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38-585: Iyo Province was formed by the Ritsuryo reforms by combining the territories of the Iyo-no- kuni no miyatsuko ( 伊余国造 ) , who ruled a territory centered on what is now the city of Iyo and town of Masaki with Kumi Province, Kazehaya Province, Touma Province, and Koichi Province each ruled by its own kuni no miyatsuko . The Geiyo Islands in the Seto Inland Sea were considered part of Aki Province into

76-536: A "distributed field" ( 口分田 , kubunden ) , subject to taxation (approx. 3% of crops). The area of each field was 2 tan ( 段 ) for men (approx. 22 ares total), and two-thirds of this amount for women. (However, the Shinuhi and Kenin castes were only entitled to 1/3 of this area). The field was returned to the country at death. Land belonging to shrines and temples was exempt from taxation. Collection and redistribution of land took place every 6 years. The population

114-1110: A court rank is the late former prime minister Shinzo Abe received Junior First Rank (従一位, ju ichi-i ) on 8 July 2022. The national system for ranking politicians and officials who served the Japanese dynasty began in 603 when Empress Suiko enacted the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System . Each rank was identified by the color of a crown the person with the rank wore. There were twelve ranks: Greater Virtue ( 大徳 , dai-toku ) , Lesser Virtue ( 小徳 , shō-toku ) , Greater Benevolence ( 大仁 , dai-jin ) , Lesser Benevolence ( 小仁 , shō-jin ) , Greater Propriety ( 大礼 , dai-rei ) , Lesser Propriety ( 小礼 , shō-rei ) , Greater Sincerity ( 大信 , dai-shin ) , Lesser Sincerity ( 小信 , shō-shin ) , Greater Justice ( 大義 , dai-gi ) , Lesser Justice ( 小義 , shō-gi ) , Greater Knowledge ( 大智 , dai-chi ) , and Lesser Knowledge ( 小智 , shō-chi ) , from top to bottom. The ranking system underwent several amendments and

152-428: A natural cut-off point between the aristocrats (fifth-rank and above [貴族 kizoku ]) and the menials (sixth-rank and below [地下 jige ]). Additionally, income in the form of koku (石, 1 koku = about 150 kilograms), or bushels of rice from the provinces, increased dramatically as one advanced in rank. The average sixth-rank official might earn 22 koku of rice a year, but the fifth rank might earn 225 koku of rice, while

190-653: A provincial level by orders of the kokushi (国司), a corvée at the Capital (although the corvée at the capital could be replaced by goods sent) and military service. A criminal system was introduced, with five levels of punishment ( 五刑 , gokei ) . It defined eight heavy crimes ( 八虐 , hachigyaku ) that were exempt from amnesty. The code was based on the Ten Abominations of the Tang code, but two crimes related to family life—family discord and disruption of

228-419: A third rank official could earn as much as 6,957 a year. Registration of the citizens (戸籍 koseki ), updated every 6 years, and a yearly tax book (計帳 keichō ) were established. Based on the keichō , a tax system was established called (租庸調 So-yō-chō ). Tax was levied on rice crops but also on several local products (e.g. cotton, salt, tissue) sent to the capital. The system also established local corvée at

266-565: A total kokudaka of 434,408 koku . Iyo Province consisted of the following districts: Following the abolition of the han system in 1871, Iyo Province became Ehime Prefecture . [REDACTED] Media related to Iyo Province at Wikimedia Commons Ritsuryo Ritsuryō ( 律令 , Japanese: [ɾitsɯɾʲoː] ) is the historical legal system based on the philosophies of Confucianism and Chinese Legalism in Feudal Japan . The political system in accord to Ritsuryō

304-627: Is called "Ritsuryō-sei" (律令制). Kyaku (格) are amendments of Ritsuryō, Shiki (式) are enactments. Ritsuryō defines both a criminal code ( 律 , Ritsu ) and an administrative code ( 令 , Ryō ) . During the late Asuka period (late 6th century – 710) and Nara period (710–794), the Imperial Court in Kyoto , trying to replicate China 's rigorous political system from the Tang dynasty , created and enforced some collections of Ritsuryō. Over

342-665: Is conferred on many former prime ministers, and the Junior Second Rank ( 従二位 ) on top-class politicians, such as former speakers of the National Diet and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Senior Third Rank ( 正三位 ) is posthumously conferred mainly on civilians who are recognized as having done the most for the nation's development, such as founders of large companies and the novelists and artists who represented Japan. The Junior Third Rank ( 従三位 )

380-591: Is in many cases conferred on artists who created Japan's famous masterpieces. The Junior First Rank is bestowed directly by the incumbent Emperor. The Second through Fourth Ranks are awarded by Imperial decree. The awarding of the Fifth Ranks or lower is decided by a hearing from the Cabinet and a decision by the Emperor to the hearing. In the era when the Ritsuryo system was in place, the official position in

418-488: Is subdivided into Upper and Lower Grades. The Senior Fifth Rank, Upper Grade ( 正五位上 , shō go-i no jō ) is the highest Fifth Rank and the Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade ( 従五位下 , ju go-i no ge ) the lowest. The Sixth Rank is divided into Senior and Junior, and each is subdivided into Upper and Lower Grades. The Senior Sixth Rank, Upper Grade ( 正六位上 , shō roku-i no jō ) is the highest Sixth Rank and

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456-586: Is the highest, and the Junior Eighth Rank, Lower Grade ( 従八位下 , ju hachi-i no ge ) , is the lowest. The Initial Rank ( 初位 , sho-i ) is divided into Greater ( 大 , dai ) and Lesser ( 少 , shō ) , and each is subdivided into Upper and Lower Grades. The Greater Initial Rank, Upper Grade ( 大初位上 , dai sho-i no jō ) is the highest Initial Rank, and the Lesser Initial Rank, Lower Grade ( 少初位下 , shō sho-i no ge )

494-494: Is the second highest rank, conferred in many cases on the highest ministers, premier feudal lords, and their wives. Nobles with the Third Rank or upper were called kugyō . Successive Tokugawa shoguns held the highest or near-highest court ranks, higher than most court nobles. They were made Shō ni-i ( 正二位 , Senior Second Rank) of court rank upon assuming office, then Ju ichi-i ( 従一位 , Junior First Rank) , and

532-677: The Edo Period . During the Heian period , the coastal areas of the province were part of the stronghold of Fujiwara no Sumitomo , who led a rebellion against Imperial authority. During the Muromachi period , a branch of the Saionji family was appointed as shugo by the Ashikaga shogunate , but was constantly being invaded his more powerful and aggressive neighbors. The Saionji survived by

570-618: The Fujiwara clan , Minamoto clan , Taira clan and the Tachibana clan . List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles#Court ranks The court ranks of Japan , also known in Japanese as ikai (位階), are indications of an individual's court rank in Japan based on the system of the state . Ikai as a system was originally used in the Ritsuryo system, which was

608-556: The Taisho era , about 300 years after their deaths. The Fourth Rank is divided into Senior and Junior, and each is subdivided into Upper ( 上 , jō ) and Lower ( 下 , ge ) Grades. The Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade ( 正四位上 , shō shi-i no jō ) is the highest Fourth Rank and the Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade ( 従四位下 , ju shi-i no ge ) the lowest. The Fifth Rank is divided into Senior and Junior, and each

646-470: The political administration system used in ancient China , and the indication of the rank of bureaucrats and officials in countries that inherited (class system). Currently, the Japanese court ranks and titles are among the types of honours conferred to those who have held government posts for a long time and to those who have made distinguished achievements. In recent times , most appointments, if not all, are offered posthumously. A notable recipient of such

684-537: The Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade. Junior Counselors required the Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. The Minister of the Center needed the Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade. Other ministers required the Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. A hereditary title was conferred by an Emperor on an Imperial family member, a noble, or a clan under the kabane system to signify his political and social status. This title

722-538: The Junior Second Rank ( 従二位 , ju ni-i ) . A Major Counselor ( 大納言 , dainagon ) needed the Senior Third Rank ( 正三位 , shō san-mi ) , and a Middle Counselor ( 中納言 , chūnagon ) needed the Junior Third Rank ( 従三位 , ju san-mi ) . Associate Counselors ( 参議 , sangi ) required the Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade ( 正四位下 , shō shi-i no ge ) . Controllers needed

760-678: The Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade ( 従六位下 , ju roku-i no ge ) the lowest. The Seventh Rank is divided into Senior and Junior, and each is subdivided into Upper and Lower Grades. The Senior Seventh Rank, Upper Grade ( 正七位上 , shō shichi-i no jō ) is the highest Seventh Rank and the Junior Seventh Rank, Lower Grade ( 従七位下 , ju shichi-i no ge ) the lowest. The Eighth Rank is divided into Senior and Junior, subdivided into Upper and Lower Grades. The Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade ( 正八位上 , shō hachi-i no jō ) ,

798-490: The appearance of large private lands, the first shōens . Strict application of the Handen-Shūju system decayed in the 8th and 9th century. In an attempt to maintain the system, the period between each collection/distribution was extended to 12 years under Emperor Kanmu . At the beginning of Heian period , the system was almost not enforced. The last collection/distribution took place between 902 and 903. The caste system

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836-505: The course of centuries, the ritsuryō state produced more and more information which was carefully archived; however, with the passage of time in the Heian period, ritsuryō institutions evolved into a political and cultural system without feedback. In 645, the Taika reforms were the first signs of implementation of the system. Major re-statements of Ritsuryō included the following: In

874-791: The court and ikai of bureaucrats were closely related. For example, becoming the Chancellor of the Realm ( 太政大臣 , daijō daijin ) , the highest position in the administration, required the Senior or Junior First Rank ( 正一位、従一位 , shō ichi-i, ju ichi-i ) . To become the Minister of the Left, Right, or Center ( 左大臣、右大臣、内大臣 , sadaijin, udaijin, naidaijin ) , he had to be in either the Senior Second Rank ( 正二位 , shō ni-i ) or

912-506: The emperor at its head. Two departments were set up: Posts of those public Departments were all divided into four ranks ( shitō ): kami (長官), suke (次官), jō (判官) and sakan (主典). This ubiquitous pattern would be replicated consistently, even amongst members of the court whose functions had little to do with those kinds of powers and responsibilities which are conventionally associated with governing – for example: A global system of ranking for all public posts (官 kan , 官職 kanshoku )

950-575: The family (through incest, adultery, etc.) —were removed. In accordance with Chinese legal codes, land as well as citizens were to be "public property" (公地公民). One of the major pillars of the Ritsuryō was the introduction of the Handen-Shūju (班田収受制) system, similar to the equal-field system in China. The Handen-Shūju regulated land ownership. Based on the registration, each citizen over 6 was entitled to

988-480: The fluid loyalties and fierce resistance, but were eventually overcome by Chōsokabe Motochika , who was in turn overthrown by the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi . Under the Tokugawa shogunate , the province was divided into several feudal domains. Per the early Meiji period Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō ( 旧高旧領取調帳 ) , an official government assessment of the nation’s resources, the province had 964 villages with

1026-523: The following ranking system. Each of the First to Third Ranks is divided into Senior ( 正 , shō ) and Junior ( 従 , ju ) . The Senior First Rank ( 正一位 , shō ichi-i ) is the highest in the rank system. It is conferred mainly on a very limited number of persons recognized by the Imperial Court as most loyal to the nation during that era. The Junior First Rank ( 従一位 , ju ichi-i )

1064-603: The highest rank of Shō ichi-i ( 正一位 , Senior First Rank) was conferred upon them upon their death. The Tokugawa shogunate established that the court ranks granted to daimyo by the imperial court were based on the recommendation of the Tokugawa shogunate, and the court ranks were used to control the daimyo . Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were Shō ni-i ( 正二位 , Senior Second Rank) and Ju ichi-i ( 従一位 , Junior First Rank) respectively, but both were elevated to Shō ichi-i ( 正一位 , Senior First Rank) in

1102-503: The later half of the seventh century, the Kokugunri system ( 国郡里制 , kokugunri-sei ) was introduced, dividing the regions of Japan into several administrative divisions. In 715 CE, the Gōri system ( 郷里制 , gōri-sei ) was introduced, resulting in the following. This system was abandoned in 740 CE. The ritsuryō system also established a central administrative government, with

1140-783: The lowest. The 1887 Ordinance on Ordination reorganized the ranking system. It abolished the Initial Ranks and the Grades of Upper and Lower of Fourth and lower Ranks. The relationships between ikai and court positions were also abolished. There were then a total of 16 ranks, ranging from the Senior First Rank ( 正一位 , shō ichi-i ) to the Junior Eighth Rank ( 従八位 , ju hachi-i ) , as shown below: Ōkuma Shigenobu (1922) , Tōgō Heihachirō (1934) , Shigeru Yoshida (1967) , Eisaku Satō (1975) , Yasuhiro Nakasone (2019) , Shinzo Abe (2022) Sanjo Sanetomi

1178-491: The presentation of ranks has been limited to those who have already died, with the idea of abolishing the privileges associated with conferring honors, and ranks have been presented posthumously. Today, the Junior First Rank ( 従一位 ) is the highest available rank, which is posthumously conferred primarily on persons deemed being served most to the nation out of former prime ministers. The Senior Second Rank ( 正二位 )

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1216-494: The ranks obtained by the children. The highest rank in the system was the first rank (一位 ichi-i ), proceeding downwards to the eighth rank (八位 hachi-i ), held by menials in the court. Below this, an initial rank called so-i (初位) existed, but offered few rights. The top six ranks were considered true aristocracy (貴 ki ), and were subdivided into "senior" (正 shō ) and "junior" (従 ju ) ranks (e.g. senior third-rank [正三位 shō san-mi ], junior second-rank [従二位 ju ni-i ]). Below

1254-461: The third rank, a further subdivision between "upper" (上 jō ) and "lower" (下 ge ) existed, allowing for ranks such as “junior fourth rank lower” (従四位下 ju shi-i no ge ) or “senior sixth rank upper” (正六位上 shō roku-i no jō ). Promotion in ranks was often a very gradual, bureaucratic process, and in the early days of the Codes, one could not advance beyond sixth rank except by rare exception, thus causing

1292-625: Was developed by the Taiho Code enacted in 701. Under this system, ranks were established for the Imperial family members and vassals like the following: An Emperor was not ranked. Princes, princesses, and other Imperial family members were ranked depending on the extent of their contribution to the nation or other factors as follows: Under the Taiho Code, politicians and officials other than Imperial family members were graded according to

1330-554: Was divided in two castes, Ryōmin (良民) (furthermore divided into 4 sub-castes ) and Senmin (賤民) (divided into 5 sub-castes), the latter being close to slaves. Citizens wore different colors according to their caste. Several modifications were added over time. In order to promote cultivation, a law allowing the ownership for three generations of newly arable fields was promulgated in 723 (三世一身の法, Sanze-isshin Law ) and then without limits in 743 (墾田永年私財法, Konden Einen Shizai Law ). This led to

1368-407: Was introduced with over 30 ranks (位 i , 位階 ikai ), regulating strictly which posts could be accessed by which rank. Ranking was supposed to be mostly merit-based, the children of high-ranking public officials were nonetheless granted a minimal rank. This provision (蔭位の制 on'i no sei ) existed in the Tang law, however under the Japanese ritsuryo ranks for which it was applied were higher as well as

1406-415: Was less and less strictly enforced. Some Ryōmin would wed Senmin to avoid taxation, and Senmin/Ryōmin children would become Ryōmin. At the end of the 9th century / beginning of the 10th, the caste system was practically void of its substance. Hereditary high-ranks for public posts led to the monopoly of occupation of the most important posts by a limited number of families, in effect a nobility, amongst which

1444-399: Was the last living person who received the Senior First Rank ( 正一位 ) in 1891, and all subsequent recipients were posthumously received. No persons have been awarded this rank since 1917 when Oda Nobunaga was posthumously awarded. The 1925 Decree on Ranks ( 位階令 ) restricted ordination exclusively to the purpose of conferring honors. Since the current Constitution came into effect in 1947,

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