ring brooches of this period. The heart-shaped brooch was a very popular gift between lovers or friends. Amulet brooches were very common prior to medieval times. In late antiquity , they were embellished with symbols of pagan deities or gems that held special powers to protect

1161-585: The period are the Jellinge and Borre art styles. Some of the characteristics of these related art styles are: interlaced gripping beasts, single animal motifs, ribbon-shaped animals, knot and ring-chain patterns, tendrils, and leaf, beast and bird motifs. Brooches found during the late medieval era, (1300 to 1500 AD), were worn by both men and women. Brooch shapes were generally: star-shaped, pentagonal, lobed, wheel, heart-shaped, and ring. Rings were smaller than other brooches, and often used to fasten clothing at

1204-401: The shape of ethnographic objects in the later part of the 21st(???) century. General explanations have been given by the observers of the tradition for the object's appearance: the strings are believed to represent "funia anului" - the year's "rope", intertwining summer and winter, the pendant symbolized fortune and wealth, or, like a talisman , brought and preserved good health and beauty to

1247-638: The smaller rivers, is the Jiu River; its tributaries include the Tismana , Gilort , and Motru rivers. The predominant industries in the county are: In the North of the county, coal is extracted near Motru and Rovinari . There are two big thermo electrical power plants at Rovinari and Turceni , and some hydro-electrical power plants. The county is the biggest electricity producer in Romania, with 36% of

1290-403: The southwestern part of Greater Romania , in the northern part of the historical region of Oltenia . Its capital was Târgu Jiu . The interwar county territory comprised a large part of the current Gorj County. It was bordered to the west by Mehedinți County , to the north by the counties of Hunedoara and Sibiu , to the east by Vâlcea County , and to the south by Dolj County . The county

1333-431: The upper classes. Gemstones commonly used for brooches were emeralds, diamonds, rubies, amethyst and topaz. Brooches with religious motifs and enamelled miniature portraits were popular during this time period. Gems were often selected for their protective properties as well as their vibrant colours. During the fifteenth century, new cutting techniques inspired new gemstone shapes. The Georgian jewellery era (1710–1830)

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1376-756: The wearer from harm. These pagan inspired brooches continued to be worn after the spread of Christianity . Pagan and Christian symbols were often combined to decorate brooches during the Middle Ages . Beginning in the fourteenth century, three-dimensional brooches appeared for the first time. The Dunstable Swan Brooch is a well-known example of a three-dimensional brooch. The early modern period of jewellery extended from 1500 to 1800. Global exploration and colonisation brought new prosperity to Europe and Great Britain along with new sources of diamonds, gems, pearls, and precious metals. The rapid changes in clothing fashion during this era generated similar changes in jewellery styles. The demand for new jewellery resulted in

1419-515: The wearer. The custom of gifting and wearing the Mărțișor is a nationwide tradition among Romanians , Moldovans , and Aromanians . Similar customs include the Martenitsa , celebrated by Bulgarians , and Martinka by Macedonians , while other communities such as Albanians , Turks from the Ohrid region, Greeks from Northern Greece , the isles of Rhodes , Dodecanese and Karpathos ,

1462-531: The year's cycle: agricultural communities associated it with the end of winter and start of spring . In particular it is connected to the days of " Baba Dochia ", a mythological figure in Romanian folklore, and March , which in antiquity was the start of the year. Brooch A brooch ( / ˈ b r oʊ tʃ / , also US : / ˈ b r uː tʃ / ) is a decorative jewellery item designed to be attached to garments, often to fasten them together. It

1505-649: Was a common element during this period, in Anglo-Saxon England as well as in Europe. Intertwined beasts were a signature feature of these lively, intricately decorated brooches. Bow shaped, S-shaped, radiate-headed and decorated disc brooches were the most common brooch styles during the Migration period , which spanned the 5th through the 7th centuries. The majority of brooches found in early Anglo-Saxon England were Continental styles that had migrated from Europe and Scandinavia . The long brooch style

1548-465: Was during the period from 600 to 150 BC. The most common brooch forms during this period were the bow, the plate and in smaller quantities, the penannular brooch . Iron Age brooches found in Britain are typically cast in one piece, with the majority made in copper alloy or iron. Prior to the late Iron Age, gold and silver were rarely used to make jewellery. The distinctive metalwork that was created by

1591-467: Was inspired by classical themes of ancient Greece and Rome . The main difference between Renaissance jewellery and neoclassical jewellery was that Renaissance jewellery was created primarily for the upper class and neoclassical jewellery was made for the general public. An important innovation in jewellery making during this era was the technique of producing cameos with hard pastes called black basalt and jasper. English pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood

1634-484: Was most commonly found in 5th- and 6th-century England. Circular brooches first appeared in England in the middle of the 5th century. During the 6th century, craftsmen from Kent began manufacturing brooches using their own distinctive styles and techniques. The circular form was the preferred brooch type by the end of the 6th century. During the 7th century, all brooches in England were in decline. They reappeared in

1677-452: Was named after the four King Georges of England. In the early 1700s, ornate brooches with complex designs were fashionable. By the mid- to late 1700s, simpler forms and designs were more common, with simpler themes of nature, bows, miniature portraits and animals. Georgian jewellery was typically handmade in gold or silver. Diamonds and pearls continued to be fashionable during this period. The Neoclassical era (1760–1830) in jewellery design

1720-521: Was named for Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who reigned from 1837 to 1901. Cameos, locket brooches, flowers, nature, animal and hearts were popular jewellery styles in the early Victorian era. When Victoria's husband, Prince Albert , died in 1861, jewellery fashion changed to reflect the queen in mourning. Styles turned heavier and more sombre, using materials like black enamel, jet, and black onyx. Mourning brooches were commonly worn until

1763-417: Was originally divided into four administrative districts ( plăși ): Subsequently, two more districts were established: According to the 1930 census data, the county population was 206,339 inhabitants, ethnically divided as follows: 97.9% Romanians, 1.7% Romanies, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population was 99.6% Eastern Orthodox, as well as other minorities. In 1930,

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1806-536: Was the almandine , a burgundy variety of garnet, found in Europe and India. According to J. Anderson Black, "designers would cover the entire surface of an object with the tiny geometric shapes of precious stones or enamel which were then polished flat until they were flush with the cloisonné settings, giving the appearance of a tiny stained glass window." Brooch designs were many and varied: geometric decoration, intricate patterns, abstract designs from nature, bird motifs and running scrolls. Zoomorphic ornamentation

1849-438: Was used in jewellery. Because of platinum's strength, new jewellery pieces were created with delicate filigree to look like lace and silk. The main gemstones used in brooches were diamonds, typically with platinum or white gold, and coloured gemstones or pearls. Platinum and diamond brooches were a common brooch style. Small brooches continued to be fashionable. Popular brooch forms were bows, ribbons, swags, and garlands, all in

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