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29-572: In 1636, Hitotsuyanagi Naomori , daimyō of Kanbe Domain in Ise Province received an increase in kokudaka of 18,000 koku and was transferred to Saijō in Iyo Province with a total of 68,000 koku . This marks the start of Saijō Domain. He transferred 5,000 koku to his second son, Naoie, and thus the domain officially was rated as 63,000 koku . However, Naomori died in Osaka in

58-508: A new class, the sengoku-daimyō , who arose from the ranks of the shugodai and jizamurai . Among the sengoku daimyō ( 戦国大名 ) were many who had been shugo-daimyō , such as the Satake , Imagawa , Takeda , Toki , Rokkaku , Ōuchi , and Shimazu . New to the ranks of the daimyo were the Asakura , Amago , Nagao , Miyoshi , Chōsokabe , Hatano, and Oda . These came from the ranks of

87-561: A point of executing or neutralising as many magnates as possible. Henry would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed. Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign; he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men, and

116-474: A practice called sankin-kōtai . In 1869, the year after the Meiji Restoration, the daimyo, together with the kuge, formed a new aristocracy, the kazoku . In 1871, the han were abolished , and prefectures were established. In this year, around 200 daimyo returned their titles to the emperor, who consolidated their han into 75 prefectures. Their military forces were also demobilized, with

145-405: The jōkamachi . His son Naoki inherited the domain, but gave 5000 koku to his younger brother, reducing the domain to 25,000 koku . However, in 1665, Naoki was dispossessed for negligence of duties and misgovernment, and Saijō Domain became tenryō territory administered directly by the shogunate. In 1670, Matsudaira Yorizumi , the third son of Tokugawa Yorinobu , daimyō of Kii Domain ,

174-529: The Meiji Restoration , with the adoption of the prefecture system in 1871. The shugo daimyō ( 守護大名 ) were the first group of men to hold the title daimyō . They arose from among the shugo during the Muromachi period (approximately 1336–1573). The shugo-daimyo held not only military and police powers, but also economic power within a province . They accumulated these powers throughout

203-858: The Mori of Chōshū , the Shimazu of Satsuma , the Date of Sendai , the Uesugi of Yonezawa , and the Hachisuka of Awa . Initially, the Tokugawa regarded them as potentially rebellious, but for most of the Edo period, control policies such as sankin-kōtai , resulted in peaceful relations. Daimyo were required to maintain residences in Edo as well as their fiefs, and to move periodically between Edo and their fiefs, typically spending alternate years in each place, in

232-757: The Sengoku period to the daimyo of the Edo period , the rank had a long and varied history. The backgrounds of daimyo also varied considerably; while some daimyo clans, notably the Mōri , Shimazu and Hosokawa , were cadet branches of the Imperial family or were descended from the kuge , other daimyo were promoted from the ranks of the samurai , notably during the Edo period. Daimyo often hired samurai to guard their land, and paid them in land or food, as relatively few could afford to pay them in money. The daimyo era ended soon after

261-646: The shugodai and their deputies. Additional sengoku-daimyō such as the Mōri , Tamura , and Ryūzōji arose from the jizamurai . The lower officials of the shogunate and rōnin ( Late Hōjō , Saitō ), provincial officials (Kitabatake), and kuge (Tosa Ichijō) also gave rise to sengoku-daimyo . The Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 marked the beginning of the Edo period . Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu reorganized roughly 200 daimyo and their territories into han , which were assessed by rice production. Those heading han assessed at 10,000 koku (50,000 bushels) or more were considered daimyo. Ieyasu also categorized

290-413: The 10th century to the early Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominally to the emperor and the kuge (an aristocratic class). In the term, dai ( 大 ) means 'large', and myō stands for myōden ( 名田 ) , meaning 'private land'. From the shugo of the Muromachi period through

319-679: The 11th and 12th centuries, the daimyo became military lords of samurai clans with territorial and proprietary control over private estates. Magnates were a social class of wealthy and influential nobility in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Velikaš is the Serbo-Croatian word for 'magnate', derived from veliko ('great, large, grand'). It

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348-516: The Edo shogunate, some rising to the position of rōjū . The fact that fudai daimyo could hold government positions, while tozama in general could not, was a main difference between the two. Tozama daimyō held mostly large fiefs far away from the capital, with e.g. the Kaga han of Ishikawa Prefecture , headed by the Maeda clan , assessed at 1,000,000 koku . Other famous tozama clans included

377-661: The Kii Tokugawa clan, in the Bakumatsu period , the domain was quickly showed an allegiance to the Meiji government and participated in the Boshin War as part of the government army. With the abolition of the han system in 1871, the domain became "Saijō Prefecture", which was later incorporated into Ehime Prefecture via Matsuyama Prefecture and Sekitetsu Prefecture. In 1884, the final daimyō of Saijō, Matsudaira Yorihide

406-595: The daimyo according to their relation to the ruling Tokugawa family: the shinpan were related to the Tokugawa; the fudai had been vassals of the Tokugawa or allies in battle; and the tozama had not allied with the Tokugawa before the Battle of Sekigahara (did not necessarily fight against the Tokugawa). The shinpan were collaterals of Ieyasu, such as the Matsudaira , or descendants of Ieyasu other than in

435-769: The daimyo and their samurai followers pensioned into retirement. The move to abolish the feudal domains effectively ended the daimyo era in Japan. This was effectively carried out through the financial collapse of the feudal-domain governments, hampering their capability for resistance. In the wake of the changes, many daimyo remained in control of their lands, being appointed as prefectural governors ; however, they were soon relieved of this duty and called en masse to Tokyo, thereby cutting off any independent base of power from which to potentially rebel. Despite this, members of former daimyo families remained prominent in government and society, and in some cases continue to remain prominent to

464-625: The establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha . In the Middle Ages, a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights' fees . In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field , Henry made

493-716: The first decades of the Muromachi period. Major shugo-daimyō came from the Shiba , Hatakeyama , and Hosokawa clans , as well as the tozama clans of Yamana , Ōuchi , Takeda and Akamatsu . The greatest ruled multiple provinces. The Ashikaga shogunate required the shugo-daimyō to reside in Kyoto , so they appointed relatives or retainers, called shugodai , to represent them in their home provinces. Eventually, some of these in turn came to reside in Kyoto, appointing deputies in

522-548: The main line of succession. Several shinpan , including the Tokugawa of Owari ( Nagoya ), Kii ( Wakayama ), and Mito , as well as the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu , held large han . A few fudai daimyō , such as the Ii of Hikone , held large han, but many were small. The shogunate placed many fudai at strategic locations to guard the trade routes and the approaches to Edo . Also, many fudai daimyo took positions in

551-404: The medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops , archbishops and cardinals . In reference to the medieval , the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords , such as counts , earls , dukes , and territorial- princes from the baronage . In Poland the szlachta (nobles) constituted one of the largest proportions of

580-775: The ones he did were all " new men ": novi homines , greatly indebted to him and with very limited power. The term was specifically applied to the members of the Upper House of the Diet of Hungary in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary , the Főrendiház , that can be translated as the House of Magnates , an equivalent to the British Peers. In feudal Japan, the most powerful landholding magnates were known as daimyo . In

609-455: The population (around 10-12%) and 'magnat' refers to the richest nobles, or nobles of the nobility - even though they had equal voting rights in Poland's electoral monarchy. In England , the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families. The emergence of Parliament led to

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638-516: The present day. For example, Morihiro Hosokawa , the former Prime Minister of Japan, is a descendant of the daimyo of Kumamoto . Magnate The term magnate , from the late Latin magnas , a great man, itself from Latin magnus , "great", means a man from the higher nobility, a man who belongs to the high office-holders or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since

667-609: The provinces. The Ōnin War was a major uprising in which shugo-daimyō fought each other. During this and other wars of the time, kuni ikki , or provincial uprisings, took place as locally powerful warriors sought independence from the shugo-daimyo . The deputies of the shugo-daimyō , living in the provinces, seized the opportunity to strengthen their position. At the end of the fifteenth century, those shugo-daimyō who succeeded remained in power. Those who had failed to exert control over their deputies fell from power and were replaced by

696-480: The same year and his inheritance was divided among his three sons: his heir Naoshige inherited 30,000 koku and became daimyo of Saijō Domain, his second son Naoie inherited 28,000 koku , forming Iyo Kawanoe Domain and later transferred his seat to Ono Domain in Harima Province , and his third son Naoyori became the 10,000 koku daimyō of Komatsu Domain . Naoshige built the first jin'ya and laid out

725-411: The second daimyō of Saijō, Tokugawa Yoriyoshi, inherited Kii Domain and renamed himself Tokugawa Munenao, and his younger brother, Matsudaira Yoritada inherited Saijō. The fourth daimyō, Matsudaira Yorisato, issued sumptuary orders to restore the domain's finances, but he retired at the age of 22 due to the difficulty of reforming the administration of the domain due to his poor health. His adopted heir

754-420: Was a younger son of Tokugawa Munenao, Matsudaira Yoriatsu , how later inherited Kii Domain under the name of Tokugawa Harusada. Yoriatsu was succeeded by Matsudaira Yorikata, a son of Tokugawa Munemasa of Kii Domain. Matsudaira Yoriyuki, the 8th daimyō , opened the han school Tasezendo . The 9th daimyō , Matsudaira Yorisato was the first daimyō of Saijō to visit his domain in over 100 years. Saijō Domain

783-512: Was allowed to establish a cadet branch of the clan, and granted Saijō Domain with a kokudaka 30,000 koku , and the Saijō domain was re-established. This domain was positioned as a subsidiary domain under Kii Domain, and was intended as "insurance" in the event that the main Kii Tokugawa clan failed to produce an heir. When the 5th daimyō of Kii Domain, Tokugawa Yoshimune , became shogun ,

812-484: Was ennobled with the title of viscount ( shishaku ) in the kazoku peerage. As with most domains in the han system , Saijō Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Daimy%C5%8D Daimyo ( 大名 , daimyō , Japanese pronunciation: [daimʲoː] ) were powerful Japanese magnates , feudal lords who, from

841-407: Was ruled almost as a part of Kii Domain, with its finances supported by the parent domain and its military incorporated into Kii Domain's structure. Matsudaira Yorizumi, the first daimyō , visited Saijō five times during his 40-year reign; however, in the 200 years after his demise, daimyō of the domain visited only a total of nine times. Despite their status of a shinpan daimyō and close ties to

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