Geographical renaming is the changing of the name of a geographical feature or area, which ranges from the change of a street name to a change to the name of a country. Places are also sometimes assigned dual names for various reasons.
107-506: Volgograd , formerly Tsaritsyn (1589–1925) and Stalingrad (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast , Russia . The city lies on the western bank of the Volga , covering an area of 859.4 square kilometres (331.8 square miles), with a population of slightly over one million residents. Volgograd is the 16th-largest city by population size in Russia,
214-540: A dual naming strategy was adopted but it is now commonly known as Uluru. Other more unusual reasons for renaming have included getting rid of an inappropriate or embarrassing name, or as part of a sponsorship deal or publicity stunt. In some cases established institutions preserve the old names of the renamed places in their names, such as the Pusan National University in Busan , South Korea ;
321-636: A huge counterattack on November 19. This resulted in the Soviet encirclement of the German Sixth Army and other Axis units. On January 31, 1943, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus , the Sixth Army's commander, surrendered; by February 2, with the elimination of straggling German troops, the Battle of Stalingrad was over. The bombing campaign and five months of fighting destroyed 99% of
428-527: A light rail service known as the Volgograd Metrotram . Local public transport is provided by buses, trolleybuses and trams. The Volga River still is a very important communication channel. At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (999,785) was: A memorial complex commemorating the battle of Stalingrad, dominated by an immense allegorical sculpture The Motherland Calls ,
535-525: A Soviet pilot and cosmonaut and the first human to venture into outer space. On the second floor, there are large stained glass windows, featuring images related to Soviet space exploration. The planetarium was outfitted with a Zeiss projector , the first produced by the Carl Zeiss Company in their Jena plant after the end of World War 2. The projector supplied was the UPP-23/1s model, which
642-488: A diverse place. An 1897 survey reveals 893 Jews (512 men and 381 women), 1,729 Muslims (938 men and 791 women), and 193 Catholics (116 men and 77 women). Land for the Holy Spirit Monastery was originally allocated in 1904, but construction did not begin until 1909 and was not complete until 1911. Sergei Trufanov , also known as the 'mad monk' of Tsaritsyn, was the driving force behind fundraising and getting
749-540: A floating church. The boat chapel sports three shining domes and was decorated with icons and religious motifs by a local Volgograd artist. On its maiden voyage, the Saint Vladimir reached Astrakhan in the south and Saratov in the north; traveling an 800 kilometer (~500 mile) span of the Volga River. Geographical renaming A change might see a completely different name being adopted or may only be
856-515: A godmother should be related to a birthmother, and Stenka's godmother lived in the town of Tsarev-Borisov [ ru ] . Razin was first mentioned in historical sources in 1652, when he asked for permission to go on a long-distance pilgrimage to the great Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea . In 1661, he was mentioned as part of a diplomatic mission from the Don Cossacks to
963-454: A marriage revel, Clasping close his fair young bride Позади их слышен ропот: Нас на бабу променял! Только ночь с ней провозился Сам наутро бабой стал . . . . Pozadi ix slyšjŏn ropot: Nas na babu proměnjąl! Tol'ko noč' s něj provozilsją Sam nautro baboj stal . . . . From behind there comes a murmur: "He has left his sword to woo; One short night and Stenka Razin Has become
1070-519: A new sense of power, and made the upper class tremble for their lives and possessions." At the time of the Russian Civil War , the famous writer and White emigre Ivan Bunin compared Razin to Bolshevik leaders, writing "Good God! What striking similarity there is between the time of Sten'ka and the pillaging that is going on today in the name of the ' Third International '." One of the most popular cultural motifs associated with Razin
1177-635: A petition to Vladimir Putin , asking that the city's name be permanently changed to Stalingrad. President Putin has replied that such a move should be preceded by a local referendum and that the Russian authorities will look into how to bring about such a referendum. In 2011, the City Duma canceled direct election of the mayor and confirmed the position of City Manager. This was short-lived, as in March 2012, Volgograd residents voted for relevant amendments to
SECTION 10
#17327725165851284-477: A potentate with whom princes did not disdain to treat. In August 1669, he reappeared at Astrakhan and accepted a fresh offer of pardon from Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich there; the common people were fascinated by his adventures. The lawless Russian border region of Astrakhan, where the whole atmosphere was predatory and many people were still nomadic , was the natural milieu for such a rebellion as Razin's. In 1670, Razin, while ostensibly on his way to report at
1391-755: A recent push to adopt Pinyin by the Kuomintang government. Examples of changes: In the People's Republic of China In the Republic of China (Taiwan) In Singapore The introduction of the Revised Romanization of Korean in place of the McCune–Reischauer system on 7 July 2000 by the South Korean government has resulted in a string of changes to geographical names. The system
1498-402: A result, it also became a hub for migrant workers; in 1895 alone, over 50,000 peasant migrants came to Tsaritsyn in search of work. The population expanded rapidly, increasing from fewer than 3,000 people in 1807 to about 84,000 in 1900. By 1914, the population had again jumped and was estimated at 130,000. Sources show 893 Jews registered as living there in 1897, with the number exceeding 2,000 by
1605-470: A rifle of the famous sniper Vasily Zaytsev ), uniforms, personal belongings of generals and soldiers involved in the battle and detailed maps and timelines of the battle. The Volgograd Planetarium was a gift from East Germany in honor of what would have been Stalin's 70th birthday. Neoclassical in style, the building facade is designed like a Roman temple, with six Tuscan columns topped by capitals decorated with stars. Designed by Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina ,
1712-483: A slight change in spelling. Some names are changed locally but the new names are not recognised by other countries, especially when there is a difference in language. Other names may not be officially recognised but remain in common use. Many places have different names in different languages, and a change of language in official or general use has often resulted in what is arguably a change of name. There are many reasons to undertake renaming, with political motivation being
1819-542: A strong degree of local support for a reversion, but the Russian Soviet government did not accept such proposals. On May 21, 2007, Roman Grebennikov of Communist Party was elected as mayor with 32.47% of the vote, a plurality. Grebennikov became Russia's youngest mayor of a federal subject administrative center at the time. In 2010, Russian monarchists and leaders of the Orthodox organizations demanded that
1926-682: A surprise attack. Razin went to Isfahan to ask the shah for land in Persia in exchange for loyalty to the shah, but departed on the Caspian for more pillaging before they could reach an agreement. Razin arrived in Farahabad (on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea in Iran) and masqueraded as a merchant in the city for several days before he and his men pillaged the city for two days. That winter
2033-494: A woman in the world. The city has many tourist attractions, such as museums, sandy beaches, and a self-propelled floating church. Volgograd was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Tsaritsyn was established in 1555 and was named after the Tsaritsa river [ d ] . The name of Tsaritsyn was written as Царицынъ , with the hard sign . When Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took charge as
2140-568: A woman, too." Этот ропот и насмешки Слышит грозный атаман, И он мощною рукою Обнял персиянки стан. Etot ropot i nasměški Slyšit groznyj ataman, I on moşçnojų rukojų Obnjąl pěrsijąnki stan. Stenka Razin hears the murmur Of his discontented band And the lovely Persian princess He has circled with his hand. Брови чёрные сошлися, Надвигается гроза. Буйной кровью налилися Атамановы глаза. Brovi čjŏrnyjě sošlisją, Nadvigajętsją groza. Bujnoj krov'jų nalilisją Atamanovy glaza. His dark brows are drawn together As
2247-706: Is a short distance to the north of Volgograd. Volgograd is a major railway junction served by the Privolzhskaya Railway . Rail links from the Volgograd railway station include Moscow; Saratov; Astrakhan; the Donbas region of Ukraine ; the Caucasus and Siberia . It stands at the east end of the Volga–Don Canal , opened in 1952 to link the two great rivers of Southern Russia . European route E40 ,
SECTION 20
#17327725165852354-441: Is debated. In one document, Razin was referred to as a tuma Cossack which means "half-blood", leading to a hypothesis that his mother was a captured "Turkish" ( turchanka ) or Crimean Tatar woman. However, this term was also used by "upper Cossacks" as a derogatory nickname towards all "lower Cossacks" regardless of origin. Another hypothesis draws on information about Razin's godmother Matrena Govorukha. According to tradition,
2461-794: Is known by the words Volga, Volga mat' rodnaya , Iz za ostrova na strezhen , and, simply, Stenka Razin . The song gave the title to the famous Soviet musical comedy Volga-Volga . The melody was used by Tom Springfield in the song " The Carnival Is Over " that placed The Seekers at No. 1 in 1965 in Australia and the UK . A version of this song is also performed by Doukhobors in Canada. Score: Из-за острова на стрежень, На простор речной волны, Выплывают расписные, Острогрудые челны. Iz-za ostrova na strěžěn', Na prostor rěčnoj volny, Vyplyvajųt raspisnyję, Ostrogrudyję čjŏlny. From beyond
2568-870: Is not used by North Korea . Examples of changes include: For geographical entities with multiple pre-existing names in one or more languages, an exonym or endonym may gradually be substituted and used in the English language. This is a list of internationally important or significant renamings. The British government records changes of countries' names. Turkey Main article: Place name changes in Turkey Stepan Razin Stepan Timofeyevich Razin ( Russian : Степа́н Тимофе́евич Ра́зин , pronounced [sʲtʲɪˈpan tʲɪmɐˈfʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈrazʲɪn] ; c. 1630 – June 16 [ O.S. June 6] 1671), known as Stenka Razin ( Сте́нька [ˈsʲtʲenʲkə] ),
2675-399: Is sometimes referred to by the title of the most famous of these sculptures, called "Having withstood, we conquered death". The Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad is a large cultural complex that sits on the shore of the Volga river . It is located on the site of the "Penza Defense Junction", a group of buildings along Penzenskaya Street (now Sovetskaya Street), which was defended by
2782-515: Is the episode with the drowning of the "Persian princess" in the river. Modern historians doubt the reality of this episode. There are two reports of foreigners who ended up in Astrakhan during the uprising. One of the testimonies is from the memoirs of the Dutch traveler Jan Struis. This testimony is much more famous: it was widely used by Russian historians and it served as the basis for the plot of
2889-629: The Cossack headquarters on the Don , openly rebelled against the government, capturing Cherkassk and Tsaritsyn . After taking Tsaritsyn, Razin sailed down the Volga with his army of almost 7,000 men. The men traveled toward Cherny Yar , a government stronghold between Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan. Razin and his men swiftly took Cherny Yar when the Cherny Yar streltsy rose up against their officers and joined
2996-523: The General Secretary ; Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad in honour of his role in the defence of the city. The name is derived from the compound of Stalin ( Сталин ; his name) and grad ( град : name for a settlement in Russian). In the aftermath of Stalin's death , Nikita Khrushchev announced the policy of De-Stalinization . The name was changed to Volgograd in 1961, derived from name of
3103-538: The Kalmyks . After that, all trace of him was lost for six years, after which he reappeared as the leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoye, among the marshes between the Tishina and Ilovlya rivers, whence he levied tribute from all vessels passing up and down the Volga . In 1665, his elder brother, Ivan, was executed by order of Yuri Dolgorukov [ ru ] for unauthorized desertion from
3210-641: The Kazan Governorate ; in 1719 to the Astrakhan Governorate . According to the census in 1720, the city had a population of 408 people. In 1773 the settlement was designated as a provincial and district town. From 1779 it belonged to the Saratov Viceroyalty . In 1780 the city came under the newly established Saratov Governorate . In the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn became an important river-port and commercial center. As
3317-924: The Peking University in Beijing ; Bombay Stock Exchange , IIT Bombay and the Bombay High Court in Mumbai ; University of Madras , Madras Stock Exchange , the Madras High Court , and IIT Madras in Chennai ; the University of Malaya , Keretapi Tanah Melayu , in Malaysia ; and SWAPO (South West Africa People's Organization), the ruling party of Namibia . Often the older name will persist in colloquial expressions. For example,
Volgograd - Misplaced Pages Continue
3424-618: The Pinyin romanisation system in February 1958 in place of previous systems such as the postal romanization and Wade–Giles . Many Chinese geographical entities (and associated entities named after geographical names) thus had their English names changed. The changes sometimes appear drastic, since it is sometimes the case that the former romanisations were derived from Cantonese—the common language in British-held Hong Kong—while
3531-766: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1667, Razin gathered a small group of Cossacks and left the Don for an expedition in the Caspian Sea. He aimed to set up a base in Yaitsk (now known as Oral, located in Kazakhstan on the Ural River) and plunder villages from there. However, Moscow learned of Razin's plans and attempted to stop him. As Razin traveled down the Volga River to Tsaritsyn ,
3638-476: The Volga river, on whose bank the city is situated. Although the city may have originated in 1555, documented evidence of Tsaritsyn at the confluence of the Tsaritsa [ ru ] and Volga rivers dates from 1589. The structure stood slightly above the mouth of the Tsaritsa River on the right bank. It soon became the nucleus of a trading settlement. At the beginning of the 17th century,
3745-606: The White Army in mid-1919 but returned to Bolshevik control in January 1920. In 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad in honor of Joseph Stalin , who then ruled the country. During World War II , Axis forces attacked the city, leading to the Battle of Stalingrad , the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, from which it received the title of Hero City . In 1961, Nikita Khrushchev 's administration renamed
3852-450: The city charter to reinstate the direct mayoral elections. Volgograd is the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Volgograd —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Volgograd is incorporated as Volgograd Urban Okrug . Although
3959-523: The war with the Poles . Protracted wars with Poland in 1654–1667 and the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658) put a heavy burden upon the people of Russia. Taxes increased, as did conscription . Many peasants , hoping to escape these burdens, fled south and joined Razin's bands of Cossacks. They were also joined by many others who were disaffected with the Russian government, including people of
4066-417: The 13th Guards Rifle Division. The complex includes Gerhardt's Mill , which is preserved in its bombed out state. The museum on the complex grounds houses the largest painting in Russia, a panoramic painting of the battlefield as seen from Mamayev Kurgan , where "The Motherland Calls" statue now stands. This museum also features Soviet military equipment from the 1940s, numerous exhibits of weapons (including
4173-504: The 1890s, the economy of Volgograd (then Tsaritsyn), relied mainly on the trade of grain, naphtha , fish and salt. Modern Volgograd remains an important industrial city. Industries include shipbuilding , oil refining , steel and aluminum production, manufacture of heavy machinery and vehicles at the Volgograd Tractor Plant and Titan-Barrikady plant, and chemical production. The large Volgograd Hydroelectric Plant
4280-574: The Cossack cause in June 1670. On 24 June Razin reached the city of Astrakhan. Astrakhan, Russia's wealthy "window on the East", occupied a strategically important location at the mouth of the Volga River on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Razin plundered the city - despite its location on a strongly fortified island and the stone walls and brass cannons that surrounded the central citadel. The local rebellion of
4387-587: The Cossacks with Razin fended off starvation and disease on the Miankaleh Peninsula , and in the spring of 1669 Razin built a base on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and began raiding Turkmen villages. Then in the spring of 1669 he established himself on the isle of Suina, off which, in July, he annihilated a Persian fleet sent against him. Stenka Razin, as he was generally called, had now become
Volgograd - Misplaced Pages Continue
4494-484: The Don to the Volga, Razin reportedly said, "I shall not force you to join me, but whoever chooses to come with me will be a free Cossack. I have come to fight only the boyars and the wealthy lords. As for the poor and common folk , I shall treat them as brothers." When Razin sailed by Tsartisyn, Unkovsky did not attack (possibly either because he felt that Razin posed a threat or because the guards of Tsaritsyn sympathized with Razin's Cossacks). This incident gave Razin
4601-652: The PRC (e.g. Lhasa , Ürümqi , Hohhot , Xigazê , Ili , Altay , Kaxgar , Hulunbuir , Erenhot , with a notable exception being place names in Ningxia, whose native Hui people speak Mandarin as their native language) and has not resulted in any geographical name change in the SARs of Hong Kong and Macau , and is adopted only in parts of Taiwan , particularly within Taipei and other Kuomintang controlled cities and counties, in
4708-600: The Whites. However, in June 1919 the White Armed Forces of South Russia , under the command of General Denikin , captured Tsaritsyn, and held it until January 1920. The fighting from July 1918 to January 1920 became known as the Battle for Tsaritsyn . On April 10, 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad, in honor of Joseph Stalin , General Secretary of the Communist Party. This was officially to recognize
4815-517: The Yaik River: Razin promised that as a reward for good luck he would give this "god" the best he has. In 1883, the Russian poet Dmitry Sadovnikov published the poem "Stenka Razin", which he, as was customary, presented as a "folk epic". The text of this poem, with minor changes, was set to music by an unknown author and became extremely popular, and was performed by many famous singers. The song recounts that Razin aboard his ship marries
4922-515: The announcement of the verdict against him, Stepan Razin was quartered on the scaffold on Red Square . A sentence of death was read aloud: Razin listened to this calmly, then turned to the church, bowed in three directions, passing the Kremlin and the tsar and said: "Forgive me." The executioner then proceeded to first cut off his right hand to his elbow, then his left foot to the knee. His brother Frol, witnessing Stepan's torment, shouted out: "I know
5029-682: The area was one of the least healthy in Europe, with a mortality rate of 33.6 for every 1000 persons. Untreated sewage spilled into the river, causing several cholera epidemics between 1907 and 1910. Although the region had an active Sanitary Executive Commission that sent out instructions on the best ways to prevent outbreaks and dispatched a delegate from the Anti-Plague Commission to Tsaritsyn in 1907, local municipal officials did not put any precautions into place, citing economic considerations. The city's drinking water came directly from
5136-538: The banks of the Sviyaga River ( 1 and 4 October), Razin was ultimately routed by the army of Yuri Baryatinsky and fled down the Volga, leaving the bulk of his followers to be extirpated by the victors. But the rebellion was by no means over. The emissaries of Razin, armed with inflammatory proclamations, had stirred up the inhabitants of what became the governorates of Nizhny Novgorod , Tambov , and Penza , and penetrated even as far as Moscow and Novgorod . It
5243-503: The captured "Persian princess" and his men accuse him of weakness — spending "one short night" with a woman — and that he himself has become a "woman" the next morning. Hearing these speeches, Razin throws the "princess" into the water as a gift to the Volga river, and continues the drunken fun with his men. The lyrics of the song were dramatized in one of the first Russian narrative films, Stenka Razin directed by Vladimir Romashkov in 1908. The film lasts about 10 minutes. The screenplay
5350-427: The city Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization . The Soviet victory at Stalingrad is widely held to be the turning point of the War, leading the to the destruction of the German army in the East. Volgograd today is the site of The Motherland Calls , an 85-metre (279 ft) high statue dedicated to the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad, which is the tallest statue in Europe, as well as the second tallest statue of
5457-409: The city and Stalin's role in its defense against the Whites between 1918 and 1920. Once the Soviets established control, ethnic and religious minorities were targeted. The only Jewish school in the area was closed down in 1926. In 1928, a campaign was launched by the Regional Executive Council to close down the synagogue in Stalingrad. Due to local resistance, they were not successful until 1929, when
SECTION 50
#17327725165855564-449: The city center. It was of unprecedented intensity; the city's central railway station changed hands thirteen times, and the Mamayev Kurgan (one of the highest points of the city) was captured and recaptured eight times. By early November, the German forces controlled 90 percent of the city and had cornered the Soviets in two narrow pockets, but they were unable to eliminate the last pockets of Soviet resistance before Soviet forces launched
5671-414: The city should take back its original name of Tsaritsyn, but the authorities rejected their proposal. On January 30, 2013, the Volgograd City Council passed a measure to use the title " Hero City Stalingrad" in city statements on nine specific dates annually. On the following dates, the title "Hero City Stalingrad" can officially be used in celebrations: In addition, in January 2013, 50,000 people signed
5778-439: The city was on an important trade route for moving timber, grain, cotton, cast iron, fish, salt and linseed oil, the economic reach of the Volga was relatively small. When the first rail lines were linked up to Moscow in 1871, this isolated area was suddenly and efficiently connected to the rest of the empire. Thanks to that connection, the province became a major producer, processor and exporter of grain, supplying most of Russia. By
5885-414: The city. The opposition sent to fight Razin felt reluctant to do so because they sympathized with the Cossacks. In the spring of 1668, Razin led the majority of his men down the Yaik River (also known as the Ural River) while a small portion stayed behind to guard Yaitsk. However, the government defeated Razin's men in Yaitsk and Razin lost his base there. After losing Yaitsk, Razin sailed south down
5992-532: The city. Of the population of more than half a million before the battle, only 1,515 remained following the battle's conclusion. In 1945, the Soviet Union awarded Stalingrad the title Hero City for its resistance. Great Britain's King George VI awarded the citizens of Stalingrad the jewelled " Sword of Stalingrad " in recognition of their bravery. A number of cities around the world (especially those that had suffered similar wartime devastation) established sister, friendship, and twinning links (see list below) in
6099-436: The coast of the Caspian Sea to continue his pillaging. He and his men then attacked Persia . Failing to capture the well-defended fortress port of Derbent in present-day Dagestan , his forces moved south to attack the small port of Badkuba (present Baku ) located on the Absheron Peninsula in present-day Azerbaijan , but at Rasht (in the southwest Caspian Sea in modern Iran ) the Persians killed roughly 400 Cossacks in
6206-423: The complex was used as an orphanage, a library, a cinema and a student hostel. Eventually, many of the buildings fell into disuse and became dilapidated. At the onset of the Second World War, the complex was given to the military and many of the original buildings were demolished. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Diocese of Volgograd was established and the military began the process of transferring what
6313-409: The council convened a Special Commission. The Commission convinced local municipal authorities that the building was in need of major repairs, was unsafe and much too small for the over 800 worshippers who regularly attended for high holidays. In 1931, the German settlement-colony Old Sarepta (founded in 1765) became a district of Stalingrad. Renamed Krasnoarmeysky Rayon (or "Red Army District"), it
6420-404: The country. At the beginning of 1668, he defeated the voivode Yakov Bezobrazov, sent against him from Astrakhan , and in the spring embarked on a predatory expedition into Daghestan and Persia , which lasted for eighteen months. The Time of Troubles , which lasted from 1598 to 1613, had proven a difficult period for Russia. The direct male line of Rurik dynasty tsars died out in 1598, and
6527-486: The crosses and bells removed and the liturgical objects confiscated. The cathedral was then used as a motor depot and eventually demolished in 1932. In 2001, the long project of rebuilding the cathedral was begun. The first foundation stone was laid in 2016 and the finished replica was finally consecrated in 2021 by Patriarch Kirill . The new church stands in central Volgograd, bounded by Communist Street (Russian: Коммунистическая Улица) and Mir Street (Russian: Улица Мира) on
SECTION 60
#17327725165856634-525: The dish known in English as " Peking duck " retained that name even when the Chinese capital changed its transliteration to " Beijing ". Changes in romanisation systems can result in minor or major changes in spelling in the Roman alphabet for geographical entities, even without any change in name pronunciation or spelling in the local alphabet or other writing system. Names in non-Roman characters can also be spelled very differently when Romanised in different European languages. China developed and adopted
6741-437: The dome is crowned by a female personification of Peace, holding an astrolabe with a dove. Opened in 1954, it was only the second purpose-built planetarium in the Soviet Union. The entryway interior features a mural of Stalin in the white uniform of a naval admiral, surrounded by lilies and doves, more symbols of peace. On either side of the mural, are busts of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , a Soviet rocket scientist, and Yuri Gagarin ,
6848-429: The explosive population growth, the lack of political action on sanitation and housing, the multiple epidemics and the presence of volatile personalities, it is no surprise that the lower Volga region was a hotbed of revolutionary activity and civil unrest. The inability of the Tsarist government to provide basic protections from cholera on the one hand and subjecting the populace to strict but ineffective health measures on
6955-414: The fortress. In 1717 in the Kuban pogrom [ ru ] , raiders from the Kuban under the command of the Crimean Tatar Bakhti Gerai [ ru ] blockaded the town and enslaved thousands in the area. In August 1774 Cossack leader Yemelyan Pugachev unsuccessfully attempted to storm the city. In 1691 Moscow established a customs -post at Tsaritsyn. In 1708 Tsaritsyn was assigned to
7062-414: The garrison consisted of 350 to 400 people. In 1607 the fortress garrison rebelled for six months against the troops of Tsar Vasili Shuisky . In the following year saw the construction of the first stone church in the city, dedicated to St. John the Baptist. In 1670 troops of Stepan Razin captured the fortress; they left after a month. In 1708 the insurgent Cossack Kondraty Bulavin (died July 1708) held
7169-416: The government officials and give more autonomy to the peasants. However, Razin's movement failed and the rebellion led to increased government control. The Cossacks lost some of their autonomy, and the tsar bonded more closely with the upper class because both feared more rebellion. On the other hand, as Avrich asserts, "[Razin's revolt] awakened, however dimly, the social consciousness of the poor, gave them
7276-464: The insurrection showed signs of weakening, and it continued for six months after Razin had received his quietus. At Simbirsk his prestige had been shattered. Even his own settlements at Saratov and Samara refused to open their gates to him, and the Don Cossacks, hearing that the Patriarch had anathematized Razin, also declared against him. The tsar sent troops to suppress the revolt. As Paul Avrich notes in Russian Rebels, 1600–1800 , "The brutality of
7383-551: The longest European route connecting Calais in France with Ridder in Kazakhstan , passes through Volgograd. The M6 highway between Moscow and the Caspian Sea also passes through the city. The Volgograd Bridge , under construction since 1995, was inaugurated in October 2009. The city river terminal is the center for local passenger shipping along the Volga River. The Volgograd International Airport provides air links to major Russian cities as well as Antalya , Yerevan and Aktau . Volgograd's public transport system includes
7490-440: The lower classes, as well as representatives of non-Russian ethnic groups such as Kalmyks , that were being oppressed at the time. Razin's first notable exploit was to destroy the great naval convoy consisting of the treasury barges and the barges of the Patriarch and the wealthy merchants of Moscow . Razin then sailed down the Volga with a fleet of 35 vessels, capturing the more important forts on his way and devastating
7597-438: The middle of the 1920s. At the turn of the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn was essentially a frontier town; almost all of the structures were wooden, with neither paved roads nor utilities. The first railway reached the town in 1862. The first theatre opened in 1872, the first cinema in 1907. In 1913 Tsaritsyn got its first tram-line, and the city's first electric lights were installed in the city center. Between 1903 and 1907,
7704-456: The name of the city to Volgograd ("Volga City") as part of his programme of de-Stalinization following Stalin's death. This action was and remains somewhat controversial, because Stalingrad has such importance as a symbol of resistance during World War II. During Konstantin Chernenko 's brief rule in 1984, proposals were floated to revive the city's Stalinist name for that reason. There was
7811-597: The newer romanisations are derived entirely from Mandarin. However, the pronunciation in Mandarin has mostly stayed the same both before and after the change. Pinyin was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization in 1982 and officially adopted in Singapore (resulting in several geographical name changes of its own). However it is usually not applied in the autonomous regions of
7918-404: The north and south and Volodarsk Street (Russian: Улица Володарского) and Gogol Street (Russian: Улица Гоголя) on the west and east, respectively. This area is also a park, called Alexander's Garden . The cathedral stands across the street from a World War 2 monument, and a statue of and chapel for, the eponymous Alexander Nevsky . Volgograd hosts one of the few self-propelled floating churches in
8025-566: The other, caused multiple riots in 1829 , in the 1890s and throughout the first decade of the 1900s , setting the stage for multiple Russian revolutions and adding fuel to the political fire. During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, Tsaritsyn came under Soviet control from November 1917. In 1918 White Movement troops under Pyotr Krasnov , the Ataman of the Don Cossack Host , besieged Tsaritsyn. The Reds repulsed three assaults by
8132-407: The primary cause; for example many places in the former Soviet Union and its satellites were renamed to honour Stalin . Sometimes a place reverts to its former name (see, for example, de-Stalinization ). One of the most common reasons for a country changing its name is newly acquired independence. When borders are changed, sometimes due to a country splitting or two countries joining, the names of
8239-452: The project off the ground. The original complex had a church that could accommodate 6,000 people, the monastery itself could house 500 and an auditorium that held 1,000. There was a school, space for workshops, a printing office and an almshouse . The land the monastery stood on also hosted multiple gardens, a fountain and several inner yards. In 1912, the monastery was divided to a male and female section, housing both monks and nuns. In 1914,
8346-528: The reigns of strong, centralizing autocrats. In addition, a deep divide existed between the peasantry and the nobility in Russia. Changes in the treatment and legal standing of peasants, including the institutionalization of serfdom with the Law Code of 1649 , contributed to unrest among the peasantry. The Don Cossacks , a largely lower-class group which lived independently near the Don River and which
8453-499: The relevant areas can change. This, however, is more the creation of a different entity than an act of geographical renaming. Place names may revert to an earlier name; for instance in Australia, pre-colonial names established thousands of years ago by Aboriginal peoples have been reclaimed as official names. Examples include K'gari (formerly Fraser Island and various other names since settlement), and Uluru / Ayers Rock , where
8560-485: The repressions by far exceeded the atrocities committed by the insurgents." The tsar's troops mutilated the rebels' bodies and displayed them in public to serve as a warning to potential dissenters. In 1671, Stepan and his brother Frol Razin [ ru ] were captured at Kagalnik Fortress (Кагальницкий городок) by Cossack elders. They were given over to Tsarist officials in Moscow, and on 16 June 1671, following
8667-479: The reputation of an "invincible warrior endowed with supernatural powers." He continued his travels down the Volga and into the Caspian Sea , defeating several detachments of streltsy , or musketeers. In July 1667, Razin captured Yaitsk by disguising himself and some of his companions as pilgrims to pray at the cathedral. Once inside Yaitsk, they opened the gates for the rest of the troops to enter and occupy
8774-433: The river, the intake pipe dangerously close to both the port and the sewage drain. There were neither funds nor political will to close the port (the main hub of economic activity) or move the intake pipes. As a result, in the three years spanning 1908 to 1910, Tsaritsyn lost 1,045 people to cholera. With a population of only 102,452 at the time, that amounted to a 1.01% loss of the population. Between 1908 and 1911, Tsaritsyn
8881-788: The rule of the Romanov dynasty (which would eventually end with the February Revolution of 1917) began only in 1613. The reigns of Michael Romanov (tsar from 1613 to 1645) and of his son Alexis (tsar from 1645 to 1676) saw a strengthening of the power of the tsar with a view to stabilizing the Russian lands after the turmoil of the Time of Troubles. As a result, the Zemsky Sobor and the boyar council , two other bodies of government in Russia, slowly lost influence. The Russian population went from fifteen years of "near anarchy" to
8988-519: The school on the grounds of the Holy Spirit Monastery became part of the city school system and in 1915, housed 53 girls whose fathers were on the front lines. During the Russian Civil War , an infirmary was set up and the complex was alternately used by both the Bolsheviks and the Whites . In 1923, once the area was under firm Bolshevik control, the monastery was closed. During the following decades,
9095-493: The second-largest city of the Southern Federal District , and the fourth-largest city on the Volga. The city was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589. By the 19th century, Tsaritsyn had become an important river-port and commercial centre, leading to its rapid population growth. In November 1917, at the start of the Russian Civil War , Tsaritsyn came under Bolshevik control. It fell briefly to
9202-633: The song Stenka Razin . The other is the notes of the Dutchman Ludwig Fabricius, which became known only after the Second World War. In the first, a Persian princess appears, drowned in the Volga; in the second, a certain "Tatar maiden" drowned in the Yaik River . Streis conveys the story as drunken cruelty, and Fabricius as the fulfillment of the oath that Razin made to a certain "water god" Ivan Gorinovich , who controls
9309-529: The spirit of solidarity or reconciliation. One of the first "sister city" projects was that established during World War II between Stalingrad and Coventry in the United Kingdom ; both had suffered extensive devastation from aerial bombardment. In March 2022, this twinning link was suspended because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 10 November 1961, Nikita Khrushchev 's administration changed
9416-646: The street from the Panorama Museum, stands Pavlov's House , another surviving monument to the Battle of Stalingrad. Several monuments and memorials can be found nearby, including a statue of Lenin, a statue in honor of children who survived war and another to the Pavlov's House defenders. The Musical Instrument Museum is a branch of the Volgograd regional Museum of local lore. As a port city along an important and busy trading route, Volgograd has always been
9523-409: The streltsy allowed Razin to gain access to the city. After massacring all who opposed him (including two Princes Prozorovsky ) and giving the rich bazaars of the city over to pillage, Razin converted Astrakhan into a Cossack republic , dividing the population into thousands, hundreds, and tens, with their proper officers, all of whom were appointed by a veche or general assembly, whose first act
9630-465: The tsar's government subsidized in exchange for defending Russia's southern borders, led Razin's rebellion. Historian Paul Avrich characterizes Razin's revolt as a "curious mixture of brigandage and revolt", similar to other popular uprisings of the period. Razin revolted against the "traitor-boyars" rather than against the tsar. Cossacks supported the tsar in that they worked for him as contracted military forces - just as they had previously served
9737-405: The voivodes of Astrakhan warned Andrei Unkovsky (the voivode or governor of Tsaritsyn) of Razin's arrival and recommended that he not allow the Cossacks to enter the town. Unkovsky attempted to negotiate with Razin, but Razin threatened to set fire to Tsaritsyn if Unkovsky interfered. When he encountered a group of political prisoners being transported by the tsar's representatives on his way from
9844-409: The war's pivotal battles. The Battle of Stalingrad was the deadliest single battle in the history of warfare (casualties estimates vary between 1,250,000 and 2,500,000). The battle began on August 23, 1942, and on the same day, the city suffered heavy aerial bombardment that reduced most of it to rubble. Martial law had already been declared in the city on July 14. By September, the fighting reached
9951-475: The warmer months. Across from this Hall, there is a statue called Mother's Sorrow, which depicts a grieving woman holding a fallen soldier in her arms. During the summer months, this statue is surrounded by a small water feature, called the Lake of Tears. Further down the hill of this complex, there is a Plaza of Heroes (also known as Heroes' Square), featuring multiple allegorical sculptures of heroic deeds. This plaza
10058-445: The waves of anger rise, And the blood comes rushing swiftly To his piercing jet-black eyes. "Всё отдам не пожалею, Буйну голову отдам!" — Раздаётся голос властный По окрестным берегам. "Vsjŏ otdam ně požalějų, Bujnu golovu otdam!" — Razdajŏtsją golos vlastnyj Po okrěstnym běrěgam. "I will give you all you ask for, Head and heart and life and hand!" And his voice rolls out like thunder Out across
10165-476: The wooded island To the river wide and free Proudly sail the arrow-breasted Ships of Cossack yeomanry. На переднем Стенька Разин, Обнявшись, сидит с княжной, Свадьбу новую справляет, Сам весёлый и хмельной. Na pěrědněm Stěn'ka Razin, Obnjąvšis', sidit s knjąžnoj, Svad'bu novujų spravljąjęt, Sam věsjŏlyj i xměl'noj. On the first is Stenka Razin With his princess by his side. Drunk, he holds
10272-539: The word and the matter of the sovereign!" (that is, "I am willing to inform upon those disloyal to the tsar"). Stepan shouted back, "Shut up, dog!" These were his last words; after them the executioner hurriedly cut off his head. Razin's hands, legs, and head, according to the testimony of the Englishman Thomas Hebdon, were stuck on five specially-placed stakes. The confession helped Frol to postpone his own execution, although five years later, in 1676, he
10379-559: The world: the chapel boat of Saint Vladimir of Volgograd. Spearheaded by Vladimir Koretsky and assisted by a Dutch Orthodox priest who was part of the organization Aid to the Church in Need (ACN), the Saint Vladimir was consecrated in October 2004 on the shore of the Volga. Originally a decommissioned landing craft found in a shipyard outside St. Petersburg, it took two years to convert it into
10486-524: Was a Don Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and tsarist bureaucracy in southern Russia in 1670–1671. Razin's father, Timofey Razya, supposedly came from a suburb of Voronezh , a city near Russia's steppe frontier, called the Wild Fields . Razin's uncle and grandmother still lived in the village of New Usman' or Usman' Sobakina , 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) outside of Voronezh , until 1667. The identity of Razin's mother
10593-513: Was erected on the Mamayev Kurgan (Russian: Мамаев Курган), the hill that saw some of the most intense fighting during the battle. This complex includes the Hall of Military Glory, a circular building housing an eternal flame and bearing plaques with the names of the fallen heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad. This memorial features an hourly changing of the guard that draws many tourists during
10700-475: Was executed too. Razin originally set out to loot villages, but as he became a symbol of peasant unrest, his movement turned political. Razin wanted to protect the independence of the Cossacks and to protest an increasingly centralized government. The Cossacks supported the tsar and autocracy, but they wanted a tsar that responded to the needs of the people and not just those of the upper class. By destroying and pillaging villages, Razin intended to take power from
10807-585: Was home to Sergei Trufanov , also known as the 'mad monk' Iliodor. He spent most of his time causing infighting and power struggles within the Russian Orthodox Church , fomenting anti-semitic zeal and violence in local populations, attacking the press, denouncing local municipal officials and causing unrest wherever he went. The most permanent mark he left on the city was the Holy Spirit Monastery ( Russian : Свято-Духовский монастырь ), built in 1909, parts of which still stand today. In light of
10914-467: Was left of the Holy Spirit Monastery back to the church. A theological school was established in 1992 and restoration of the site continues today. Construction of the cathedral began on April 22, 1901, with the laying of the foundation stone by Bishop Hermogenes . The domes were installed in 1915 and consecration took place on May 19, 1918. Almost as soon as it was built, the cathedral fell out of use. The Soviet powers closed it down officially in 1929, with
11021-422: Was not difficult to stir the oppressed population to revolt by promising deliverance from their yoke. Razin proclaimed that his object was to root out the boyars and all officials, to level all ranks and dignities, and establish Cossackdom, with its corollary of absolute equality, throughout Russia. Even at the beginning of 1671 the outcome of the struggle remained in doubt. Eight battles had been fought before
11128-639: Was produced between 1954 and 1964; it is still operational and in regular use at the Volgograd Planetarium. The projector was supplemented by a digital system in 2019; the Fulldome Pro model LDX12. Zeiss also provided the 365mm refractor telescope for the observatory, which is still in operation today. The planetarium hosts scientific and educational lectures, provides Fulldome shows, has scheduled tours, features daytime and nighttime observations and runs an astronomy club for children. Across
11235-519: Was the largest area of the city. The first higher education institute was opened in 1930. A year later, the Stalingrad Industrial Pedagogical Institute, now Volgograd State Pedagogical University , was opened. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river. During World War II , German and Axis forces attacked the city, which, in 1942, became the site of one of
11342-429: Was to proclaim Razin their gosudar ( sovereign ). After a three-week carnival of blood and debauchery, Razin quit Astrakhan with two hundred barges full of troops. He intended to establish a Cossack republic along the whole length of the Volga as a preliminary step towards advancing against Moscow. Saratov and Samara were captured, but Simbirsk defied all efforts, and after two bloody encounters close at hand on
11449-514: Was written by Vasily Goncharov , and the music (the first film music to be specially written to accompany a silent film) was by Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov . The song was included in early radio broadcasts in 1923, designed to introduce the new medium to peasant communities. An account of this was given by Charles Ashleigh who visited a training college for electrical engineers located in Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius . The popular song
#584415