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107-850: The Székelys ( pronounced [ˈseːkɛj] , Székely runes : 𐳥𐳋𐳓𐳉𐳗 ‎), also referred to as Szeklers , are a Hungarian subgroup living mostly in the Székely Land in Romania . In addition to their native villages in Suceava County in Bukovina , a significant population descending from the Székelys of Bukovina currently lives in Tolna and Baranya counties in Hungary and certain districts of Vojvodina , Serbia . In

214-488: A posthumous son . Andrew's mother married János Iffjú before the end 1563. Andrew and his youngest brother, Balthasar , and their sisters, Anne and Catherine, lived for years at their stepfather's estate, Érmihályfalva (now Valea lui Mihai in Romania). Both his mother and her second husband were Lutherans , but Andrew remained Roman Catholic, like his father and uncles, Christopher and Stephen Báthory . Christopher

321-651: A "rovás-stick" to officially track the number of animals) and in Transylvania , the script has remained in use by the Székely Magyars, giving its Hungarian name (székely) rovásírás . The writing could also be found in churches, such as that in the commune of Atid . Its English name in the ISO 15924 standard is Old Hungarian (Hungarian Runic). In modern Hungarian , the script is known formally as Székely rovásírás ('Szekler script'). The writing system

428-460: A 20th-century Székely writer from Lupeni, Harghita , wrote many novels about the Székely which set universal stories of love and self-individuation against the backdrop of Székely village culture. Other Székely writers include the folklorist Elek Benedek , the novelist József Nyírő and the poet Sándor Kányádi . In Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula , Count Dracula is a Székely. In the beginning of

535-680: A camp called Csigla's Field. They were afraid of the Western nations which they harassed in Attila's life, and they marched to Transylvania, the frontier of the Pannonian landscape, and they did not call themselves Huns or Hungarians, but Siculus, in their own word Székelys, so that they would not know that they are the remnants of the Huns or Hungarians. In our time, no one doubts, that the Székelys are

642-550: A flood. Andrew came to Rome on 24 July. He informed the pope about Stephen Báthory's plan, asking financial support from the Holy See against Russia. Stephen Báthory died on 13 December 1586. Andrew left Rome and hurried back to Poland. He inherited the domains of Gyalu, Nagyenyed and Örményes in Transylvania (now Gilău , Aiud and Armeniș in Romania) from his uncle. Stephen Báthory stipulated that Gyalu should serve

749-423: A means for writing modern Hungarian. These groups approached the question of representation of the vowels of modern Hungarian in different ways. Adorján Magyar made use of characters to distinguish a / á and e / é but did not distinguish the other vowels by length. A school led by Sándor Forrai from 1974 onward did, however, distinguish i / í , o / ó , ö / ő , u / ú , and ü / ű . The revival has become part of

856-430: A misspelling of capita dicarum ). Further research is needed to define their origin and traditional usage. Some common examples are: Old Hungarian letters were usually written from right to left on sticks. Later, in Transylvania, they appeared on several media. Writings on walls also were right to left and not boustrophedon style (alternating direction right to left and then left to right). The numbers are almost

963-516: A negative result for this marker. The 2,500-year-old SNP L1034 was found typical for Mansi and Hungarians, the closest linguistic relatives. The Székely live mainly in Harghita, Covasna and Mureș counties. They identify themselves as Hungarians, but they maintain a somewhat distinct ethnic identity from other Hungarians. Hungarians form a majority of the population in the counties of Covasna and Harghita. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in

1070-403: A philologist, linguist, and Turkologist, did the lion's share of this work. Sebestyén's publications, Rovás és rovásírás ( Runes and runic writing , Budapest , 1909) and A magyar rovásírás hiteles emlékei ( The authentic relics of Hungarian runic writing , Budapest, 1915) contain valuable information on the topic. Beginning with Adorján Magyar in 1915, the script has been promulgated as

1177-453: A reconciliation. The Holy See also tried to reach a compromise on the Kraków bishopric, but Jan Zamoyski, who was in conflict with the king, persuaded Andrew to give up his claim in favor of Radziwiłł. Andrew withheld 20,000 gulden from the royal tax of Warmia, saying that the king owed him 40,000 gulden. He started negotiations with John George, Elector of Brandenburg , who promised him

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1284-646: A record that mushroom growths like the Hapsburgs and the Romanoffs can never reach.” The flag and coat of arms of the Székelys as approved by the Szekler National Council , one of the main political organizations of the Székelys. The Sun and Moon are the symbols of the Székelys, and are used in the coat of arms of Transylvania and on the Romanian national coat of arms . The Sun and

1391-734: A significant ideological nationalist subculture present not only in Hungary (largely centered in Budapest), but also amongst the Hungarian diaspora , particularly in the United States and Canada. Old Hungarian has seen other usages in the modern period, sometimes in association with or referencing Hungarian neopaganism , similar to the way in which Norse neopagans have taken up the Germanic runes , and Celtic neopagans have taken up

1498-819: A small genetic legacy from invasions of peoples from the Asian steppes (e.g., the Huns, Avars, and Bulgars) during the first millennium." Among 100 Hungarian men (90 of them from the Great Hungarian Plain ), the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: The 97 Székelys belong to the following haplogroups: It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 Palóc from Budapest and northern Hungary, found: A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4% in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csangos . It has boldly been noted that this

1605-461: Is an upper limit by deep SNPs and that the main haplogroups responsible for that contribution are J2-M172 (negative M47, M67, L24, M12), J2-L24, R1a-Z93, Q-M242 and E-M78, the last of which is typically European, while N is still negligible (1.7%). In an attempt to divide N into subgroups L1034 and L708, some Hungarian, Sekler, and Uzbek samples were found to be L1034 SNP positive, while all Mongolians, Buryats , Khanty , Finnish, and Roma samples showed

1712-677: Is generally known as rovásírás , székely rovásírás , and székely-magyar írás (or simply rovás 'notch, score'). The precise date or origin of the script is unknown. Origins of the Turkic scripts are uncertain. According to some opinions, ancient Turkic runes descend from primaeval Turkic graphic logograms. Linguist András Róna-Tas derives Old Hungarian from the Old Turkic script , itself recorded in inscriptions dating from c.  AD 720 . Speakers of Proto-Hungarian would have come into contact with Turkic peoples during

1819-621: The Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto on 21 November. Andrew (whom the ambassador of Venice mentioned as the "Polish prince") entered Rome on the feast of Andrew the Apostle (30 November). Five days later, Pope Gregory XIII received him and made him papal protonotary . The pope, who could not persuade Stephen Báthory to join an anti-Ottoman coalition, failed to make Andrew cardinal. Following his uncle's advice, Andrew announced that he

1926-696: The Holy Roman Emperor , Rudolph II , in 1598, but he returned a few months later. Sigismund and Andrew were reconciled, and Sigismund renounced Transylvania in favor of Andrew in March 1599. Andrew was supported by Poland and the Ottoman Empire. Rudolph II persuaded Michael the Brave , Voivode of Wallachia , to invade Transylvania. Michael defeated Andrew's troops at the Battle of Sellenberk with

2033-545: The Hungarian Two-tailed Dog Party (opposition) exchanged the rovas sign of the city Érd to szia 'Hi!', which stayed unnoticed for a month. The inscription corpus includes: The runic alphabet included 42 letters. As in the Old Turkic script, some consonants had two forms, one to be used with back vowels (a, á, o, ó, u, ú) and another for front vowels (e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű). The names of

2140-975: The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin than standard Hungarian does. Even if the Székelys had been a Turkic stock, they would have had to lose their original vernacular at a very early date. An autosomal analysis, studying non-European admixture in Europeans, found 4.4% of admixture of East Asian/Central Asian among Hungarians, which was the strongest among sampled populations. It was found at 3.6% in Belarusians, 2.5% in Romanians, 2.3% in Bulgarians and Lithuanians, 1.9% in Poles and 0% in Greeks. The authors stated "This signal might correspond to

2247-533: The Jesuit college in Pułtusk . His fellow-students were mainly young Protestant noblemen from Transylvania or Royal Hungary , but Polish, Lithuanian, German and Italian noblemen and commoners were also chosen to study together with him. He could speak Latin, Italian, Polish and German by the end of his studies. Andrew was the favorite nephew of Stephen Báthory who officially adopted him. Giovanni Andrea Caligari ,

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2354-689: The Long Turkish War , the Székelys formed an alliance with Prince Michael the Brave of Wallachia against the army of Andrew Báthory , recently appointed Prince of Transylvania . In the Middle Ages , the Székelys played a role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border. Nicolaus Olahus stated in the book Hungaria et Athila in 1536 that "Hungarians and Székelys share

2461-465: The Middle Ages , the Székelys played a role in the defense of the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottomans in their posture as guards of the eastern border. With the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, Transylvania (including the Székely Land ) became part of Romania, and the Székely population was a target of Romanianization efforts. In 1952, during the communist rule of Romania , the former counties with

2568-640: The Senate of Poland . He supported the introduction of the teaching of philosophy and theology in the Collegium Hosianum in Braniewo , because he wanted to develop it into a university. At the request of Sigismund III Vasa, Pope Sixtus made Andrew coadjutor bishop of Piotr Myszkowski , the elderly bishop of Kraków . However, the Habsburgs wanted to prevent Andrew from seizing the bishopric which

2675-407: The ogham script for various purposes. Not all scholars agree with the "Old Hungarian" notion, mainly based on the actual literary facts. The linguist and sociolinguist Klára Sándor said in an interview that most of the "romantic" statements about the script appear to be false. According to her analysis, the origin of the writing is probably runiform (and with high probability its origins are in

2782-586: The papal nuncio (or ambassador) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , urged the king to persuade Andrew to start a church career. According to the Transylvanian historian, István Szamosközy , Andrew had already been fascinated by altars, churches and tombs as a child. However, his Protestant mother and relatives wanted to dissuade Andrew. After recovering from an almost lethal pneumonia in spring 1581, Andrew accepted their advice. He

2889-427: The western Turkic runiform writings ) and it's not a different writing system and contrary to the sentiment the writing is neither Hungarian nor Székely-Hungarian; it is a Székely writing since there are no authentic findings outside the historic Székely lands (mainly today's Transylvania ); the only writing found around 1000 AD had a different writing system. While it may have been sporadically used in Hungary its usage

2996-455: The 10th century, for example, from Homokmégy . The latter inscription was found on a fragment of a quiver made of bone. Although there have been several attempts to interpret it, the meaning of it is still unclear. In 1000, with the coronation of Stephen I of Hungary , Hungary (previously an alliance of mostly nomadic tribes) became a kingdom . The Latin alphabet was adopted as official script; however, Old Hungarian continued to be used in

3103-634: The 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . The Székelys of Bukovina , today settled mostly in Vojvodina and southern Hungary, form a culturally separate group with its own history. An autonomous Székely region existed between 1952 and 1968. First created as the Magyar Autonomous Region in 1952, it was renamed the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region in 1960. Ever since

3210-501: The 19th century), rovás , derives from the verb róni ('to score') which is derived from old Uralic , general Hungarian terminology describing the technique of writing ( írni 'to write', betű 'letter', bicska 'knife, also: for carving letters') derive from Turkic, which further supports transmission via Turkic alphabets. Epigraphic evidence for the use of the Old Hungarian script in medieval Hungary dates to

3317-406: The 20th century, two substantial ideas emerged about Székely ancestry: Some theories suggest that the Székelys might have absorbed influences from various groups, including Turkic tribes, but this is more about cultural exchange rather than direct lineage. Overall, while there may be historical connections and interactions, the Székelys are primarily of Hungarian origin. Some historians have dated

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3424-634: The 7th or 8th century, in the context of the Turkic expansion , as is also evidenced by numerous Turkic loanwords in Proto-Hungarian. All the letters but one for sounds which were shared by Turkic and Ancient Hungarian can be related to their Old Turkic counterparts. Most of the missing characters were derived by script internal extensions, rather than borrowings, but a small number of characters seem to derive from Greek, such as [REDACTED] 'eF'. The modern Hungarian term for this script (coined in

3531-520: The Holy See to send Franciscan friars to Transylvania instead of the Jesuits (who were supported by Sigismund Báthory). He also suggested that the pope should make a Franciscan friar bishop of Transylvania, with a see in Csíksomlyó (now Șumuleu Ciuc in Romania). He settled Catholic priests in four villages on his estates. The Holy See authorized him to set up deaneries in Transylvania, making him

3638-729: The Honfoglalas was completed there? And when the Hungarian flood swept eastward, the Szekelys were claimed as kindred by the victorious Magyars, and to us for centuries was trusted the guarding of the frontier of Turkey-land; ay, and more than that, endless duty of the frontier guard, for, as the Turks say, ‘water sleeps, and enemy is sleepless.’ [...] The Szekelys—and the Dracula as their heart’s blood, their brains, and their swords—can boast

3745-509: The Hungarians came to Pannonia again from Scythia, they went to Ruthenia in front of them with great joy, as soon as the news of their coming came to them. When the Hungarians took possession of Pannonia again, at the division of the country, with the consent of the Hungarians, these Székelys were given the part of the country that they had already chosen as their place of residence. After the theory of Hunnic descent lost scholarly currency in

3852-579: The Jesuits in December 1588, Pope Sixtus V excommunicated Sigismund. Andrew went to Transylvania and sent letters to Rome to achieve a reconciliation, emphasizing that the Jesuits' aggressive proselytizing policy had contributed to their unpopularity in the predominantly Protestant principality. After Marcin Kromer died in early March 1589, Andrew became the Prince-Bishop of Warmia and a member of

3959-490: The Kórógy river, and all the Székelys, who were previously the peoples of King Attila, having heard of Usubuu’s fame, came to make peace and of their own will gave their sons as hostages along with divers gifts and they undertook to fight in the vanguard of Usubuu’s army, and they forthwith sent the sons of the Székelys to Duke Árpád, and, together with the Székelys before them, began to ride against Menumorout. These Székelys were

4066-525: The Moon, the symbols of the cosmic world, are known from Hungarian grave findings from the period of the Hungarian conquest . After the Hungarians became Christians in the 11th century, the importance of these icons became purely visual and symbolic. The Székelys have succeeded in preserving traditions to an extent unusual even in Central and Eastern Europe. A description of the Székely Land and its traditions

4173-510: The Nikolsburg Alphabet – of the Old Hungarian alphabet, dated 1609. The inscription from Énlaka , dated 1668, is an example of the "folk art use". There are a number of inscriptions ranging from the 17th to the early 19th centuries, including examples from Kibéd , Csejd , Makfalva , Szolokma , Marosvásárhely , Csíkrákos , Mezőkeresztes , Nagybánya , Torda , Felsőszemeréd, Kecskemét and Kiskunhalas . Hungarian script

4280-559: The Ottoman Empire, and to secure Andrew's creation as cardinal . Andrew and his retinue left Kraków for Italy on 10 September 1583. He visited Charles Borromeo , archbishop of Milan , who was a highly respected prelate and regarded as a living saint for his piety in his diocese . After their meeting, Borromeo wrote a spiritual instruction to him. In Milan, Andrew also met Giovanni Botero who described him as an actual representative of anti-Machiavellianism . A Protestant retainer of Andrew, Ferenc Forgách , converted to Catholicism in

4387-626: The Székely presence in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains as early as the fifth century, and found historical evidence that the Székelys were part of the Avar confederation during the so-called Dark Ages , but this does not mean that they were ethnically Avar. Research indicates that Székelys spoke Hungarian . Toponyms at the Székely settlement area also give proof of their Hungarian mother tongue. The Székely dialect does not have more Bulgaro-Turkish loanwords derived from before

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4494-639: The Tyrant , Voivode of Moldavia , who had been captured by Sigismund Báthory because of his attempts to make peace with Poland and the Ottoman Empire. The pope's special envoy, Martio Malacrida, tried to convince Andrew to accept the post of the ambassador of Poland in Rome, but Andrew again refused. He said, his homeland would require his presence, because Sigismund's anti-Ottoman policy could not be continued for long. Letters found on one of Stephen Báthory's retainers suggested that Andrew and his brother sent letters to

4601-693: The abolition of the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region by the Ceaușescu regime in 1968, some of the Székely have pressed for their autonomy to be restored. Several proposals have been discussed within the Székely Hungarian community and by the Romanian majority. One of the Székely autonomy initiatives is based on the model of the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia . A major peaceful demonstration

4708-570: The actual head of the Catholic Church in the principality. In August 1591, Maximilian of Habsburg, who still claimed Poland and Lithuania, sent his envoy to Andrew seeking Transylvanian support against Sigismund III. Andrew emphasized that being under Ottoman suzerainty, Transylvania could not openly support Maximilian, but he also promised that Sigismund Báthory would not prevent the mustering of Transylvanian soldiers to fight in Poland. In

4815-429: The ancient Székelys, for they are the guardians of the purest Hungarian tongue" . The origin of the Székelys has been much debated. It is now generally accepted that they are descendants of Hungarians. The Székelys have historically claimed descent from Attila 's Huns and believed they played a special role in shaping Hungary. Ancient legends recount that a contingent of Huns remained in Transylvania, later allying with

4922-415: The assistance of Székely commoners, to whom he had promised to restore their freedom. Andrew wanted to flee to Poland, but Székely serfs captured and killed him. Andrew was the youngest of the four sons of András Báthory and Margit Majláth . His father was the marshal of the court of Isabella Jagiellon and her son, John Sigismund Zápolya . Isabella and John Sigismund ruled the eastern territories of

5029-454: The choice on the 2011 Romanian census between ethnically identifying as Székely or as Hungarian , the overwhelming majority of the Székelys chose the latter – only 532 persons declared themselves as ethnic Székely . The Székely territories came under the leadership of the Count of the Székelys (Latin: Comes Siculorum ), initially a royal appointee from the non-Székely Hungarian nobility who

5136-563: The commander of the cavalry. Andrew was even unable to get rid of his opponents. For instance, Gáspár Kornis remained a member of the royal council, although he had played a preeminent role in the execution of Andrew's brother in 1594. Andrew wanted to secure his suzerainty over the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia . He initially wanted to replace Michael the Brave , Voivode of Wallachia , with his brother, Stephen, but Michael swore fealty to him on 26 June. Andrew's envoys signed an agreement with Ieremia Movilă , Voivode of Moldavia, about

5243-479: The consonants are always pronounced with a vowel. In the old alphabet, the consonant-vowel order is reversed, unlike today's pronunciation ( ep rather than pé ). This is because the oldest inscriptions lacked vowels and were rarely written down, similar to other ancient languages' consonant-writing systems (Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, etc.). The alphabet did not contain letters for the phonemes dz and dzs of modern Hungarian, since these are relatively recent developments in

5350-495: The division of lands. They have not yet forgotten the Scythian letters, and these are not inked on paper, but engraved on sticks skillfully, in the way of the carving. They later grew into not insignificant people, and when the Hungarians came to Pannonia again from Scythia, they went to Ruthenia in front of them with great joy, as soon as the news of their coming came to them. When the Hungarians took possession of Pannonia again, at

5457-406: The division of the country, with the consent of the Hungarians, these Székelys were given the part of the country that they had already chosen as their place of residence. The Old Hungarian script became part of folk art in several areas during this period. In Royal Hungary , Old Hungarian script was used less, although there are relics from this territory, too. There is another copy – similar to

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5564-401: The following way: those letters which are unique letters in today's Hungarian orthography are virtually lowercase ones, and can be written by simply pressing the specific key; and since the modern digraphs equal to separate rovás letters, they were encoded as 'uppercase' letters, i.e. in the space originally restricted for capitals. Thus, typing a lowercase g will produce the rovás character for

5671-491: The frontier of the Pannonian landscape, and they did not call themselves Huns or Hungarians, but Siculus, in their own word Székelys, so that they would not know that they are the remnants of the Huns or Hungarians. In our time, no one doubts, that the Székelys are the remnants of the Huns who first came to Pannonia, and because their people do not seem to have been mixed with foreign blood since then, they are also more strict in their morals, they also differ from other Hungarians in

5778-424: The group have been among the most vocal of Hungarians seeking an autonomous Székely region in Transylvania. They were estimated to number about 860,000 in the 1970s and are officially recognized as a distinct minority group by the Romanian government . Today's Székely Land roughly corresponds to the Romanian counties of Harghita, Covasna , and central and eastern Mureș where they currently make up roughly 80% of

5885-567: The hand of one of his daughters if he accepted the protection of Brandenburg over Warmia. Zamoyski, who had been with Sigismund III, also persuaded Andrew to make peace with the king in May 1593. Andrew renounced the see of Kraków in exchange for the Abbey of Czerwińsk nad Wisłą . The pope's new envoy, Alessandro Cumuleo, came to Transylvania to urge Sigismund Báthory to join the Holy League that

5992-414: The highest concentration of Székely population – Mureș , Odorhei , Ciuc , and Trei Scaune – were legally designated as the Magyar Autonomous Region . It was superseded in 1960 by the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region, itself divided in 1968 into two non-autonomous counties, Harghita and Mureș . In post- Cold War Romania, where the Székelys form roughly half of the ethnic Hungarian population, members of

6099-414: The invaders. Andrew was chosen to receive Sigismund Vasa in Kraków. He also attended the new king's coronation on 27 December 1587. The Sejm (or general assembly) granted citizenship to both Andrew and Balthasar Báthory. István Jósika , István Bodoni, and other fellow-students of Andrew became important advisors of the young Sigismund Báthory in Transylvania. After the Diet of Transylvania expelled

6206-715: The king and the kingdom). He was installed as coadjutor bishop at the see of the Bishopric of Warmia, Lidzbark Warmiński , in early July 1585. He visited the nearby major towns, including Gdańsk and Malbork . Meanwhile, Stephen Báthory had decided to secure the Bishopric of Kraków for his nephew, but the Holy See did not appoint Andrew coadjutor bishop of the Kraków See, because he was still too young. The king wanted to invade Russia and sent Andrew to Rome to convince Pope Sixtus V to support his plan. Andrew left Poland on 22 March 1586. Samuel Zborowski 's brothers (he had been executed on Stephen Báthory's orders), wanted to capture and murder Andrew, but their plan failed because of

6313-486: The language's history. Nor did it have letters corresponding to the Latin q, w, x and y. The modern revitalization movement has created symbols for these; in Unicode encoding, they are represented as ligatures. For more information about the transliteration's pronunciation, see Hungarian alphabet . The Old Hungarian runes also include some non-alphabetical runes which are not ligatures but separate signs. These are identified in some sources as " capita dictionum " (likely

6420-431: The leaders of the Székely commoners who had risen up against Sigismund Báthory in February 1596. Sigismund III of Poland summoned Andrew and Stephen before the Senate, but Pope Clement VIII intervened on the brothers' behalf. After the Ottomans defeated the armies of the Holy League in a series of battles in 1596, Transylvanian noblemen sent letters to Andrew, offering him the principality. After realizing that neither

6527-400: The linguistic sciences, and many were influenced by various agendas. The use of the script often has a political undertone as it is often used along with irredentist or nationalist propaganda, and they can be found from time to time in graffiti with a variety of content. Since most of the people cannot read the script it has led to various controversies, for example when the activists of

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6634-412: The main Hungarian army that conquered the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. The thirteenth-century chronicler Simon of Kéza also claimed that the Székely people descended from Huns who lived in mountainous lands prior to the Hungarian conquest. They, having set forth from the island, riding through the sand and flow of the Tisza, crossed at the harbour of Beuldu, and, riding on, they encamped beside

6741-400: The marriage of the voivode's daughter and Andrew's half-brother, János Iffjú, on 3 July. Andrew also started negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, demanding the confirmation of his hereditary rule and his suzerainty over Wallachia, and refusing the payment of the tribute for six years. After the marriage of Sigismund Báthory and Maria Christierna of Habsburg (who was a cousin of Rudolph II)

6848-402: The medieval Kingdom of Hungary as vassals of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . The date of Andrew's birth is uncertain, because his actual age was kept secret in the early 1580s to promote his career in the Roman Catholic Church . He was most probably born in late 1562 or early 1563, according to historian Ildikó Horn. His father died around that time, implying that Andrew was

6955-465: The middle of February 1599. Most contemporaries (including Szamosközy) believed that Andrew came to Transylvania to make peace with his cousin. Sigismund Báthory abdicated at the Diet in Medgyes (Mediaș, Romania) on 21 March and proposed Andrew his successor. After Andrew pledged that neither he nor his brother would take vengeance on those who had voted against them in 1594, the Diet elected him prince on 28 March. However, as Alfonso Carillo noted,

7062-438: The most influential noblemen remained opposed to Andrew, even if they did not dare to raise an objection openly. The new prince's principal supporters were the noblemen who had been forced into exile in 1594, but they were impoverished young men, without influence. Instead of them, Andrew had to choose his officials from among the Roman Catholic lords: he made István Bodoni ispán (or head) of Kolozs County and Gáspár Sibrik

7169-487: The mountainous borderlands together with the Blackis , where mingling with the Blackis it is said they used their letters. It is said that in addition to the Huns who escorted Csaba, from the same nation, three thousand more people retreating, cut themselves out of the said battle, remained in Pannonia, and first established themself in a camp called Csigla's Field. They were afraid of the Western nations which they harassed in Attila's life, and they marched to Transylvania,

7276-449: The name rovásírás ('runic writing') began to re-enter the popular consciousness in Hungary, and script historians in other countries began to use the terms "Old Hungarian", Altungarisch , and so on. Because the Old Hungarian script had been replaced by Latin, linguistic researchers in the 20th century had to reconstruct the alphabet from historic sources. Gyula Sebestyén , an ethnographer and folklorist , and Gyula (Julius) Németh ,

7383-426: The negotiations in Prague. Before long, Andrew left Transylvania for Poland. Sigismund Báthory's maternal uncle, Stephen Bocskai , and other commanders of the Transylvanian army, persuaded the prince to get rid of those who did not support the Holy League. Balthasar Báthory and his allies were captured and murdered in late August 1594. Sigismund also confiscated Andrew's Transylvanian estates. The Diet confirmed

7490-507: The new papal nuncio, Alberto Bolognetti , the chancellor of Poland , Jan Zamoyski , and Stephen Báthory persuaded one of the canons to abdicate in favor of Andrew. However, the canons, along with the Estates of Royal Prussia , prevented Andrew's promotion to coadjutor bishop saying that he was too young. At the nuncio's initiative, Andrew was elected provost of the Monastery of Miechów in spring 1583. Stephen Báthory sent Andrew to Rome to start negotiations about an alliance against

7597-416: The novel, Dracula asserts: “We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, ay, and of Asia and Africa too, till

7704-662: The peoples thought that the were-wolves themselves had come. [...] Is it a wonder that we were a conquering race; that we were proud; that when the Magyar, the Lombard, the Avar, the Bulgar, or the Turk poured his thousands on our frontiers, we drove them back? Is it strange that when Arpad and his legions swept through the Hungarian fatherland he found us here when he reached the frontier; that

7811-602: The pope had set up against the Ottomans. The prince was ready to join the alliance, but Andrew and Balthasar emphasized that Transylvania could not secede from the Ottoman Empire without the participation of Poland in the coalition. Most of Sigismund's advisors supported their proposal, but his confessor, the Jesuit Alfonso Carillo, convinced him to continue the negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor , Rudolph II . Carillo prevented Andrew from taking part in

7918-519: The pope nor the Polish king would support him against Sigismund Báthory, Andrew declared that he was ready to make peace with him. He returned to Warmia where he was ordained subdeacon on 4 January 1597. Andrew and Stephen even announced that they would not intervene in Transylvania. Their envoys also started discussions with Sigismund Báthory about the compensation for their expropriated Transylvanian estates. Sigismund Báthory opened negotiations over

8025-549: The population. Based on the official 2011 Romanian census , 1,227,623 ethnic Hungarians live in Romania, mostly in the region of Transylvania , making up 19.6% of the population of this region. Of these, 609,033 live in the counties of Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș, which taken together have a Hungarian majority (58%). The Hungarians in Székely Land , therefore, account for half (49.41%) of the Hungarians in Romania . When given

8132-560: The predominantly Protestant Transylvania. Before long, Sigismund's plan to join the Holy League of Pope Clement VIII against the Ottoman Empire gave rise to new tensions, because the brothers sharply opposed the plan. Sigismund executed Balthasar and confiscated Andrew's estates in 1594. After the Ottomans defeated the army of the Holy League in a series of battles, Sigismund decided to abdicate . He transferred Transylvania to

8239-619: The prince's acts, convicting Andrew and his brother, Stephen , of treason. Andrew sent letters to the Holy See, describing his cousin as an immoral tyrant. He wanted to replace Sigismund with Stephen with the assistance of the pope, England and Poland, but they received no support. Pope Clement VIII invited him to Rome, but he refused. At the pope's request, Sigismund Báthory allowed Andrew's mother and Stephen's wife, along with their children, to move to Poland. Zamoyski, who strongly opposed Sigismund Báthory's anti-Ottoman policy, supported Andrew and Stephen. Andrew exchanged letters with Aaron

8346-545: The principality on 10 April. Before long, Sigismund changed his mind and returned to Transylvania with the assistance of Stephen Bocskai. Sigismund sent a Jesuit as his representative to Kraków and offered Transylvania to Andrew in November. Andrew accepted the offer and left Poland in disguise, without revealing the actual purpose of his travel to Transylvania. He met Sigismund in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) in

8453-560: The reestablishment of the Roman Catholic bishopric in Transylvania. Andrew, his brother Balthasar, and their cousin Sigismund Báthory , prince of Transylvania, were among the sixteen candidates to the throne of Poland and Lithuania. Before long, Bartosz Paprocki published a pamphlet against "the kings from Hungary", accusing Stephen Báthory of suppressing the Polish nobles. Jan Zamoyski initially stood by Andrew, who

8560-427: The remains of the Huns, who when they learned that the Hungarians had returned to Pannonia for the second time, went to the returnees on the border of Ruthenia and conquered Pannonia together. They were afraid of the western nations that they would suddenly attack them, so they went to Transylvania and did not call themselves Hungarians, but Székelys. The western clan hated the Huns in Attila's life. The Székelys are thus

8667-449: The remnants of the Huns who first came to Pannonia, and because their people do not seem to have been mixed with foreign blood since then, they are also more strict in their morals, they also differ from other Hungarians in the division of lands. They have not yet forgotten the Scythian letters, and these are not inked on paper, but engraved on sticks skillfully, in the way of the carving. They later grew into not insignificant people, and when

8774-522: The remnants of the Huns, who remained in the mentioned field until the return of the other Hungarians. So when they knew that the Hungarians would return to Pannonia again, they hurried to Ruthenia to them, conquering the land of Pannonia together. It is said that in addition to the Huns who escorted Csaba, from the same nation, three thousand more people retreating, cut themselves out of the said battle, remained in Pannonia, and first established themself in

8881-480: The runic text are written with uppercase in the transcription.) Interpretation in modern Hungarian: "(Ezt) az Úr születése utáni 1501. évben írták. Mátyás, János, István kovácsok csinálták. Mátyás mester (és) Gergely mester csinálták gijas ily ly lta" English translation: "(This) was written in the 1501st year of our Lord. The smiths Matthias, John (and) Stephen did (this). Master Matthias (and) Master Gregory did (uninterpretable) After many proposals Old Hungarian

8988-812: The same as the Roman, Etruscan , and Chuvash numerals . Numbers of livestock were carved on tally sticks and the sticks were then cut in two lengthwise to avoid later disputes. Text from Csíkszentmárton , 1501. Runes originally written as ligatures are underlined. Unicode transcription: 𐲪𐲢𐲙𐲔⁝𐲥𐲬𐲖𐲦𐲤𐲦𐲬𐲖⁝𐲌𐲛𐲍𐲮𐲀𐲙⁝𐲐𐲢𐲙𐲔⁝𐲯𐲢𐲞𐲦 ⁝𐲥𐲀𐲯𐲎⁝𐲥𐲦𐲙𐲇𐲞𐲂𐲉⁝𐲘𐲀𐲨𐲤⁝𐲒𐲀𐲙𐲛𐲤⁝𐲤𐲨𐲦𐲙⁝𐲓𐲛𐲮𐲀𐲆⁝𐲆𐲐𐲙𐲀𐲖𐲦𐲔⁝𐲘𐲀𐲨𐲀𐲤𐲘𐲤𐲦𐲢⁝𐲍𐲢𐲍𐲗𐲘𐲤𐲦𐲢𐲆𐲐𐲙𐲀𐲖𐲦𐲀𐲔 𐲍·𐲐𐲒·𐲀·𐲤·𐲐·𐲗·𐲗·𐲖𐲦·𐲀· ‎ Interpretation in old Hungarian : "ÚRNaK SZÜLeTéSéTÜL FOGVÁN ÍRNaK eZeRÖTSZÁZeGY eSZTeNDŐBE MÁTYáS JÁNOS eSTYTáN KOVÁCS CSINÁLTáK MÁTYáSMeSTeR GeRGeLYMeSTeRCSINÁLTÁK G IJ A aS I LY LY LT A " (The letters actually written in

9095-409: The same language, with the difference that the Székelys have their own words specific to their nation." The people of Székelys were in general regarded as the most Hungarian of Hungarians. In 1558, a Hungarian poet, Mihály Vilmányi Libécz voiced this opinion, instructing the reader in his poem that if they had doubts about the correctness of the Hungarian language: "Consult without fail the language of

9202-472: The same month, Sigismund Báthory's plan to enable the Jesuits to return to Transylvania gave rise to a serious family conflict, because both Andrew and Balthasar refused to support the prince at the Diet. According to contemporaneous gossips, Andrew and his two brothers decided to dethrone Sigismund, replacing him with Balthasar. Pope Clement VIII sent a papal nuncio, Attilio Amalteo , to Transylvania to mediate

9309-618: The sole candidate from the family (which demonstrated the existence of the Báthorys' claim to the throne), but Andrew cooperated with Zamoyski on behalf of Sigismund Vasa. Sigismund Vasa was elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania on 19 August 1587. However, his opponents proclaimed Maximilian of Habsburg the ruler of the Commonwealth. Maximilian laid siege to Kraków and pillaged Miechów. Andrew persuaded Sigismund Báthory's advisors to send Transylvanian reinforcements to fight

9416-693: The sound marked with Latin script g , but entering an uppercase G will amount to a rovás sign equivalent to a digraph gy in Latin-based Hungarian orthography. [REDACTED] Media related to Old Hungarian script at Wikimedia Commons Andrew B%C3%A1thory Andrew Báthory ( Hungarian : Báthory András ; Polish : Andrzej Batory ; 1562 or 1563 – 3 November 1599) was the Cardinal-deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro from 1584 to 1599, Prince-Bishop of Warmia from 1589 to 1599, and Prince of Transylvania in 1599. His father

9523-471: The transfer of Transylvania to the Habsburgs, which worried both Poland and the Ottoman Empire. On 20 February 1598, Andrew offered the Bishopric of Warmia and his other Church offices in Poland to Sigismund, in exchange for Transylvania. However, Sigismund's envoys had already signed an agreement with Rudolph II. Sigismund left Transylvania, and Rudolph's commissioners took charge of the administration of

9630-604: The vernacular. The runic script was first mentioned in the 13th century Chronicle of Simon of Kéza , where he stated that the Székelys may use the script of the Blaks . Johannes Thuróczy wrote in the Chronica Hungarorum that the Székelys did not forget the Scythian letters and these are engraved on sticks by carving. There were still three thousand Huns who fled the battle of Crimhild, who fearing from

9737-406: The western nations, they remained on the cliff field until the time of Árpád, and they did not call themselves Huns, but Szekelys. These Szekelys were the remains of the Huns, who when they learned that the Hungarians had returned to Pannonia for the second time, went to the returnees on the border of Ruthenia and conquered Pannonia together, but not on the Pannonian plane, they were granted estates in

9844-516: Was Andrew's legal guardian, but his actual role in his education is uncertain. After John Sigismund died in 1571, the Diet of Transylvania elected Stephen Báthory voivode (or ruler) in 1571. Stephen adopted the title of prince of Transylvania after he was elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania in 1575. The childless king decided to take charge of his nephew's education and ordered him to come to Poland in late 1578. Andrew studied at

9951-674: Was a brother of Stephen Báthory , who ruled the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1575. He was the childless Stephen Báthory's favorite nephew. He went to Poland at his uncle's invitation in 1578 and studied at the Jesuit college in Pułtusk . He became canon in the Chapter of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Warmia in 1581, and provost of the Monastery of Miechów in 1583. Pope Gregory XIII appointed Báthory cardinal during his visit to Rome in 1584. A year later, he

10058-561: Was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2015 with the release of version 8.0. The Unicode block for Old Hungarian is U+10C80–U+10CFF: A set of closely related 8-bit code pages exist, devised in the 1990s by Gabor Hosszú. These were mapped to Latin-1 or Latin-2 character set fonts. After installing one of them and applying their formatting to the document – because of the lack of capital letters – runic characters could be entered in

10165-458: Was also supported by the pope and the sultan. Andrew's opponents pillaged the monastery of Miechów. A group of noblemen warned Andrew to leave Poland in February 1587. After realising that the Báthorys had little chance to seize the throne, Zamoyski decided to support another candidate, Sigismund Vasa . On Zamoyski's advice, the fourteen-year-old Sigismund Báthory was officially presented as

10272-686: Was de facto a margrave ; from the 15th century onward, the voivodes of Transylvania held the office themselves. The Székelys were considered a distinct ethnic group ( natio Siculica ) and formed part of the Unio Trium Nationum ("Union of Three Nations"), a coalition of three Transylvanian estates , the other two "nations" being the (also predominantly Hungarian) nobility and the Saxons (that is, ethnic German burghers). These three groups ruled Transylvania from 1438 onward, usually in harmony though sometimes in conflict with one another. During

10379-501: Was declared invalid in August, Andrew proposed himself to her. However, Rudolph II had not acknowledged Andrew's rule in Transylvania and sent envoys to the leaders of the " Three Nations of Transylvania ". He also urged Stephen Bocskai and Michael the Brave to invade Transylvania. Andrew summoned Stephen Bocskai to the Diet, charging him with treason. However, he did not believe the reports of Michael's preparations for an invasion and he

10486-401: Was elected king in 1587, Báthory convinced his cousin's advisors to send reinforcements to Poland to fight against Maximilian of Habsburg , who also claimed the throne. Báthory became Prince-Bishop of Warmia after the death of Bishop Marcin Kromer in 1589. In the early 1590s, Andrew and his brother, Balthasar Báthory , came into conflict with Sigismund Báthory over the presence of Jesuits in

10593-454: Was especially worried about clerical celibacy , because it prevented him from fathering legitimate children. He also hoped that his uncle would promote his secular career. His Jesuit tutors finally persuaded him to accept his uncle's decision. Andrew was made canon in the Chapter of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Warmia on 16 September 1581. The canons and the elderly bishop, Marcin Kromer , had been opposed to Andrew's appointment, but

10700-467: Was first described in late Humanist / Baroque scholarship by János Telegdy in his primer Rudimenta Priscae Hunnorum Linguae . Published in 1598, Telegdi's primer presents his understanding of the script and contains Hungarian texts written with runes, such as the Lord's Prayer . In the 19th century, scholars began to research the rules and the other features of the Old Hungarian script. From this time,

10807-782: Was held in 2006 in favor of autonomy. In 2013 and 2014, thousands of ethnic Hungarians marched for autonomy on 10 March (on the Székely Freedom Day ) in Târgu Mureș , Romania. 10 March is the anniversary of the execution in Târgu Mureș in 1854, by the Austrian authorities , of three Székelys who tried to achieve national self-determination. Since 2015, the Székelys also have the Székely Autonomy Day , celebrated every last Sunday of October. Áron Tamási ,

10914-505: Was installed as coadjutor bishop of Warmia. He was in Rome again when Stephen Báthory died in 1586. Andrew was one of the candidates to succeed him in Poland and Lithuania, but Jan Zamoyski , the Chancellor of Poland , convinced him to support another candidate, Sigismund Vasa , and to demonstrate the Báthorys' claim to the crown only through nominating his minor cousin, Sigismund Báthory , Prince of Transylvania . After Sigismund Vasa

11021-401: Was not widespread. The "revived" writing (in the 1990s) was artificially expanded with (various) "new" letters which were unneeded in the past since the writing was cleanly phonetic, or the long vowels which were not present back in the time. The shape of many letters were substantially changed from the original. She stated that no works since 1915 have reached the expected quality of the state of

11128-611: Was situated near Royal Hungary. The new papal nuncio, Annibale di Capua (who was their supporter) convinced the king to nominate Jerzy Radziwiłł to the see after Myszkowski died on 5 April 1591. Capua emphasized that Andrew had not been an ordained priest . Most Polish noblemen regarded the Lithuanian Radziwiłł's appointment to a Polish see unlawful, but Pope Gregory XIV confirmed the king's decision. Sigismund III's confessor and court priest, who were Jesuits, supported Radziwiłł against Andrew. Thereafter, Andrew urged

11235-535: Was surprised when Michael broke into Transylvania in October. The Székely commoners joined the invaders, because Michael promised to restore their freedom. On 28 October, Michael routed the Transylvanian army in the Battle of Sellenberk after Andrew—who had never participated in a battle—fled from the battlefield in a panic. The Diet of Transylvania recognized Michael as Rudolph II's representative. Andrew wanted to flee to Poland, but Székely serfs captured him on

11342-515: Was to leave Rome. The pope appointed him cardinal-deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro on 23 July 1584. On this occasion, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dedicated a motet to the Báthorys . Three days later Andrew left Rome. Andrew returned to Poland on 20 October 1584 and settled in Miechów. He rebuilt the altar in the monastery and introduced new ceremonies (including a 40-hour prayer for

11449-625: Was written between 1859 and 1868 by Balázs Orbán in his Description of the Székely Land . Hungarian: Old Hungarian script The Hungarians settled the Carpathian Basin in 895. After the establishment of the Christian Hungarian kingdom , the old writing system was partly forced out of use during the rule of King Stephen , and the Latin alphabet was adopted. However, among some professions (e.g. shepherds who used

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