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55-469: Someșul Mare has a length of 130 km and an area of 5,033 km and a slight asymmetry in favor of the left side of the basin. For the entire basin of Someș, the asymmetry on left becomes pronounced between Dej and Ardusat to change in the opposite direction after receiving the Lăpuș on the right side. The valley of Someșul Mare has much auriferous alluvium that, until the early 20th century, were brought to

110-988: A Hungarian subgroup living mostly in the Székely Land in Romania . In addition to their native villages in Suceava County in Bukovina , a significant population descending from the Székelys of Bukovina currently lives in Tolna and Baranya counties in Hungary and certain districts of Vojvodina , Serbia . In the Middle Ages , the Székelys played a role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against

165-461: A 20th-century Székely writer from Lupeni, Harghita , wrote many novels about the Székely which set universal stories of love and self-individuation against the backdrop of Székely village culture. Other Székely writers include the folklorist Elek Benedek , the novelist József Nyírő and the poet Sándor Kányádi . In Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula , Count Dracula is a Székely. In the beginning of

220-624: A camp called Csigla's Field. They were afraid of the Western nations which they harassed in Attila's life, and they marched to Transylvania, the frontier of the Pannonian landscape, and they did not call themselves Huns or Hungarians, but Siculus, in their own word Székelys, so that they would not know that they are the remnants of the Huns or Hungarians. In our time, no one doubts, that the Székelys are

275-542: A distinct ethnic group ( natio Siculica ) and formed part of the Unio Trium Nationum ("Union of Three Nations"), a coalition of three Transylvanian estates , the other two "nations" being the (also predominantly Hungarian) nobility and the Saxons (that is, ethnic German burghers). These three groups ruled Transylvania from 1438 onward, usually in harmony though sometimes in conflict with one another. During

330-615: A native of nearby Bobâlna , was arrested in March 1945 by the dreaded Securitate and died under house arrest in 1950. In December 1950, Someș County was abolished, and Dej District was organized in its place within the Cluj Region . Following the administrative reform of 1968, the city of Dej was declared a municipality within Cluj County. A tragic event in the history of the city were the catastrophic floods of May 1970 , when all

385-518: A negative result for this marker. The 2,500-year-old SNP L1034 was found typical for Mansi and Hungarians, the closest linguistic relatives. The Székely live mainly in Harghita, Covasna and Mureș counties. They identify themselves as Hungarians, but they maintain a somewhat distinct ethnic identity from other Hungarians. Hungarians form a majority of the population in the counties of Covasna and Harghita. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in

440-647: A record that mushroom growths like the Hapsburgs and the Romanoffs can never reach.” The flag and coat of arms of the Székelys as approved by the Szekler National Council , one of the main political organizations of the Székelys. The Sun and Moon are the symbols of the Székelys, and are used in the coat of arms of Transylvania and on the Romanian national coat of arms . The Sun and

495-661: Is a municipality in Transylvania , Romania, 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Cluj-Napoca , in Cluj County . It lies where the river Someșul Mic meets the river Someșul Mare . The city administers four villages: Ocna Dejului ( Désakna ), Peștera ( Pestes ), Pintic ( Oláhpéntek ), and Șomcutu Mic ( Kissomkút ). The city lies at the crossroads of important railroads and highways linking it to Cluj-Napoca , Baia Mare , Satu Mare , Deda , Bistrița , and Vatra Dornei . Artifacts dating back to 5500 BC and belonging to

550-461: Is an upper limit by deep SNPs and that the main haplogroups responsible for that contribution are J2-M172 (negative M47, M67, L24, M12), J2-L24, R1a-Z93, Q-M242 and E-M78, the last of which is typically European, while N is still negligible (1.7%). In an attempt to divide N into subgroups L1034 and L708, some Hungarian, Sekler, and Uzbek samples were found to be L1034 SNP positive, while all Mongolians, Buryats , Khanty , Finnish, and Roma samples showed

605-491: The Auschwitz–Birkenau camp, with just over 800 deportees surviving. Towards the end of World War II , Romanian and Soviet armies entered the city on October 15, 1944. The territory of Northern Transylvania remained under Soviet military administration until March 9, 1945, after the appointment of Petru Groza as Prime Minister . After the elections of November 1946 , residents of villages near Dej revolted against

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660-580: The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin than standard Hungarian does. Even if the Székelys had been a Turkic stock, they would have had to lose their original vernacular at a very early date. An autosomal analysis, studying non-European admixture in Europeans, found 4.4% of admixture of East Asian/Central Asian among Hungarians, which was the strongest among sampled populations. It

715-629: The Long Turkish War , the Székelys formed an alliance with Prince Michael the Brave of Wallachia against the army of Andrew Báthory , recently appointed Prince of Transylvania . In the Middle Ages , the Székelys played a role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border. Nicolaus Olahus stated in the book Hungaria et Athila in 1536 that "Hungarians and Székelys share

770-659: The Magyar Autonomous Region . It was superseded in 1960 by the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region, itself divided in 1968 into two non-autonomous counties, Harghita and Mureș . In post- Cold War Romania, where the Székelys form roughly half of the ethnic Hungarian population, members of the group have been among the most vocal of Hungarians seeking an autonomous Székely region in Transylvania. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in

825-496: The Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border. With the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, Transylvania (including the Székely Land ) became part of Romania, and the Székely population was a target of Romanianization efforts. In 1952, during the communist rule of Romania , the former counties with the highest concentration of Székely population – Mureș , Odorhei , Ciuc , and Trei Scaune – were legally designated as

880-772: The Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture , as well as artifacts dating back to the 15th century BC and belonging to the Wietenberg culture from the Bronze Age have been discovered on the territory of Dej. Also in the Bronze Age, the exploitation of salt deposits in the area of today's city began and developed. During the Iron Age , the Geto-Dacian civilization arose and spread over a vast territory. The Someș Valley

935-463: The union of Transylvania with Romania . In the aftermath of World War I and the ensuing Hungarian–Romanian War , the Romanian Army entered the city on 21 December 1918, and later the city became part of Romania . The interwar period brought important transformations to the city of Dej that allowed its development and modernization under the leadership of its mayor, Cornel Pop, who assumed

990-487: The 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . The Székelys of Bukovina , today settled mostly in Vojvodina and southern Hungary, form a culturally separate group with its own history. An autonomous Székely region existed between 1952 and 1968. First created as the Magyar Autonomous Region in 1952, it was renamed the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region in 1960. Ever since

1045-545: The 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . Today's Székely Land roughly corresponds to the Romanian counties of Harghita, Covasna , and central and eastern Mureș where they currently make up roughly 80% of the population. Based on the official 2011 Romanian census , 1,227,623 ethnic Hungarians live in Romania, mostly in the region of Transylvania , making up 19.6% of

1100-408: The 20th century, two substantial ideas emerged about Székely ancestry: Some theories suggest that the Székelys might have absorbed influences from various groups, including Turkic tribes, but this is more about cultural exchange rather than direct lineage. Overall, while there may be historical connections and interactions, the Székelys are primarily of Hungarian origin. Some historians have dated

1155-729: The Honfoglalas was completed there? And when the Hungarian flood swept eastward, the Szekelys were claimed as kindred by the victorious Magyars, and to us for centuries was trusted the guarding of the frontier of Turkey-land; ay, and more than that, endless duty of the frontier guard, for, as the Turks say, ‘water sleeps, and enemy is sleepless.’ [...] The Szekelys—and the Dracula as their heart’s blood, their brains, and their swords—can boast

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1210-509: The Hungarians came to Pannonia again from Scythia, they went to Ruthenia in front of them with great joy, as soon as the news of their coming came to them. When the Hungarians took possession of Pannonia again, at the division of the country, with the consent of the Hungarians, these Székelys were given the part of the country that they had already chosen as their place of residence. After the theory of Hunnic descent lost scholarly currency in

1265-490: The Kórógy river, and all the Székelys, who were previously the peoples of King Attila, having heard of Usubuu’s fame, came to make peace and of their own will gave their sons as hostages along with divers gifts and they undertook to fight in the vanguard of Usubuu’s army, and they forthwith sent the sons of the Székelys to Duke Árpád, and, together with the Székelys before them, began to ride against Menumorout. These Székelys were

1320-526: The Moon, the symbols of the cosmic world, are known from Hungarian grave findings from the period of the Hungarian conquest . After the Hungarians became Christians in the 11th century, the importance of these icons became purely visual and symbolic. The Székelys have succeeded in preserving traditions to an extent unusual even in Central and Eastern Europe. A description of the Székely Land and its traditions

1375-630: The Székely presence in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains as early as the fifth century, and found historical evidence that the Székelys were part of the Avar confederation during the so-called Dark Ages , but this does not mean that they were ethnically Avar. Research indicates that Székelys spoke Hungarian . Toponyms at the Székely settlement area also give proof of their Hungarian mother tongue. The Székely dialect does not have more Bulgaro-Turkish loanwords derived from before

1430-469: The Székelys chose the latter – only 532 persons declared themselves as ethnic Székely . The Székely territories came under the leadership of the Count of the Székelys (Latin: Comes Siculorum ), initially a royal appointee from the non-Székely Hungarian nobility who was de facto a margrave ; from the 15th century onward, the voivodes of Transylvania held the office themselves. The Székelys were considered

1485-638: The abolition of the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region by the Ceaușescu regime in 1968, some of the Székely have pressed for their autonomy to be restored. Several proposals have been discussed within the Székely Hungarian community and by the Romanian majority. One of the Székely autonomy initiatives is based on the model of the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia . A major peaceful demonstration

1540-431: The ancient Székelys, for they are the guardians of the purest Hungarian tongue" . The origin of the Székelys has been much debated. It is now generally accepted that they are descendants of Hungarians. The Székelys have historically claimed descent from Attila 's Huns and believed they played a special role in shaping Hungary. Ancient legends recount that a contingent of Huns remained in Transylvania, later allying with

1595-548: The area of Someș–Tisza hydrographic basin. To prevent flooding , the Someș is dammed in the lower course. In the spring of 1970, due to heavy rains, the Someș flooded part of Satu Mare and surrounding plains. The discharge exceeded 3,300 m/s compared to that year's average of 210 m/s. The following rivers are tributaries to the river Someș: Dej Dej ( Romanian pronunciation: [deʒ] ; Hungarian : Dés ; German : Desch, Burglos ; Yiddish : דעעש Desh )

1650-657: The army barracks, and the "Andrei Mureșanu” High School. In 1882, the Cluj– Apahida –Dej railway line was opened, with an extension to Ocna Dej, while in 1910 the Ferdinand mine was electrified. The Dej Prison , located in the northern part of the town, was completed in 1894. On 1 December 1918, eleven delegates from Dej took part in the Romanian National Assembly in Alba Iulia , which proclaimed

1705-583: The county were imprisoned. During the operation of the Dej ghetto , Jews were mistreated, tortured, and starved. The deportation of the Jews to the Nazi death camps was done with freight wagons, in three stages: the first transport on May 28 when 3,150 Jews were deported; the second on June 6, when 3,360 Jews were deported; the third on June 8, when the last 1,364 Jews were deported. Most of those deported were exterminated in

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1760-633: The drama of the Jewish population in what was then Szolnok-Doboka County and its capital, Dés (Dej). Following several decrees of the Hungarian government and high-level consultations at a meeting on April 26 with László Endre in Szatmárnémeti (Satu Mare), it was decided to exterminate the Jews. On May 3, the city authorities launched the action of ghettoization of Jews in the Bungăr forest, where 3,700 Jews from Dej and 4,100 Jews from other localities in

1815-475: The earlier has been used until eventually it was changed to Dés . It had a royal charter as a free city and was the capital of Szolnok-Doboka County . In 1905, it had a Protestant church from the 15th century, and a tower from 16th century fortifications. It was primarily a market town for local wines and other agricultural products. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 the city of Dés

1870-436: The falsification of the election results by the communist authorities and launched the first revolt against the new regime, being stopped by armed troops at the Someș bridge. The name of the city was related to the name of the first Romanian Communist Party leader, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej who lived here in 1931 and worked at the railway station. When he became the de facto ruler of the country, Gheorghe Gheorghiu officially took

1925-458: The following haplogroups: It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 Palóc from Budapest and northern Hungary, found: A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4% in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csangos . It has boldly been noted that this

1980-489: The infrastructure of the city was updated. At the 2021 Romanian census , Dej had a population of 31,475, a drop of 6% from the previous census. At the 2011 census , there were 33,497 people living within the city; of those, 81.8% were ethnic Romanians , while 11.3% were ethnic Hungarians , 1.0% Roma , and 0.1% others. Sz%C3%A9kelys The Székelys ( pronounced [ˈseːkɛj] , Székely runes : 𐳥𐳋𐳓𐳉𐳗 ‎), also referred to as Szeklers , are

2035-580: The low areas of the city were under water and 6 people drowned. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, state-owned enterprises were privatized, an environment for developing a market economy was created, new production units with domestic and foreign capital were set up, and many small and medium-sized enterprises emerged in Dej. The educational institutions, the municipal hospital, the cultural institutions were modernized, new churches were built, and

2090-465: The main Hungarian army that conquered the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. The thirteenth-century chronicler Simon of Kéza also claimed that the Székely people descended from Huns who lived in mountainous lands prior to the Hungarian conquest. They, having set forth from the island, riding through the sand and flow of the Tisza, crossed at the harbour of Beuldu, and, riding on, they encamped beside

2145-459: The name of the city and supported the economic development of the locality. The communist regime brought with it fundamental transformations in the political, administrative and economic life of the city. Many previous leaders fell victim to the regime, as happened with the former mayor, Cornel Pop, who died in Văcărești prison in 1953. Another personality, ex-Prime Minister Alexandru Vaida-Voevod ,

2200-530: The north and northwest of Transylvania, led by Gelou , Glad , and Menumorut were conquered by the Hungarian tribes at the beginning of the tenth century. During the Menumorut voivodeship , the defense of the salt road was ensured by the fortresses from Ocna Dej and Cuzdrioara and the fortified points from Uriu and Urișor . The extension of the Kingdom of Hungary to the center and south of Transylvania

2255-468: The novel, Dracula asserts: “We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, ay, and of Asia and Africa too, till

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2310-662: The peoples thought that the were-wolves themselves had come. [...] Is it a wonder that we were a conquering race; that we were proud; that when the Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back? Is it strange that when Arpad and his legions swept through the Hungarian fatherland he found us here when he reached the frontier; that

2365-460: The population of this region. Of these, 609,033 live in the counties of Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș, which taken together have a Hungarian majority (58%). The Hungarians in Székely Land , therefore, account for half (49.41%) of the Hungarians in Romania . When given the choice on the 2011 Romanian census between ethnically identifying as Székely or as Hungarian , the overwhelming majority of

2420-708: The position in May 1920. From 1925 to 1938, the city was the county seat of Someș County , after which it became part of Ținutul Crișuri . In the wake of the Second Vienna Award of August 30, 1940, the territory of Northern Transylvania (of which the city of Dej was part) reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary. On September 8, 1940, the Hungarian administration was installed in Dej, and proceeded to take discriminatory measures against Romanians and Jews , forcing many Romanians to take refuge in Romania. In 1944 began

2475-427: The remains of the Huns, who when they learned that the Hungarians had returned to Pannonia for the second time, went to the returnees on the border of Ruthenia and conquered Pannonia together. They were afraid of the western nations that they would suddenly attack them, so they went to Transylvania and did not call themselves Hungarians, but Székelys. The western clan hated the Huns in Attila's life. The Székelys are thus

2530-505: The remnants of the Huns who first came to Pannonia, and because their people do not seem to have been mixed with foreign blood since then, they are also more strict in their morals, they also differ from other Hungarians in the division of lands. They have not yet forgotten the Scythian letters, and these are not inked on paper, but engraved on sticks skillfully, in the way of the carving. They later grew into not insignificant people, and when

2585-522: The remnants of the Huns, who remained in the mentioned field until the return of the other Hungarians. So when they knew that the Hungarians would return to Pannonia again, they hurried to Ruthenia to them, conquering the land of Pannonia together. It is said that in addition to the Huns who escorted Csaba, from the same nation, three thousand more people retreating, cut themselves out of the said battle, remained in Pannonia, and first established themself in

2640-723: The run by Von Urban, towards Nagybánya . More than 150 people fell in this battle; in their memory, the monument "The Sleeping Lion" was erected in 1889. The 19th century was a period of profound urban transformation and modernization works for the city, including the building of the County Prefecture, the City Hall, the Rudolf Hospital, the Palace of Justice, the Greek Catholic Church, the theater,

2695-412: The same language, with the difference that the Székelys have their own words specific to their nation." The people of Székelys were in general regarded as the most Hungarian of Hungarians. In 1558, a Hungarian poet, Mihály Vilmányi Libécz voiced this opinion, instructing the reader in his poem that if they had doubts about the correctness of the Hungarian language: "Consult without fail the language of

2750-418: The surface using traditional tools. Specialists say that in the Someșul Mare were found grains of gold of 21 carats. The Someș drains a basin of 18,146 km (7,006 sq mi), of which 15,740 km (6,080 sq mi) in Romania. Its basin comprises 403 rivers with a total length of 5,528 km, or 7% of the total length of the country. Basin area represents 6.6% of the country area and 71% of

2805-478: Was achieved with the help of Székely and German settlers. The first German settlers arrived in the Dej area in the years 1141–1143, entering from Satu Mare to Dej, Bistrița , Cluj , and Reghin . After leaving Holland and Flanders because of the floods of the sea, they settled in this region and founded the city of Dej. The city was first mentioned in 1214 as Dees , in 1236 as Deeswar , in 1310 as Deesvitta , in 1351 both Deés and Deésvár occurred,

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2860-437: Was an integral part of this historical evolution, as evidenced by archaeological discoveries in the area, such as the Dacian fortress at Dealul Florilor. After the Dacian Wars , Emperor Trajan transformed most of Dacia into a Roman province ; the territory of the city became part of the province of Dacia Superior , and later Dacia Porolissensis . According to Gesta Hungarorum , Vlach political formations located in

2915-469: Was found at 3.6% in Belarusians, 2.5% in Romanians, 2.3% in Bulgarians and Lithuanians, 1.9% in Poles and 0% in Greeks. The authors stated "This signal might correspond to a small genetic legacy from invasions of peoples from the Asian steppes (e.g., the Huns, Avars, and Bulgars) during the first millennium." Among 100 Hungarian men (90 of them from the Great Hungarian Plain ), the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: The 97 Székelys belong to

2970-473: Was held in 2006 in favor of autonomy. In 2013 and 2014, thousands of ethnic Hungarians marched for autonomy on 10 March (on the Székely Freedom Day ) in Târgu Mureș , Romania. 10 March is the anniversary of the execution in Târgu Mureș in 1854, by the Austrian authorities , of three Székelys who tried to achieve national self-determination. Since 2015, the Székelys also have the Székely Autonomy Day , celebrated every last Sunday of October. Áron Tamási ,

3025-416: Was the scene of military confrontations between units of the Hungarian army and units of the Austrian army, which included Romanian border regiments and Romanian peasants, under the command of colonel Karl von Urban . The biggest battle for control of Dés took place on 24 November 1848 in the Bungăr forest, and continued on the territory of the city. The Hungarian forces led by major Miklós Katona were put on

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