Misplaced Pages

#57942

80-572: Its progenitor was Stefan Nemanja , scion of a cadet branch of the Vukanović dynasty (1101–1166). After Nemanja, all monarchs used Stefan as a personal name, or a ruler's name, a tradition adopted for the royal pretensions. The monarchs began as Grand Princes , and with the crowning of Stefan Nemanjić in 1217, the realm was promoted to a Kingdom, and the Serbian Orthodox Church was established in 1219. In 1346, Stefan Dušan

160-585: A "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg , was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered

240-563: A certain period of time". Sava later wrote the Liturgy of Saint Simeon in Nemanja's honour. In 1206, Sava decided to bring his father's remains to Serbia, where his brothers Stefan and Vukan were fighting among themselves, thus tearing apart the Serbian lands their father had reunited. Upon arrival of Sava, his brothers made peace and Simeon was re-buried in 1207 in his personal foundation,

320-584: A clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for the purpose of succession to the British throne. That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic. A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that

400-537: A conflict with his brothers was sent to Ribnica where he had the title of Lord. Zavida (Beli Uroš) was most probably a son of Uroš I or Vukan . Since western Zeta was under Roman Catholic jurisdiction, Nemanja received a Latin baptism, although much of his later life was spent balancing Western and Eastern forms of Christianity. In 1163, Emperor Manuel I Comnenus came to Niš with the army via Serdica (Sofia) , where, according to John Kinnamos , he decided "to deal with things concerning Serbia". At that time, Serbia

480-485: A family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house", which may be styled as " imperial ", " royal ", " princely ", " ducal ", " comital " or " baronial ", depending upon

560-464: A female. Dynastic politics has declined over time, owing to a decline in monarchy as a form of government, a rise in democracy, and a reduction within democracies of elected members from dynastic families. The word "dynasty" (from the Greek : δυναστεία , dynasteía "power", "lordship", from dynástes "ruler") is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of

640-572: A female. For instance, the House of Windsor is maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II , as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands , whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant . The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov

720-417: A framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artifacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members. Before

800-632: A framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned. Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally , such as those that follow the Frankish Salic law . In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through

880-559: A military force. The toparch Nemanja was in such a hostile temper that he fell upon the Romans and immediately launched an undeclared war. When he saw the emperor was in pursuit, he showed himself in battle only briefly and then hid in the cover of mountain caves which he sealed with stones. At last, his pride shattered, he prostrated himself at Manuel’s feet. Lying outstretched, ‘mighty in his mightiness’, he pleaded that he not be made to suffer cruelly, and he feared lest he be removed as ruler of

SECTION 10

#1732790472058

960-573: A monk for some time. They received permission from the new Byzantine emperor to rebuild the abandoned monastery of Hilandar . Knowing his death was near in his 86th year, Simeon asked to be placed on a mat in front of the icon of the Virgin Hodegetria with a stone for his pillow. He died in front of his son Sava and other monks, on 13 February 1199. He was buried in the grounds of Hilandar monastery. His last words requested that Sava take his remains to Serbia, "when God permits it, after

1040-540: A nephew of Queen Elizabeth II , is in the line of succession to the British crown , making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover , a male-line descendant of King George III , possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he

1120-534: A speech at the assembly about the harmfulness of the Bogumil heresy. A woman who was married to a heretic spoke as the main witness at the assembly. Her testimony was crucial to end the quarrel at the council and to give the majority the impression that it was a harmful religious teaching. After consultations, especially with the Bishop Euthymius, the grand zopuan brought measures against them. The leader of

1200-529: Is also among the most remarkable Serbs for his literary contributions and altruistic attributes. In 1196, after three decades of warfare and negotiations, including the Third Norman invasion of the Balkans (1185–1186) which consolidated Serbia while distinguishing it from both Western and Byzantine spheres of influence, Nemanja abdicated in favour of his middle son Stefan Nemanjić , who later became

1280-627: Is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland ). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015. Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet,

1360-471: Is the King of England . Hungarian king Béla invaded Serbia at the beginning of 1193. Emperor Isaac II demanded the withdrawal of his troops, and threatened Béla with war. At the same time, Doge Enrico Dandolo attempted to occupy Hungarian Zara , but failed. In April 1195, the father-in-law of Stefan Nemanjić, Alexius III Angelus (1195–1203), overthrew his brother Emperor Isaac II and took power. In 1196, at

1440-604: The Adriatic coast. Without significant resistance, they took all the cities from Split to Bar , forcing them to recognize Byzantine rule. The Byzantines also had success in a campaign in Italy where they captured an important seaport on the west coast of the Adriatic, Ancona . Venice , which had previously turned to Byzantium for help during the conquest of Friedrich Barbarossa in northern Italy, changed its attitude towards

1520-624: The Danube , and the other two across the Carpathians , towards the center of Pannonia . While the main Hungarian army was operating towards the Danube, Belgrade and Braničevo , two Byzantine armies went deep into their territory, causing general panic. The Hungarians were forced to seek peace through intermediaries to their detriment in 1167. As the ideal candidate of Venice and Hungary among

1600-668: The Latin Stephanus Nemania . Sometimes the spelling of his name is anglicised , to become Stephen Nemanya. In the latter part of his life, he became a monk and hence was referred to as Monk Simeon, or Monk Symeon. After his death, he was canonised by the Orthodox Church , and became St. Symeon the Myrrh-streaming . His son and successor, Stefan the First-Crowned , called him "The Gatherer of

1680-579: The Raška architectural school , that spanned from 1170 to 1300. Dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics . A dynasty may also be referred to as a " house ", " family " or " clan ", among others. Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations , such as Ancient Iran (3200–539 BC), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using

SECTION 20

#1732790472058

1760-642: The Serbian Empire in 1346. During Dušan's rule, Serbia reached its territorial, political, and economical peak, proclaiming itself as the successor of the Byzantine Empire , and was the most powerful Balkan state of that time. Dušan enacted an extensive constitution, known as Dušan's Code , opened new trade routes, strengthened the state's economy, but its society's integration was unfinished and not unified enough until Ottoman invasion. Serbian medieval political identity has been profoundly shaped by

1840-596: The Serbian Grand Principality (also known as Raška , lat. Rascia ) from 1166 to 1196. A member of the Vukanović dynasty , Nemanja founded the Nemanjić dynasty , and is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and history , founding what would evolve into the Serbian Empire , as well as the national church . According to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts , Nemanja

1920-743: The Studenica Monastery , where holy oil (myrrh) started to seeped, from his new grave, thus giving Simeon the epithet the Myrrh-streaming . Because of miracles that occurred at his grave, the Serbian Orthodox Church canonised him, and declared his feast-day on 26 February [ O.S. 13 February]. The cult of St. Simeon helped consolidate Serbian national identity. Centers of his cult are in monasteries of Studenica and Hilandar. Various names have been used to refer to Stefan Nemanja, including Stefan I and

2000-721: The order of succession to the Dutch throne , and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights. Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca . Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations , such as Ancient Iran (3200–539 BC), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using

2080-525: The 11th and in the first half of the 12th century. At the end of the 12th century, among Serbs and other Balkan Slavs, there was a very widespread 'Slavic' Gnosticism or dualistic teaching called Bogumilism. The main political tendency of Bogomilism was resistance to the Byzantine state and church authorities. Bogumilism itself was very widespread among the people in Serbia and Bosnia, and its spread among

2160-433: The 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally , such as those that follow the Frankish Salic law . In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through

2240-443: The Bogumil community in Serbia was caught and brought before the court. The grand zoupan spared the life of their leader, and he was sentenced to corporal punishment, cutting off his tongue so that he would no longer blaspheme and spread harmful teachings. The army was sent to those parts of Serbia where their actions were most pronounced. The primary goal of this action was conversion. The measures taken against those who refused were

2320-642: The Byzantine central part of the Balkans , leaving Nemanja without support. Fortunately for Nemanja, at the same time, the Normans and the Bulgarians joined the anti-Byzantine alliance. Nemanja forced Dubrovnik (Ragusa) to replace Byzantium with Norman rule. The Normans of king William II of Sicily , also in 1185, conquered Dyrrachium and Thessalonica , and embarked on an expedition to Constantinople, but they lost discipline due to large-scale looting, so

2400-505: The Byzantine emperor. The concluded peace envisaged that Nemanja would be succeeded by his middle son Stefan, who received the Byzantine title of sebastokrator and the Byzantine princess Eudokia for a wife, and not the firstborn Vukan . In November 1192, on the way to Venice, from Acre via Byzantine Corfu to the southeastern Adriatic coast on the small island of Lokrum near Dubrovnik (Ragusa) , Richard I arrived incognito as an ordinary knight or pilgrim, where he revealed that he

2480-484: The Byzantine emperor. Stefan Nemanja, in alliance with the Hungarian king Bela III, launched a great offensive on Byzantium in 1183. Also, the commander of the Byzantine army, Andronicus Lampardis in Niš and Braničevo, renounced obedience to the new central authorities. At the same time, the Hungarian king Bela III conquered Byzantine Belgrade , Niš and Serdica (Sofia) . According to the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates ,

Nemanjić dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-642: The Byzantines easily defeated them in the battle of Demetritzes near Lower Struma . In October 1185, in the Lower Danube , in northern Bulgaria, an uprising began, led by the brothers Peter and Ivan I Asen , one of the reasons for which was an extraordinary tribute that Emperor Isaac II ordered to be collected for his wedding. Nemanja then coordinated actions with the Asen brothers against Byzantium. In September 1186, Nemanja and his brothers "made peace with

2640-517: The Byzantines for fear of losing the Adriatic . It approached Hungary as a natural ally against the Byzantines. At the same time, they began to work among the Serbs, especially in Serbia, in order to rebel against Byzantium. In 1166, the Hungarians counterattacked to push Byzantium out of the newly conquered areas. However, in response, Emperor Manuel launched three armies against Hungary, one from

2720-596: The Byzantines, William of Tyre left negative classifications about Serbs in his reports. The following year, Nemanja attacked the Byzantine vassal, Prince of Zeta Radoslav, and on that occasion annexed to his country a part of the then Zeta and the Neretva region . Soon, Manuel I Komnenos came into conflict with the Venetian Republic , and on his order, on March 12, 1171, all Venetian property in Byzantium

2800-548: The Holy Archangels , Matejče Monastery , Our Lady of Ljeviš , Papraća Monastery , Tronoša Monastery , Rača monastery , Arilje monastery , Bešenovo Monastery , Davidovica monastery and many more. Stefan Nemanja Stefan Nemanja ( Serbian Cyrillic : Стефан Немања , pronounced [stêfaːn ně̞maɲa] ; c.  1113 or 1114 – 13 February 1199) was the Grand Prince ( Veliki Župan ) of

2880-676: The Lost Pieces of the Land of his Grandfathers, and also their Rebuilder". His other son Sava, called him "Our Lord and Autocrat, and ruler of the whole Serbian land". In a way, both sons introduced the cult of their father, thus creating the ideal picture of a ruler-saint, without parallel in Byzantium . Nemanja was married to a Serb noblewoman by the name of Ana . They had three sons and three daughters: Stefan Nemanja founded, restored and reconstructed several monasteries. He also established

2960-606: The Serbians and Greeks , who died c. 1422-23, and his younger brother, Stefan Uroš, ruler of Pharsalos . Nemanjić descent survived only through maternal lines in several Serbian houses. In the 8th century, the Vlastimirović Dynasty established the Serbian Principality . The state disintegrated after the death of the last known Vlastimirid ruler Časlav of Serbia around 940/960s and the Byzantines annexed

3040-478: The Serbs and political power be transferred to those who were more fit to rule, those whom he had pulled down so that he might seize power. At that time, William of Tyre , an emissary of Amalric , a Latin King of Jerusalem , arrived at the diplomatic mission in Constantinople. His goal was for Byzantium to join the crusade against Egypt . During his stay in Constantinople, probably under the influence of

3120-410: The Serbs appeared Nemanja, when his brothers and, above all, Tihomir imprisoned him in a cave near Fortress Ras . Nemanja probably hoped that he would take the place of Desa, as the former representative of the pro-Greek party, while Emperor Manuel brought his eldest brother Tihomir to the throne. Angry because of that, Nemanja changes his policy in favor of Hungary and its allies. Nemanja escaped from

3200-506: The Serbs, and Nemanja was defeated in the battle at South Morava (1191). In fact, Constantinople did not want to subdue the Serbs, but to regain Niš and the main road to Belgrade , as well as to make allies of the rebellious Serbs. The peace treaty in 1193 provided for Stefan Nemanjić , the middle son of the Grand Župan Stefan Nemanja, to marry a Byzantine princess Eudokia Angelina , i.e. niece of

3280-471: The Serbs, led by Nemanja, joined this campaign. The following year, Nemanja launched an offensive on the southeastern Adriatic coast and conquered Byzantine Skadar and besieged Dubrovnik (Ragusa) . In 1185, Andronicus I was killed in Constantinople and the new Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angelos began peace negotiations with the Hungarian king. The peace treaty provided for Emperor Isaac II to marry Bela's daughter Margaret . The Hungarian army withdrew from

Nemanjić dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-464: The areas around West Morava , Miroslav Zahumlje , while Stefan Nemanja was given the areas around Ibar , Toplica  [ sr ] and Dubočica (around Leskovac ), which probably was historical region of Dendra west of Niš. The Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus launched a large army against Hungary because he was informed of their dissatisfaction and internal conflicts. The Hungarian prince Béla III had to live in Constantinople, where he

3440-543: The center of Serbian Orthodox monasticism at Athos. Shortly after his death, Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Stefan Nemanja, under the name Saint Simeon the Myroblyte ( Serbian : Свети Симеон Мироточиви ). Nemanja was born around the year 1113 or 1114 AD in Ribnica, Zeta (in the vicinity of present-day Podgorica , the capital of Montenegro ). He was the youngest son of Zavida , a Prince of Zahumlje , who after

3520-505: The chief or present title borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in " House of Habsburg ". A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne . For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families,

3600-533: The city of Dubrovnik", ruled by William II. Meanwhile, Ayyubid sultan Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn captured Jerusalem in 1187. Due to the fall of Jerusalem in the Latin West, there was a great commotion that started the Third Crusade . A large crusader army led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa marched in 1189 from Buda through Belgrade and Niš to Adrianople and Constantinople . In Niš, in

3680-580: The confiscation of property, the punishment of milder punishments, the burning of books, as well as expulsion from the country. For the Bogumil community in Raska, this was certainly persecution and ruthless action. Their confiscated property was distributed to the lepers and the poor. After the death of Emperor Manoel on September 24, 1180, the Hungarian king Bela III considered that he had no more obligations to Byzantium. The following 1181, he launched an offensive against Byzantium and conquered Srem (Sirmium)

3760-565: The court prison in Constantinople . The land was given by the emperor to the administration of Zavida's sons, who were in the pro-Byzantine party: Tihomir , Stracimir , Miroslav and the youngest Nemanja. Tihomir was the oldest and became the Grand Župan of Serbia. In January 1166, Tihomir was recognized by the brothers who were given to rule other certain parts of Serbia and the Serbian-Byzantine frontier. Stracimir held

3840-570: The death of Manuel I in 1180, his widow, the Latin princess Maria of Antioch , acted as regent to her infant son Alexios II Komnenos . Her regency was notorious for the favoritism shown to Latin merchants and was overthrown in April 1182 by Andronikos I Komnenos , who entered the city in a wave of popular support. Almost immediately, the celebrations spilled over into massacre of Latins . The usurpation of Andronikos I freed Nemanja from subordination to

3920-531: The descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges. For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia , the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau , in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in

4000-411: The dungeon, it is not known with whose help. Nemanja's son and biographer, Stefan Nemanjić , describing his father's life, says how he escaped with the help of "heavenly forces": "And this again, because of meekness and justice, and wonderful humility, and because of all good customs, with a high arm he brought him out of the rocky cave, and brought him to the throne of his fatherland, and raised him up as

4080-460: The elbows, a rope around his neck and a sword in his hands, he entered the Byzantine camp and went out to the emperor. Arriving in front of Manuel, he fell on his knees in front of him, handing him his sword, to do with him what he wanted. The Byzantine emperor accepted his humility, agreeing to the renewal of vassal obligations and leaving Nemanja in the position of grand zoupan. The final part of this episode took place in Constantinople, where Nemanja

SECTION 50

#1732790472058

4160-477: The elected positions of republics and constitutional monarchies . Eminence, influence , tradition , genetics , and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon. Hereditary dictatorships are personalist dictatorships in which political power stays within a strongman's family due to the overwhelming authority of the strongman, rather than by the democratic consent of the people. The strongman typically fills government positions with their relatives. They may groom

4240-585: The fight against Byzantium. Manuel immediately took advantage of the favorable moment and after receiving the Hungarian emissaries, he headed for the Serbs at the head of the army. Before the oncoming Byzantine army, the grand zoupan Nemanja retreated to the mountains. According to the Byzantine historian John Kinnamos , the Venetians incited Nemanja to revolt. This conflict ended with Nemanja's surrender to Emperor Manuel. One day, Nemanja ritually obeyed Manuel I Komnenus in Niš . Barefoot, with his clothes torn to

4320-510: The first King of Serbia . Nemanja ultimately went to Mount Athos , where he became a monk and took the name of Simeon, joining his youngest son (later known as Saint Sava ), who had already become the first archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church . Together with his son Saint Sava , Nemanja restored the Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos from 1198 to 1199, and issued the " Charter of Hilandar ". The monastery thus became

4400-449: The great lord of all the world." In 1166 or 1167, Nemanja first expanded his territories and conquered Kotor , and then gathered his supporters in Ras and started a conflict against Tihomir, who was looking for support from the Byzantines. Nemanja overthrew Tihomir, provoking Byzantines action in autumn 1168: To make trial of Nemanja’s intent, the emperor despatched Theodore Padyates with

4480-936: The liberation of Jerusalem. A month later, negotiations began between the Crusaders and the Byzantines over the passage with great tension. At that time, according to Christian doctrine, there could be only one emperor in the Christian world. Hence the great rivalry and tension between the Eastern Roman Empire (historiographically known as Byzantium) and the Holy Roman Empire. The Crusaders captured Philippopolis and Adrianople and prepared for an attack on Constantinople . Nemanja takes advantage of this situation and launches an offensive towards Byzantine Skopje . Meanwhile, in February 1190, an agreement

4560-469: The line of succession. Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included. There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state , of which 41 are ruled by dynasties. There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties. Though in elected governments , rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in

4640-502: The main public road passes between Byzantine Belgrade and Niš . According to Arnold of Lübeck on that road, near fortress Ravno, in March 1172, the Serbs carried out a night attack on the camp of Western knights and pilgrims led by Henry the Lion accompanied by the Byzantines. Arnold of Lubeck also left a very negative opinion in his chronicle about Serbs. Probably under the impression of

4720-482: The meantime, king Stephen III of Hungary died on March 4, 1172. The Hungarian emissaries went to Serdica (Sofia) , where Emperor Manuel encamped with the army, preparing for the campaign. The Hungarian throne was won by Manuel's candidate Bela III (1173–1196). In the meantime, during the winter of 1171/72 on the island of Chios , the Venetian army was decimated by an epidemic , so that the Serbs were left alone in

4800-448: The new capital of Stefan Nemanja, the German emperor and the grand zoupan met at the end of July 1189. At the meeting, Nemanja asked Barbarossa for the Crusaders to promise him lands the Serbians recently conquered in exchange of aiding the Crusaders in war against Byzantium. However, Barbarossa rejected this proposal in a diplomatic manner, wanting to ensure only a safe passage for his army through Byzantium. His main goal, however, remained

4880-400: The night attack, he even called them the "sons of Belial ." Meanwhile, in 1171, Saladin was appointed sultan of Egypt, who would become one of the greatest defenders of Islam in history. The Kingdom of Hungary also wanted to join the fight against Byzantium, and the Holy Roman Empire of Frederick Barbarossa (1152–1190), also supported this alliance. Nemanja expected Hungarian help, but in

SECTION 60

#1732790472058

4960-454: The nobles led to Nemanja's actions against them. He convened a state-church assembly at which a decision was to be made on further measures against them. The Assembly gathered the entire state leadership, composed of nobles and Bishop Euthymius of Ras, as well as a large number of abbots and monks. The assembly was held around 1176, during the time of Nemanja's vassalship and before the death of Emperor Manoel in 1180. The grand zoupan Nemanja gave

5040-473: The northeastern part of the Adriatic coast (Including Zara ) and Zemun . Byzantium was then occupied by internal conflicts, so that there was no military response to the Hungarian conquests. In 1182, Bela III ordered an attack on Byzantine Belgrade and Braničevo . The attack itself was quite clumsily carried out, and both fortresses were defended by experienced military leaders from the time of Emperor Manoel, Alexius Branas and Andronikos Lapardas . Following

5120-511: The painter, namely that the latter has not called him a slave (doulos) in all the scenes of the triumph'." The Byzantine emperor Manuel Comnenus returned Nemanja to the position of Grand Župan, and he confirmed to his brothers their areas – Stracimir around the West Moravia and Miroslav Zachlumia . Upon his return to Serbia, Nemanja turned to consolidating the central government, and forced Tihomir's son and successor Prvoslav to renounce

5200-652: The region and held it for a century, until 1040 when the Serbs under the Vojislavljević Dynasty revolted in Duklja ( Pomorje ). In the 1090s, the Vukanović Dynasty established the Serbian Grand Principality , and since the mid-12th century Stari Ras became undisputably under Serbian control, becoming centre of defence and residency for the Serbian Principality. In 1166, Stefan Nemanja took

5280-409: The rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon ,

5360-413: The rule of this dynasty and its accomplishments, that were supported and cultivated by the Serbian Orthodox Church . Stefan Dušan attempted to organize a Crusade with the Pope against the threatening Turks, but he died suddenly in December 1355. He was succeeded by his son Uroš , called the Weak , a term that might also apply to the state of the empire, which slowly slid into a feudal fragmentation. This

5440-416: The ruler's claims in his favor. In accordance with his vassal duties, Nemanja regularly sent auxiliary detachments to Byzantine military campaigns. Serbian detachments were also part of the Byzantine army that was defeated by the troops of the Sultanate of Rum in the battle of Myriokephalon on September 17, 1176, in the gorges of Asia Minor . Bogumilism reached its peak in the Byzantine Empire during

5520-424: The state assembly near Church of Saints Peter and Paul in Ras , Stefan Nemanja abdicated the throne in favor of his middle son Stefan, who became the grand prince of Serbia. He left his eldest son Vukan in charge of Zeta, Travunija, Hvosno and Toplica. Nemanja became a monk in his old age and was given the name Simeon. Shortly afterwards, he went to Byzantium, to Mount Athos , where his youngest son Sava had been

5600-420: The throne, marking the beginning of Serbia, henceforth under the rule of the Nemanjići (Vukanović branch). Serbia reached its height of power during the Nemanjić dynasty. The Serbian Kingdom was proclaimed in 1217, leading to the establishment of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1219. In the same year Saint Sava published the first constitution in Serbia: St. Sava's Nomocanon .Tsar Stefan Dušan proclaimed

5680-412: Was a period marked by the rise of a new threat: the Ottoman Turk sultanate , which spread from Asia to Europe conquering Byzantium and then the other states in the Balkans . The Nemanjić dynasty ruled the Serb lands between ca. 1166 up to 1371. The Nemanjic family helped Eastern Orthodoxy to spread around the Balkans . They were known for being the builders of a lot of Orthodox monasteries. Religion

5760-529: Was confiscated. In response to this, from Venecia was launched Venetian navy with about 120 ships to Byzantine possessions. The Venetian fleet headed east in September of that year, conquering, by the way, Byzantine Trogir and Dubrovnik . Then Nemanja entered into closer ties with the Venetians and began attacks on Byzantine Kotor , simultaneously carrying out raids through the Moravian valley through which

5840-552: Was crowned Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks , and the Archbishopric of Serbia was elevated to a Patriarchate . The dynasty's rule in Serbia ended in 1371, with the death of childless Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371). This led to the fall of the Serbian Empire . Provincial lords took control of their provinces. The last remaining members of the House of Nemanjić were John Uroš , ruler of Thessaly , titular emperor of

5920-462: Was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa , Balobedu determined descent matrilineally , while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute

6000-459: Was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna . This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal , who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry , but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza , per Portuguese law; in fact, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that

6080-499: Was married, and Béla's lands, Dalmatia with southern Hungary (below Velebit ), had to come under Constantinople's rule. There is resistance in Hungary, which is why Emperor Manuel embarks on a campaign. The Byzantine army conquered Zemun and Srem in 1165. The Byzantines were accompanied by the obligatory detachments of Serbs. The second Byzantine army under command of John Doukas Komnenos moved west, across Serbia and Bosnia towards

6160-524: Was one of the main reasons they were one of the most important dynasties in Serbia . Because of them Serbia is very rich in historical monuments and churches. The well known monasteries they built include: monastery of Žiča , Studenica Monastery , Gračanica Monastery , Ljubostinja , Banjska Monastery , Mileševa Monastery , Hilandar , Đurđevi stupovi , Sopoćani , Visoki Dečani , Gradac Monastery , Morača (monastery) , Gorioč Monastery , Monastery of

6240-533: Was reached between the two emperors at Adrianople to allow the Crusader army to cross the Dardanelles . During the uncertain negotiations, Emperor Isaac II replied that the new friendship between the Crusaders and the Serbs was very difficult for him. In June 1190, Frederick Barbarossa drowned in the river Saleph . At the same time, Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos launched a punitive expedition against

6320-467: Was ruled by the Grand Župan Desa , an ally of Stephen III in the Hungarian dynastic conflicts, and thus an opponent of Manuel. When in 1165 Desa was finally forced to come to Niš before the emperor, his connections with the Hungarian king Stephen III were revealed, Desa called him his master, Manuel I decided to take him to court and punish him. Desa was first detained and kept under guard, and then sent to

6400-473: Was taken as a slave in Manoel's triumphal procession, while the gathered people ridiculed him. He was even shown a "series of wall paintings that the emperor had commissioned to commemorate his victories over the Serbs; his alleged reaction is recorded in an oration by Eustathius of Thessalonica : 'Seeing these paintings, he agrees with everything and approves of the visual feast. In one respect only does he chide

#57942