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48-551: In the late Soviet period (around 1990) in Riga appeared several sports teams with such name and previously were associated with the Soviet Daugava club (originally associated with Soviet Dynamo sports society ). Those were football team FK Pārdaugava and hockey team Dinamo Riga (original) . 56°55′N 24°06′E  /  56.917°N 24.100°E  / 56.917; 24.100 This Vidzeme location article

96-530: A potentially useful contact since 1928 and employed Gorky's secretary, Pyotr Kryuchkov , as a spy. "Whenever Gorky met Stalin or other members of the Politburo , Yagoda would visit Kryuchkov's flat afterward, demanding a full account of what had been said. He took to visiting public baths with Kryuchkov. One day in 1932, Yagoda handed his valuable spy $ 4,000 to buy a car." He had developed an obsession with Max Peshkov's wife, Timosha, and visited her daily when she

144-612: A victim of the Purge. He was demoted from the directorship of the NKVD in favor of Nikolai Yezhov in 1936 and arrested in 1937. Charged with crimes of wrecking , espionage, Trotskyism and conspiracy, Yagoda was a defendant at the Trial of the Twenty-One , the last of the major Soviet show trials of the 1930s. Following his confession at the trial, Yagoda was found guilty and shot. Yagoda

192-403: A window on the second floor of the hall, apparently behind a muslin curtain, and, while it lasted, the outline of a pipe could be seen." Yagoda was summarily shot after the trial. During the execution, Yagoda and Bukharin were seated on chairs and forced to watch the execution of others sentenced to death; they were last to be shot. Before the execution Yagoda was also beaten by Izrail Dagin by

240-487: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dynamo sports society "Dynamo" , also Dinamo ( Russian : Динамо , romanized :  Dinamo ; Ukrainian : Динамо , romanized :  Dynamo ; Belarusian : Дынама , romanized :  Dynama ; Georgian : დინამო , romanized : dinamo ), is a sports and fitness society created in 1923 in the Soviet Union . The society

288-473: Is the International coordination council of Dynamo's organizations which includes: Several organizations are observers: Genrikh Yagoda Genrikh Grigoryevich Yagoda (Russian: Ге́нрих Григо́рьевич Яго́да , romanized : Genrikh Grigor'yevich Yagoda , born Yenokh Gershevich Iyeguda ; 7 November 1891 – 15 March 1938) was a Soviet secret police official who served as director of

336-701: The Eastern bloc . Many clubs, now transformed into the regular private clubs of their respective national leagues, still function under their original Dinamo or Dynamo name but their history is the only connection with the old Dynamo society. On April 19, 2023, in honor of the centennial anniversary, the Dynamo Society was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky and a modern museum of the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Society

384-637: The Great Purge . The Red Army high command was not spared and its ranks were thinned by Yagoda, as a precursor to the later and more extensive purge in the Soviet military . More than a quarter of a million people were arrested during the 1934–1935 period; the GULAG system was vastly expanded under his stewardship, and penal labor became a major developmental resource in the Soviet economy. Stalin became increasingly disillusioned with Yagoda's performance. In

432-745: The NKVD , the Soviet Union 's security and intelligence agency, from 1934 to 1936. Appointed by Joseph Stalin , Yagoda supervised arrests, show trials , and executions of the Old Bolsheviks Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev , climactic events of the Great Purge . Yagoda also supervised construction of the White Sea–Baltic Canal with Naftaly Frenkel , using penal labor from the gulag system, during which 12,000–25,000 laborers died. Like many Soviet NKVD officers who conducted political repression, Yagoda himself ultimately became

480-584: The NKVD . He was in charge of investigating the Kirov assassination. At some point, it was discovered by the NKVD that a conspiratorial Opposition Bloc had been formed in 1932, by Leon Trotsky and various other Soviet politicians like Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev . Yagoda then worked closely with Andrei Vyshinsky in organizing the first Moscow Show Trial , which resulted in prosecution and subsequent execution of Zinoviev and Kamenev in August 1936, beginning

528-736: The Trotskyite-Zinovievite bloc , although Yagoda had been complicit in the execution of one of Trotsky's sympathisers, Yakov Blumkin , and in sending others to the GULAG , the system of forced labour created under his supervision. Prior to 1929, the only labor camp in the USSR was the Solovki Special Purpose Camp , which fell under the purview of the OGPU. As deputy head of the OGPU, Yagoda organized construction of

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576-513: The White Sea–Baltic Canal using forced labor at breakneck speed between 1931 and 1933, though at the cost of huge casualties. The construction of the Moscow–Volga Canal was started under his watch, but completed only after his fall by his successor Nikolai Yezhov . For his contribution to the Baltic canal's construction, he was later awarded the Order of Lenin . Yagoda greatly expanded

624-526: The Yenukidze –Sheboldayev and the Yagoda–Zelinsky conspiracies and broken through the opposition's links within the central institutions of the political police. Yagoda was demoted to the post of People's Commissar for Post and Telegraph . In March 1937, Yagoda was arrested on Stalin's orders. Yezhov announced Yagoda's arrest for diamond smuggling, corruption and working as a German agent since joining

672-688: The Bolsheviks until 1917, and that his deputy Mikhail Trilisser was dismissed from service for trying to expose the lie. After the October Revolution of 1917, Yagoda rose rapidly through the ranks of the Cheka (the predecessor of the OGPU and NKVD ) to become the second deputy of Felix Dzerzhinsky , the head of the Cheka, in September 1923. After Dzerzhinsky's appointment as chairman of

720-516: The Dynamo sports society dispatched a brigade of Dynamo for three months to help organize sports activities at the mine "Central coal mine – Irmino" on help call of Alexey Stakhanov . On 26 November 1935 Central Council of Dynamo congratulated "Dynamo–Ukraine" with 5th anniversary in organization of the first in the Soviet Union sports aviation by group of enthusiasts from Kharkiv . Experience of

768-731: The Government Commission honored the Dynamo sports society with Red Banner for performance in the All-Union Physical Culture parade at the Moscow's Red Square. On 23 July 1941, the Central Council of the Dynamo sports society was evacuated to Kazan due to advancement of Nazi Germany to Moscow. On 31 August 1954 the central council and all leadership posts of the sports society became fully elected rather than being appointed as before. The name of

816-697: The Moscow Proletarian Sports Society Dynamo participated in the First All-Union Festival of Physical Culture in Moscow. On 11 September 1923 the Moscow Proletarian Sports Society Dynamo dispatched two of its members to Petrograd to organize local Dynamo society in the city. On 2 October 1923 the All-Union Council of Physical Culture considering specifics of the GPU activities admitted as practical

864-656: The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. Yagoda has obviously proved unequal to the task of exposing the Trotskyite–Zinovievite bloc . The GPU was four years late in this matter. All party heads and most of the NKVD agents in the region are talking about this." A day later, he was replaced by Nikolai Yezhov . There are two theories as to why Yagoda did not report on the bloc earlier. He may have found out about it only in 1936, or he knew about its activities for some time but covered it up because of his sympathies to

912-750: The Supreme Council of National Economy in January 1924, Yagoda became the deputy chief and the real manager of the State Political Directorate (OGPU), as the chairman Vyacheslav Menzhinsky had little authority because of his serious illness. In 1924, he joined the USSR's head of government, Alexei Rykov on a ship tour of the Volga. An American journalist who was allowed to join them on the trip described Yagoda as "a spare, slightly-tanned, trim looking, youngish officer" adding that it

960-609: The Ukrainian aviation section was used to unfold activities in training of pilots in the Dynamo's organization system as well as the Osoaviakhim . At the end of 1935 Central Council of Komsomol and Presidium of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture adopted a decision to pay leading sports people for their physical culture activities. On 14 December 1936 Central Council of Dynamo paid all its players and coach of

1008-465: The civil war, "he was never Stalin's man". When Stalin ordered that the Soviet Union's entire rural population were to be forced onto collective farms, Yagoda is reputed to have sympathised with Bukharin and Rykov, his opponents on the right of the communist party. Nikolai Bukharin claimed in a leaked private conversation in July 1928 that "Yagoda and Trilisser are with us", but once it became apparent that

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1056-464: The existence of the GPU sports organization "Dynamo". On 16 October 1923 the All-Union Council of Physical Culture adopted a resolution "About Central Council of the PSS Dynamo". On 11 December 1923 Dynamo opened its own cinema theater at Rusakovskaya ulica in Moscow. On 2 January 1924 there was opened the first Dynamo specialized store at Kuznetsky bridge in Moscow. On 1 August 1924 Genrikh Yagoda

1104-536: The football team 500 rubles at the end of season. In 1937 the sports club was honored with the Soviet Order of Lenin . On 16 November 1938 chairman of the All-Union Committee of Physical Culture and Sports recognized Dynamo as a founding father of Sambo martial art. In 1939 all regional Proletarian Sports Society were merged into one All-Union fitness and sports society "Dynamo". On 31 July 1940

1152-619: The former commander in chief of the Red Army. Stalin was already unhappy with Yagoda's services, mostly due to mismanagement of Kirov's assassination and his failure to fabricate "proofs" of ties between Kamenev and Zinoviev and the Okhrana (the tsarist security organization). As one Soviet official put it, "The Boss forgets nothing." On August 22, Mikhail Tomsky committed suicide after learning that he would be charged with counterrevolution. Before committing suicide, he told his wife to tell

1200-512: The investigators that it was Yagoda who drove him to the path of opposition, which was later found by Yezhov. Another possible reason Stalin did not trust Yagoda was his failure to report the existence of the Bloc of Oppositions earlier. On 25 September 1936, Stalin sent a telegram (co-signed by Andrei Zhdanov ) to the members of the Politburo . The telegram read: "We consider it absolutely necessary and urgent that Comrade Yezhov be appointed to head

1248-419: The later show-trial of Yagoda that his former NKVD boss, Vyacheslav Menzhinsky , was slowly poisoned during two weeks by two assistants of Yagoda. However, Menzhinsky was ill for several years before he died; this may have been a false testimony. Menhzinsky's death was followed one day later by the death of Max Peshkov, the son of Maxim Gorky , the doyen of Soviet literature. Yagoda had been cultivating Gorky as

1296-400: The middle of 1936, Stalin received a report from Yagoda detailing the unfavorable public reaction abroad to the show trials and the growing sympathy among the Soviet population for the executed defendants. The report enraged Stalin, interpreting it as Yagoda's advice to stop the show trials and in particular to abandon the planned purge of Mikhail Tukhachevsky , Marshal of the Soviet Union and

1344-430: The opposition. According to the anti-communist soviet defector Grigori Tokaev , who was an underground participant in an oppositional group, the opposition was working with parts of the police and Yagoda himself: He [Yagoda] was removed from the NKVD, and we lost a strong link in our opposition intelligence service. ... The NKVD, now headed by Yezhov, took another step forward. The Little Politbureau had penetrated

1392-473: The order of Yezhov. In 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the trial, the Soviet authorities belatedly cleared all of the other 20 defendants of any criminal offence, admitting that the entire trial was built on false confessions. Yagoda was the only defendant not to be posthumously rehabilitated . Yagoda's father, Grigori, the jeweller, who was aged 78 in 1938, wrote directly to Stalin disowning "our only surviving son" because of "his grave crimes". This contrition

1440-445: The party in 1917. Yezhov even blamed Yagoda for an attempt to assassinate him by sprinkling mercury around his office. He was accused of poisoning Maxim Gorky and his son. It was discovered that Yagoda's two Moscow apartments and his dacha contained, besides a large collection of female clothing and apparel, 3,904 pornographic photos, 11 pornographic films, 165 pornographically carved pipes and cigarette holders, one rubber dildo ,

1488-489: The right was losing the power struggle, Yagoda switched allegiance. In the contemptuous opinion of Bukharin's widow, Anna Larina, Yagoda "traded his personal views for the sake of his career" and degenerated into a "criminal" and a "miserable coward". Yagoda continued to be an effective head of the OGPU until July 1931, when the Old Bolshevik Ivan Akulov was appointed First Deputy Chairman, and Yagoda

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1536-950: The society also became well-known internationally through many clubs in various sports, initially created under the auspices of the Soviet Dynamo society (a partial list of sports includes football (soccer) , bandy , ice hockey , basketball , volleyball , and handball ) or just bore the name "Dynamo", with many such clubs attaining much international acclaim, such as in football: KF Dinamo Tirana , Dinamo Baku , FC Dinamo București , Dinamo Sofia , FC Dynamo Kyiv , FC Dynamo Moscow , FC Dinamo Tbilisi , FC Dinamo Minsk , FC Dinamo Brest , JK Dünamo Tallinn , NK Dinamo Zagreb ( Croatia ), Sportvereinigung Dynamo ( East Germany : including BFC Dynamo , SG Dynamo Dresden and SC Dynamo Berlin ), in ice hockey: HC Dynamo Moscow , Dynamo Kyiv (now Sokil Kyiv), HC Dinamo Minsk , and Dinamo Riga . Similarly-named clubs were created in many countries of

1584-531: The society became a sponsor of Fizkultura i sport publisher and mandated its members to subscribe to the publisher's magazine. On 8 August 1929 took place a final match of the First All-Union football championship of Dynamo society, which involved over 40 teams. During the game Dynamo Moscow beat Dynamo Ukraine becoming the first champions. In 1932 there existed 309 regional PSS and 2249 district-level cells of Dynamo. On 22 November 1935 Central Council of

1632-600: The sponsorship of the State Political Directorate (GPU), the Soviet political police , the predecessor of other later created Soviet security structures such as KGB , NKVD and MVD . For the rest of the society's history in the Soviet period, it maintained some connection with the state security apparatus. The forerunner of Dynamo was the State Political Directorate Physical Culture society that existed since 1917. On 12 August 1923 in Moscow at Orlovo-Davydovsky pereulok (lane)

1680-455: The two bullets that killed Zinoviev and Kamenev and 549 books—some of which were Trotskyist works. Yezhov took over the apartments. He had spent four million rubles decorating his three homes, boasting that his garden had "2,000 orchids and roses". Yagoda was found guilty of treason and conspiracy against the Soviet government at the Trial of the Twenty-One in March 1938. He denied he

1728-553: The use of prison labor to assist with the building of the Berezniki Works chemical plant and other projects. From 1929 to 1930, the number of prison laborers in OGPU camps expanded from 22,848 to 155,000, and after November 1930 became known as the Main Camp Administration , or GULAG system. Yagoda had founded a secret poison laboratory of OGPU that was at Stalin's disposal. It was later alleged during

1776-638: The violent suppression of the 1905 revolution . He said he joined the Bolsheviks in Nizhny Novgorod at the age of 16 or 17 and was arrested and sent into exile in 1911. In 1913, he moved to St. Petersburg to work at the Putilov steel works. After the outbreak of war, he joined the army, and was wounded in action. There is another version of his early career, told in the memoirs of the former NKVD officer Aleksandr M. Orlov , who alleged that Yagoda invented his early revolutionary career and did not join

1824-687: Was "difficult to associate terror with the affable and modest person". By contrast, the chemist Vladimir Ipatieff met Yagoda briefly in Moscow in 1918 and later recorded that he had thought that "it was unusual for a young man in his early twenties to be so unpleasant. I felt then that it would be unlucky for me or anyone else ever to fall into his hands." When he saw him again in 1927, "his appearance had changed considerably: he had grown fatter and looked much older and very dignified and important." Though Yagoda appears to have known Joseph Stalin since 1918, when they were both stationed in Tsaritsyn during

1872-404: Was a spy, but admitted most other charges. Solzhenitsyn describes Yagoda as expecting clemency from Stalin after the show trial: "Just as though Stalin had been sitting right there in the hall, Yagoda confidently and insistently begged him directly for mercy: 'I appeal to you! For you I built two great canals!' And a witness reports that at just that moment a match flared in the shadows behind

1920-752: Was an association of multi-sport clubs whose members were drawn from the NKVD and, after World War II , the MVD and the KGB . With the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe after World War II, similar Dynamo societies were established throughout the Eastern Bloc , such as SV Dynamo (East Germany). The name given to the society was supposed to mean "Power in Motion", taken from the Greek : δύναμις; dynamis -power, and Latin : motio , -motion. Not coincidentally, this term

1968-506: Was appointed one of the members of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture from OGPU . On 1 October 1924 OGPU issued its order "On establishment of the Central Council of proletarian sports societies (PSS) Dynamo and about organization of local PSS Dynamo". The Central Council was officially founded on 8 October, but its functions continued to be performed by council of the Moscow PSS Dynamo until April 1926. On 22 November 1927

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2016-574: Was born in Rybinsk into a Jewish family. The son of a jeweller, trained as a statistician, who worked as a pharmacist's assistant, he claimed that he was an active revolutionary from the age of 14 when he worked as a compositor on an underground printing press in Nizhny Novgorod , and that at the age of 15 he was a member of a fighting squad in the Sormovo district of Nizhny Novgorod, during

2064-552: Was demoted to the post of Second Deputy. Akulov was dismissed and Yagoda reinstated in October 1932, After Yagoda's fall, one of his former colleagues confessed: "We met Akulov with violent hostility ... the entire party organisation in the OGPU was devoted to sabotaging Akulov." Stalin must have agreed to his reinstatement with ill grace, because four years later he accused the OGPU/NKVD of being four years behind in rooting out

2112-483: Was first coined earlier by a Belgian inventor Zénobe Gramme for the electrical generator . Dynamo, together with Armed Forces sports societies, made up the universal system of physical education and sports of the USSR. Forty-five sports disciplines were sanctioned by the society in 1971. It had some 6,000 sports facilities and 43 Children and Youth Sport Schools . The "Dinamo" society was officially created on 18 April 1923, on Felix Dzerzhinsky 's initiative and under

2160-407: Was newly widowed, though her mother denied that they were ever lovers. According to Arkady Vaksberg and other researchers, Yagoda poisoned Maxim Gorky and his son on the orders of Joseph Stalin. On 10 July 1934, two months after Menzhinsky's death, Joseph Stalin appointed Yagoda People's Commissar for Internal Affairs , a position that included oversight of both the regular and the secret police,

2208-439: Was not enough to save him, or his wife, from being arrested and dying in labour camps. He had two brothers. One was killed during the suppression of the revolt in Sormovo in 1905; the other was shot for taking part in a mutiny in a regiment during the war with Germany. Their sister, Lilya, was arrested on 7 May 1937, and shot on 16 July. She was photographed before her execution, as was normal for condemned prisoners. That photograph

2256-504: Was opened the first Dynamo stadium named after Dzerzhinsky. On 23 August 1923 the presidium of the Moscow Proletarian Sports Society Dynamo reviewed a petition of the Penza Governorate GPU Political Department about establishing of the local Proletarian Sports Society Dynamo. This was the first practical step in development of departmental sports society on nationwide scale. On 1 – 16 September 1923

2304-457: Was opened, combining multimedia technologies and sports relics. Currently, Dynamo is an All-Russian fitness-sports society based in Moscow. The society also has several affiliations abroad in Albania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bulgaria , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Moldova , Romania , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine and Uzbekistan There

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