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82-498: The Proton GEN•2 (often simplified as Gen-2 or GEN2) is a compact 5-door liftback manufactured by Malaysian automobile manufacturer Proton which launched in 2004. It was initially codenamed Wira Replacement Model (WRM) . The GEN•2 uses a platform which was extensively developed in house by Proton and technical partner Lotus . This platform was later adapted for the Proton Satria Neo and Proton Persona . The GEN•2

164-480: A power valve system to get similar results to VVT. The valves within an internal combustion engine are used to control the flow of the intake and exhaust gases into and out of the combustion chamber . The timing, duration and lift of these valve events has a significant impact on engine performance. Without variable valve timing or variable valve lift , the valve timing is the same for all engine speeds and conditions, therefore compromises are necessary to achieve

246-632: A "compact car" target that was larger than what has become known as the "light car" or the kei car . One of the first compact cars that met those requirements was the Toyota Publica with an air-cooled two-cylinder opposed engine, the Datsun 110 series , and the Mitsubishi 500 . The Publica and the Mitsubishi 500 were essentially "kei cars" with engines larger than regulations permitted at

328-478: A 4.4 L engine for a proposed replacement for the existing 30-98 model to be called the H-Type. In this engine the single overhead camshaft was to move longitudinally to allow different camshaft lobes to be engaged. It was in the 1920s that the first patents for variable duration valve opening started appearing – for example United States patent U.S. patent 1,527,456 . In 1958 Porsche made application for

410-478: A German Patent, also applied for and published as British Patent GB861369 in 1959. The Porsche patent used an oscillating cam to increase the valve lift and duration. The desmodromic cam driven via a push/pull rod from an eccentric shaft or swashplate . It is unknown if any working prototype was ever made. Fiat was the first auto manufacturer to patent a functional automotive variable valve timing system which included variable lift. Developed by Giovanni Torazza in

492-415: A VVT system requires a complex system, such as multiple cam profiles or oscillating cams. Late intake valve closing (LIVC) The first variation of continuous variable valve timing involves holding the intake valve open slightly longer than a traditional engine. This results in the piston actually pushing air out of the cylinder and back into the intake manifold during the compression stroke. The air which

574-539: A cam phaser, controlled by the ECM, which continuously varies advancement or retardation of the camshaft timing. In 2007, Caterpillar developed the C13 and C15 Acert engines which used VVT technology to reduce NOx emissions, to avoid the use of EGR after 2002 EPA requirements. In 2010, Mitsubishi developed and started mass production of its 4N13 1.8 L DOHC I4, the world's first passenger car diesel engine that features

656-521: A conventional cam lobe, while others use an eccentric cam lobe and a connecting rod. The principle is similar to steam engines, where the amount of steam entering the cylinder was regulated by the steam "cut-off" point. The advantage of this design is that adjustment of lift and duration is continuous. However, in these systems, lift is proportional to duration, so lift and duration cannot be separately adjusted. The BMW ( valvetronic ), Nissan ( VVEL ), and Toyota ( valvematic ) oscillating cam systems act on

738-565: A few years later. In Indonesia, the facelifted Proton GEN.2 come with only the Campro IAFM engine and was sold in two variants: M/T and A/T. It was available in seven different colors: Tranquility Black, Metal Grey, Genetic Silver, Energy Orange, Solid Red, Passion Blue and Solid White. It came with a 3-year or 100,000 km warranty. On 12 July 2018, 440 Proton GEN•2s were exported to the Middle East. The Youngman Europestar L5

820-588: A higher power output (141 hp and 233Nm/1,500 rpm). Although this concept car never made it into production, certain elements such as the CVT gearbox did and a CamPro hybrid engine is currently under development. Proton entered the Chinese market in 2007, under a strategic partnership with China's Youngman Automobile Group . The deal involved a minimum of 30,000 Proton GEN•2 CBU cars that were rebadged in China under

902-480: A large car by contemporary European standards. The term "compact" was coined by a Nash executive as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches (2,794 mm) or less. It established a new market segment and the U.S. automobile industry soon adopted the "compact" term. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of America's other independent automakers, although none enjoyed

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984-525: A license plate number beginning with "5". In the past, the small size category has received tax benefits stipulated by the Japanese government regulations , such as those in the 1951 Road Vehicle Act . In 1955, the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry set forth a goal to all Japanese makers at that time to create what was called a "national car". The concept stipulated that

1066-451: A mechanical VVT system. The system was engineered by Ing Giampaolo Garcea in the 1970s. All Alfa Romeo Spider models from 1983 onward used electronic VVT. In 1989, Honda released the VTEC system. While the earlier Nissan NVCS alters the phasing of the camshaft, VTEC switches to a separate cam profile at high engine speeds to improve peak power. The first VTEC engine Honda produced was

1148-464: A more forceful frontal appearance. In July 2005, the GEN•2 R3 concept car was introduced at Dreamcars Asia Motorshow 2005. It was equipped with various aftermarket parts from Recaro , MOMO and Proton's own Race, Rally, Research (R3) division. Only 500 examples were made as a commitment to exclusivity and individuality. In August the following year, Proton released another limited edition model called

1230-504: A potential market size of 275,000 cars. By 1955, the Nash Rambler that began as a convertible model became a success and was now available in station wagon , hardtop , and sedan body styles. During the Recession of 1958 , the only exception to the sales decline was American Motors with its compact, economy-oriented Ramblers that saw high demand among cautious consumers. By 1959, sales of small imported cars also increased to 14% of

1312-598: A push toward compact cars, resulting in the introduction of the Studebaker Lark , Chevrolet Corvair , Ford Falcon , and Plymouth Valiant . These models also gave rise to compact vans built on the compact car platforms, such as the Studebaker Zip Van, Chevrolet Corvair Greenbrier , Ford Econoline , and Dodge A100 . During the 1960s, compacts were the smallest class of North American cars, but they had evolved into only slightly smaller versions of

1394-403: A variable valve timing system. Manufacturers use many different names to describe their implementation of the various types of variable valve timing systems. These names include: This method uses two cam profiles, with an actuator to swap between the profiles (usually at a specific engine speed). Cam switching can also provide variable valve lift and variable duration, however the adjustment

1476-530: Is a registration category that sits between kei cars and regular cars, based on overall size and engine displacement limits. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Fuel Economy Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year (dated July 1996) includes definitions for classes of automobiles. Based on the combined passenger and cargo volume, compact cars are defined as having an interior volume index of 100–109 cu ft (2.8–3.1 m ). The beginnings of U.S. production of compact cars were

1558-471: Is acted on by two lobes simultaneously. Each camshaft has a phasing mechanism which allows its angular position relative to the engine's crankshaft to be adjusted. One lobe controls the opening of a valve and the other controls the closing of the same valve, therefore variable duration is achieved through the spacing of these two events. The drawbacks to this design include: This system is not known to be used in any production engines. The operating principle

1640-419: Is discrete rather than continuous. The first production use of this system was Honda's VTEC system. VTEC changes hydraulic pressure to actuate a pin that locks the high lift, high duration rocker arm to an adjacent low lift, low duration rocker arm(s). Many production VVT systems are the cam phasing type, using a device known as a variator which changes the phase (Phase refers to the relative timing between

1722-429: Is driven by the crankshaft through timing belts , gears or chains . An engine requires large amounts of air when operating at high speeds. However, the intake valves may close before enough air has entered each combustion chamber, reducing performance. On the other hand, if the camshaft keeps the valves open for longer periods of time, as with a racing cam, problems start to occur at the lower engine speeds. Opening

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1804-449: Is expelled fills the manifold with higher pressure, and on subsequent intake strokes the air which is taken in is at a higher pressure. Late intake valve closing has been shown to reduce pumping losses by 40% during partial load conditions, and to decrease nitric oxide ( NOx ) emissions by 24%. Peak engine torque showed only a 1% decline, and hydrocarbon emissions were unchanged. Early intake valve closing (EIVC) Another way to decrease

1886-413: Is freed from this constraint, allowing performance to be improved over the engine operating range. Piston engines normally use valves which are driven by camshafts . The cams open ( lift ) the valves kind for a certain amount of time ( duration ) during each intake and exhaust cycle. The timing of the valve opening and closing, relative to the position of the crankshaft, is important. The camshaft

1968-446: Is of this type. Also known as "combined two shaft coaxial combined profile with helical movement", this system is not known to be used in any production engines. It has a similar principle to the previous type, and can use the same base duration lobe profile. However instead of rotation in a single plane, the adjustment is both axial and rotational giving a helical or three-dimensional aspect to its movement. This movement overcomes

2050-405: Is that it significantly lowers the temperature of the combustion chamber, which can increase hydrocarbon emissions. Early intake valve opening Early intake valve opening is another variation that has significant potential to reduce emissions. In a traditional engine, a process called valve overlap is used to aid in controlling the cylinder temperature. By opening the intake valve early, some of

2132-435: Is that the cam and follower profiles must be carefully designed to minimise contact stress (due to the varying profile). Ferrari is commonly associated with this system, however it is unknown whether any production models to date have used this system. This system is not known to be used in any production engines. It consists of two (closely spaced) parallel camshafts, with a pivoting follower that spans both camshafts and

2214-408: Is that the one follower spans the pair of closely spaced lobes. Up to the angular limit of the nose radius the follower 'sees' the combined surface of the two lobes as a continuous, smooth surface. When the lobes are exactly aligned the duration is at a minimum (and equal to that of each lobe alone) and when at the extreme extent of their misalignment the duration is at a maximum. The basic limitation of

2296-414: Is two eccentric drives and controllers are needed for each cylinder (one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves), which increases complexity and cost. MG Rover is the only manufacturer that has released engines using this system. This system consists of a cam lobe that varies along its length (similar to a cone shape). One end of the cam lobe has a short duration/reduced lift profile, and

2378-628: The B16A which was installed in the Integra , CRX , and Civic hatchback available in Japan and Europe. In 1992, Porsche first introduced VarioCam , which was the first system to provide continuous adjustment (all previous systems used discrete adjustment). The system was released in the Porsche 968 and operated on the intake valves only. Variable valve timing has been applied to motorcycle engines but

2460-1176: The Europestar brand. Proton set foot in the Thai market on 1 December 2007, with the mid life facelift of the Proton GEN•2. The GEN•2 facelift was launched in the Malaysian market in March the following year. It was sold in two trim lines, the High Line and Medium Line respectively. Proton introduced two new engines for the GEN•2; the High- Line featured the CamPro CPS 1.6 litre engine (where CPS stood for Camshaft Profile Switching) which produced 125 horsepower (93 kW) at 6,500rpm, and 150Nm of torque at 4,500rpm. The CamPro CPS incorporated variable valve timing and variable length intake manifold (VIM) technology to boost maximum power and remedy

2542-1016: The Proton Persona 's L.E.D. tail lights, which help give the GEN•2 a more modern appearance. Proton discontinued sales of the GEN•2 in Malaysia in 2012. However, Proton still produces the GEN•2 at their Tanjung Malim factory for exclusive sale to their export markets. Proton produced 1,148 GEN•2s in 2012 and a further 1,489 in 2013. Production of the GEN•2 stopped momentarily in November 2013, but resumed in July 2014 due to higher demand from some export markets, chiefly Egypt and Turkey . Proton sold 682 units in 2012 and an additional 715 GEN•2s and Personas in 2013 in Turkey, as well as 496 and 593 GEN•2 units in 2012 and 2013 respectively in Egypt. Sales of

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2624-417: The camshaft 25 times per second, so the valve timing events have to occur at precise times to offer performance benefits. Electromagnetic and pneumatic camless valve actuators offer the greatest control of precise valve timing, but, in 2016, are not cost-effective for production vehicles. The history of the search for a method of variable valve opening duration goes back to the age of steam engines when

2706-519: The pony car , named after the Ford Mustang , which was built on the Falcon chassis. At that time, there was a distinct difference in size between compact and full-size models. Early definitions of vehicle size class were based on wheelbase, with models under 111 inches as compact, 111 to 118 inches intermediate, and over 118 inches as full size, at least until EPA classes based on interior volume of

2788-548: The 1920s when maximum allowable RPM limits were generally starting to rise. Until about this time an engine's idle RPM and its operating RPM were very similar, meaning that there was little need for variable valve duration. The first use of variable valve timing was on the 1903 Cadillac Runabout and Tonneau created by Alanson Partridge Brush Patent 767,794 “INLET VALVE GEAR FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES” filed August 3, 1903, and granted August 16, 1904. Some time prior to 1919 Lawrence Pomeroy, Vauxhall's Chief Designer, had designed

2870-809: The 1980s that American cars were being downsized to truly international dimensions. In the 1985 model year, compact cars classified by the EPA included Ford's Escort and Tempo as well as the Chevrolet Cavalier. For the 2019 model year, the best sellers were the Toyota Corolla and Honda Civic. In Japan, vehicles that are larger than kei cars , but with dimensions smaller than 4,700 mm (185.0 in) long, 1,700 mm (66.9 in) wide, 2,000 mm (78.7 in) high and with engines at or under 2,000 cc (120 cu in) are classified as "small size" cars. Small-size cars are identified by

2952-571: The 6-cylinder or V8-powered six-passenger sedan. They were much larger than compacts (and sometimes even mid-sizers) by European manufacturers, which were typically five-passenger four-cylinder engine cars. Nevertheless, advertising and road tests for the Ford Maverick and the Rambler American made comparisons with the popular Volkswagen Beetle . Compact cars were also the basis for a new small car segment that became known as

3034-568: The Applus+ IDIADA crash testing facility in Spain, and is claimed to have scored an equivalent three star Euro NCAP rating. The car is also designed to UNECE , ADR and GCC standards. All Proton GEN•2s were equipped with a driver's airbag as a minimum requirement, and more expensive trim variants were offered with a front passenger airbag as well. However, the highest trim lines of the Proton GEN•2 sold in certain developed markets such as

3116-497: The CamPro IAFM differed from the one used in the superior CamPro CPS. Aside from the engines, the facelifted GEN•2 was also equipped with a new front bumper, grille, rear spoiler and alloy wheels. The interior was also updated in line with that of the Proton Persona which was released in the end of 2007. The GEN•2 HighLine came with leather upholstery, cruise control , dual SRS airbags , anti-lock brakes (ABS) and EBD , but

3198-494: The GEN•2 Merdeka Millennium Edition (MME) in commemoration of Proton's R3 Amprex victory at the 2005 Merdeka Millennium Endurance race. The GEN•2 MME was limited to 200 units and featured slightly improved performance, an in car entertainment system, custom rims and a body kit. The Proton GEN•2 EVE Hybrid Concept was unveiled at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show . EVE stood for Efficient, Viable, Environmental and it

3280-516: The GEN•2 and Persona continue to increase in both markets. Between January and September 2014, 625 GEN•2s were sold in Egypt, and between January and November 2014, 562 GEN•2s and Personas were sold in Turkey. The Proton GEN•2 was launched in Pakistan in September 2006; it was available in five variants: 1.3 M/T, 1.3 M/T (CNG), 1.3 A/T, 1.6 M/T and 1.6 M/T (CNG). Proton pulled out of Pakistan only

3362-778: The Honda City, Toyota Yaris, Toyota Corolla Altis 1.6, and the Changan Alsvin. Variable valve timing Variable valve timing ( VVT ) is the process of altering the timing of a valve lift event in an internal combustion engine , and is often used to improve performance, fuel economy or emissions. It is increasingly being used in combination with variable valve lift systems. There are many ways in which this can be achieved, ranging from mechanical devices to electro-hydraulic and camless systems. Increasingly strict emissions regulations are causing many automotive manufacturers to use VVT systems. Two-stroke engines use

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3444-700: The Medium- Line only got a driver’s airbag. The GEN•2 in all its variants were priced between RM53,488 and RM60,488. The Proton GEN•2 1.6 GSX ecoLogic was launched in the United Kingdom in August 2008. It was technically a GEN•2 converted to run on both petrol and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The GEN•2 ecoLogic was complemented by a saloon ( Proton Persona ) ecoLogic variant as well. Both dual fuel cars qualify for lower British road tax because LPG combustion produces less exhaust pollutants. Furthermore,

3526-489: The Proton-approved conversion is covered by the vehicle warranty (unlike aftermarket conversions), and both hatchback and saloon ecoLogic models retailed at £11,195 (~RM 54,250). On 20 May 2010, Proton introduced the final update for the GEN•2 with two variants available: Medium-Line (auto only) and High-Line (manual and auto). It received mild exterior and interior changes, with the most distinctive feature being

3608-426: The U.S. passenger car market, as consumers turned to compact cars. By this time, smaller cars appealed to people with a college education and a higher income whose families were buying more than one car. Customers expected compact cars to provide improved fuel economy compared to full-sized cars while maintaining headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Between 1958 and 1960, the major U.S. car manufacturers made

3690-431: The United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia were equipped with twin side airbags, making for a grand total of 4 airbags respectively. The side airbags were never offered in Malaysian market GEN•2s. The original Proton GEN•2 received poor to mixed British and Australian reviews. The most criticised aspect of the car was the interior. It lacked the necessary refinement and practicality for vehicles of its class. Additionally,

3772-836: The beginning of a downsizing of all vehicles so that cars such as the AMC Concord and the Ford Fairmont that replaced the compacts were re-classified as mid-size, while cars inheriting the size of the Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega (such as the Ford Escort and Chevrolet Cavalier ) became classified as compact cars. Even after the reclassification, mid-size American cars were still far larger than mid-size cars from other countries and were more similar in size to cars classified as "large cars" in Europe. It would not be until

3854-418: The black roof. The Medium- Line trim was upgraded to incorporate the more powerful CamPro CPS 1.6 engine, previously reserved for High- Line variants. The updated GEN•2 also received a price drop and was sold in three colours; Fire Red, Genetic silver and Solid White. The last Proton GEN•2s for the Malaysian market were sold in 2012. The Proton GEN•2 was widely exported via Proton's worldwide dealer networks. It

3936-500: The camshaft by the governor. The Serpollet steamcars produced very hot high pressure steam, requiring poppet valves, and these used a patented sliding camshaft mechanism, which not only varied the inlet valve cut-off but allowed the engine to be reversed. An early experimental 200 hp Clerget V-8 from the 1910s used a sliding camshaft to change the valve timing . Some versions of the Bristol Jupiter radial engine of

4018-430: The desired result in intake and exhaust efficiency . This has been described in simulations. Practical results will vary based on available ambient combustion cycle gases in a naturally aspirated system, or forced air geometry as well as fuel pulse width timing and other factors which may or may not be available on vehicles equipped with variable valve timing. An engine equipped with a variable valve timing actuation system

4100-484: The development of the Corliss valve . These were widely used in constant speed variable load stationary engines, with admission cutoff, and therefore torque, mechanically controlled by a centrifugal governor and trip valves . As poppet valves came into use, a simplified valve gear using a camshaft came into use. With such engines, variable cutoff could be achieved with variable profile cams that were shifted along

4182-470: The early 1920s incorporated variable valve timing gear, mainly to vary the inlet valve timing in connection with higher compression ratios. The Lycoming R-7755 engine had a Variable Valve Timing system consisting of two cams that can be selected by the pilot. One for take off, pursuit and escape, the other for economical cruising. The desirability of being able to vary the valve opening duration to match an engine's rotational speed first became apparent in

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4264-421: The exhaust valve opens, and exhaust gas is pushed out of the cylinder and into the exhaust manifold by the piston as it travels upward. By manipulating the timing of the exhaust valve, engineers can control how much exhaust gas is left in the cylinder. By holding the exhaust valve open slightly longer, the cylinder is emptied more and ready to be filled with a bigger air/fuel charge on the intake stroke. By closing

4346-550: The inert/combusted exhaust gas will back flow out of the cylinder via the intake valve, where it cools momentarily in the intake manifold. This inert gas then fills the cylinder in the subsequent intake stroke, which aids in controlling the temperature of the cylinder and nitric oxide emissions. It also improves volumetric efficiency, because there is less exhaust gas to be expelled on the exhaust stroke. Early/late exhaust valve closing Early and late exhaust valve closing timing can be manipulated to reduce emissions. Traditionally,

4428-437: The inlet and exhaust camshafts, expressed as an angular measure.) of the camshaft and valves. This allows continuous adjustment of the cam timing (although many early systems only used discrete adjustment), however the duration and lift cannot be adjusted. These designs use an oscillating or rocking motion in a part cam lobe, which acts on a follower. This follower then opens and closes the valve. Some oscillating cam systems use

4510-687: The intake valve while the exhaust valve is still open may cause unburnt fuel to exit the engine, leading to lower engine performance and increased emissions. According to engineer David Vizard's book "Building Horsepower", when both intake & exhaust are open simultaneously, the much-higher-pressure exhaust pushes the intake-charge back, out from the cylinder, polluting the intake-manifold with exhaust, in worst cases. Early variable valve timing systems used discrete (stepped) adjustment. For example, one timing would be used below 3500 rpm and another used above 3500 rpm. More advanced "continuous variable valve timing" systems offer continuous (infinite) adjustment of

4592-412: The intake valves only. Eccentric cam drive systems operates through an eccentric disc mechanism which slows and speeds up the angular speed of the cam lobe during its rotation. Arranging the lobe to slow during its open period is equivalent to lengthening its duration. The advantage of this system is that duration can be varied independent of lift (however this system does not vary lift). The drawback

4674-643: The late 1940s prototypes of economy cars, including the Chevrolet Cadet and the Ford Light Car. Neither car reached production in the U.S., however Ford SAF in France bought the plans of the "small Ford" and produced the Ford Vedette . The first U.S.-produced postwar compact car was the 1950 Nash Rambler . It was built on a 100-inch (2,540 mm) wheelbase, which was nonetheless still

4756-421: The late 1960s, the system used hydraulic pressure to vary the fulcrum of the cam followers (US Patent 3,641,988). The hydraulic pressure changed according to engine speed and intake pressure. The typical opening variation was 37%. Alfa Romeo was the first manufacturer to use a variable valve timing system in production cars (US Patent 4,231,330). The fuel injected models of the 1980 Alfa Romeo Spider 2000 had

4838-705: The long-term success of the Rambler. Other early compact cars included the Kaiser-Frazer Henry J (also re-badged as the Allstate ), the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet . In 1954, 64,500 cars sold in the U.S. were imports or small American cars, out of a total market of five million cars. Market research indicated that five percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car, suggesting

4920-483: The other end has a longer duration/greater lift profile. In between, the lobe provides a smooth transition between these two profiles. By shifting area of the cam lobe which is in contact with the follower, the lift and duration can be continuously altered. This is achieved by moving the camshaft axially (sliding it across the engine) so a stationary follower is exposed to a varying lobe profile to produce different amounts of lift and duration. The downside to this arrangement

5002-699: The passenger and cargo compartments were introduced in the late 1970s. In the early 1970s, the domestic automakers introduced even smaller subcompact cars that included the AMC Gremlin , Chevrolet Vega , and Ford Pinto . In 1973, the Energy Crisis started, which made small fuel-efficient cars more desirable, and the North American driver began exchanging their large cars for the smaller, imported compacts that cost less to fill up and were inexpensive to maintain. The 1977 model year marked

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5084-616: The pumping losses associated with low engine speed, high vacuum conditions is by closing the intake valve earlier than normal. This involves closing the intake valve midway through the intake stroke. Air/fuel demands are so low at low-load conditions and the work required to fill the cylinder is relatively high, so Early intake valve closing greatly reduces pumping losses. Studies have shown early intake valve closing reduces pumping losses by 40%, and increases fuel economy by 7%. It also reduced nitric oxide emissions by 24% at partial load conditions. A possible downside to early intake valve closing

5166-497: The scheme is that only a duration variation equal to that of the lobe nose true radius (in camshaft degrees or double this value in crankshaft degrees) is possible. In practice this type of variable cam has a maximum range of duration variation of about forty crankshaft degrees. This is the principle behind what seems to be the very first variable cam suggestion appearing in the USPTO patent files in 1925 (1527456). The "Clemson camshaft"

5248-487: The seating position was deemed impractical and the CamPro engine lacked sufficient power. However, the exterior was praised for its modern looks and the ride and handling attributes were also favourable. The GEN•2 ecoLogic was the only model to receive fair reviews. Auto Trader gave it 2.5/5 stars, commenting on the appalling interior as well as the generally good running costs, ride comfort and handling. The Proton GEN•2

5330-842: The time, while the Datsun was an all-new vehicle. These vehicles were followed by the Hino Contessa in 1961, the Isuzu Bellett , Daihatsu Compagno and Mazda Familia in 1963, the Mitsubishi Colt in 1965, and the Nissan Sunny , Subaru 1000 , and Toyota Corolla in 1966. Honda introduced its first four-door sedan in 1969, called the Honda 1300 . In North America, these cars were classified as subcompact cars . By 1970, Nissan released its first front-wheel-drive car which

5412-448: The undesirable torque dip which plagued the older CamPro engines. The Medium- Line was powered by the 1.6L CamPro IAFM (Intake Air-Fuel Module) which produced 110 horsepower (82 kW) at 6,000rpm and 148Nm of torque at 4,000rpm. The CamPro IAFM was essentially a basic dual overhead cam CamPro engine equipped with a variable length intake manifold (VIM). However, the VIM technology used in

5494-435: The valve opening duration was referred to as "steam cut-off ”. The Stephenson valve gear , as used on early steam locomotives, supported variable cutoff , that is, changes to the time at which the admission of steam to the cylinders is cut off during the power stroke. Early approaches to variable cutoff coupled variations in admission cutoff with variations in exhaust cutoff. Admission and exhaust cutoff were decoupled with

5576-437: The valve slightly early, more exhaust gas remains in the cylinder which increases fuel efficiency. This allows for more efficient operation under all conditions. The main factor preventing this technology from wide use in production automobiles is the ability to produce a cost-effective means of controlling the valve timing under the conditions internal to an engine. An engine operating at 3000 revolutions per minute will rotate

5658-422: The valve timing. Therefore, the timing can be optimized to suit all engine speeds and conditions. The simplest form of VVT is cam-phasing , whereby the phase angle of the camshaft is rotated forwards or backwards relative to the crankshaft. Thus the valves open and close earlier or later; however, the camshaft lift and duration cannot be altered solely with a cam-phasing system. Achieving variable duration on

5740-399: The vehicle be able to maintain a maximum speed over 100 km/h (62 mph), weigh below 400 kg (882 lbs), fuel consumption at 30 km/L (85 mpg ‑imp ; 71 mpg ‑US ) or more, at an average speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) on a level road, and not require maintenance or significant service for at least 100,000 km (62,000 mi). This established

5822-585: Was also featured in Top Gear , Series 5, Episode 9 which aired on 26 December 2004 in the United Kingdom. It was compared with other cars from Malaysia and South Korea, in which the GEN•2's pricing and looks were favoured by James May . However, he also commented on the GEN•2's interior, where he quoted "I'd gladly trade the Lotus-developed suspension for some Toyota -developed door trim." Compact car In Japan, small size passenger vehicle

5904-545: Was among the first models to be produced at Proton's Tanjung Malim plant, developed as part of the Proton City project. Although domestic sales of the GEN•2 was discontinued in 2012, Proton continues to produce the GEN•2 exclusively for export markets. The name GEN•2 is an abbreviation of Generation 2 , as it served as the replacement to the Proton Wira Aeroback subcompact vehicle. The Proton GEN•2

5986-497: Was complemented by a no frills 1.3 litre CamPro variant which output 95 hp at 6,000rpm and 120Nm of torque at 4,000rpm. The GEN•2 was styled by Proton's Australian educated chief stylist Damian Chia. He drew inspiration from the traditional Malay kite known as wau bulan and the handle of the Malay dagger, the kris , in shaping the unique grille of the GEN•2. Chia also gave the new car what he described as tiger like eyes for

6068-1045: Was considered a non-useful "technological showpiece" as late as 2004 due to the system's weight penalty. Since then, motorcycles including VVT have included the Kawasaki 1400GTR/Concours 14 (2007), the Ducati Multistrada 1200 (2015), the BMW R1250GS (2019) and the Yamaha YZF-R15 V3.0 (2017), the Suzuki GSX-R1000R 2017 L7, the Moto Guzzi V85TT, the Harley Davidson Milwaukee-Eight, the KTM 1390 Super Duke. Variable valve timing has begun to trickle down to marine engines. Volvo Penta 's VVT marine engine uses

6150-428: Was launched at the 2011 Shanghai Motorshow. It was based on an extended GEN•2 platform (2,670mm, 70mm longer than the original) which was developed by Lotus and Youngman. It was also powered by Proton's CamPro CPS 1.6 litre engine which produced 125 bhp and 150Nm of torque. The Europestar L5 was available in hatchback and saloon variants priced between RMB98,000 and RMB122,000 (~RM48,700 - RM60,600). The Proton GEN•2

6232-451: Was launched in the third quarter of 2004 in Malaysia, where it became the first Proton to utilise an indigenously designed platform and engine. The CamPro (an abbreviation for Camshaft Profiling) engine and platform were both developed by Proton and Lotus Cars . The Proton GEN•2 was first available with a 1.6 litre CamPro engine which produced 110 horsepower (82 kW) at 6,000rpm and 148Nm of torque at 4,000rpm, but in August 2005, it

6314-501: Was non existent. In January 2011, another updated prototype was caught in action, but no official announcements were made by Proton or Detroit Electric. The GEN•2 was phased out in 2012, and it is presumed that the agreement is no longer valid as of 2013. The Proton GEN•2 has not been officially tested by the European New Car Assessment Programme ( Euro NCAP ), but it has nonetheless been assessed at

6396-528: Was one of two models (the other being the Proton Savvy ) that MG Rover was looking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton. Unfortunately, negotiations ended shortly before the GEN•2's launch of September 2004 in the United Kingdom. MG Rover was eventually purchased by China's Nanjing Automobile in July 2005. The American company Detroit Electric and Proton Holdings Berhad signed an agreement in March 2009. The RM1.2 billion (USD$ 331 million) deal

6478-615: Was originally developed by Prince Motor Company which had merged with Nissan in 1966. This was introduced in 1970 as the Nissan Cherry . In 1972, the Honda Civic appeared with the CVCC engine that was able to meet California emission standards without the use of a catalytic converter . In Pakistan, the concept of compact cars is significant. The most common cars tend to be Kei cars . Popular compact cars in recent times are

6560-434: Was primarily designed by Lotus Engineering with support from Proton. This concept car was powered by a CamPro 1.6 engine paired to a 30 kW (40 hp) electric motor. It also featured a continuously variable transmission , smart start-stop ignition and regenerative braking technology. The GEN•2 EVE offered lower carbon dioxide emissions (134g/km, reduced from 172g/km), a 28% increase in fuel efficiency (50.2 MPG ) and

6642-538: Was sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Turkey, Romania, South Africa, Australia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Egypt among other markets. An agreement was inked between Proton and Iranian distributor Zagross Khodro in December 2008, for CKD assembly of the Proton GEN•2 in Iran. It enabled the car to be more competitively priced in that market. GEN•2 models sold in export markets from 2011 onwards are equipped with

6724-551: Was to involve the annual production of 40,000 to 100,000 Proton GEN•2 (e46) and Proton Persona (e63) electric vehicles (EV). The cars were to be powered by an electric motor which could produce 150 kW (200 bhp) and 350 to 380Nm of torque. Its maximum projected range was 320 km (199 miles) on a 40kWh battery. The Detroit Electric e63 and e46 was targeted for sale in the United States, Europe and China. Prototype models were made in 2008, but commercial production

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