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40-686: The Zhao–Xiongnu War ( Chinese : 趙破匈奴之戰 ) was a war that took place between the state of Zhao and the Xiongnu confederation in 265 BC during the Warring States period of China. The Zhao state in North China bordered areas inhabited by nomadic tribes described as the Hu (胡) people. Zhao first came into contact with the Hu in 457 BC. Throughout the history of Zhao, there were numerous raids on its borders from different Hu tribes. During

80-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

120-522: A decree stating that whenever the Xiongnu conduct raids, soldiers are to light the beacons and everyone is to retreat to the fortifications. They are not allowed to engage in battle or they would be executed. The approach was successful with no casualties or losses even after a few years. However both the Xiongnu and the Zhao soldiers thought Li was a coward. King Huiwen replaced Li and the next year, every time

160-613: A standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of

200-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

240-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

280-610: The Kensiu language . Zhongyuan In prehistoric times, Huaxia, a confederation of tribes that later developed into the Han ethnicity, lived along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The term 'Zhongguo' (Central State) was used to distinguish themselves from the Siyi tribes that were perceived as 'barbaric'. For a large part of Chinese history , Zhongyuan had been

320-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

360-803: The Southern Song . It was not until the Yuan (1271–1368) and Ming dynasties (1368–1644) that the political center of China re-located, as the Mongol Empire established the Yuan dynasty in Dadu (Khanbaliq, now Beijing). Later, Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty moved the capital at his power base in Beijing. Central Plains Mandarin (or Zhongyuan Mandarin) is the major language and native tongue spoken in

400-453: The 'Breadbasket of China'. Zhongyuan has a temperate monsoon climate with distinct seasons. It is usually hot and humid during the summer, cold and dry in the winter. The concept of Zhongyuan had often been changing in different historical periods, under different contexts. The term Zhongyuan first appeared in the Classic of Poetry not specifying any exact geographic locations. It

440-574: The Linhu (306 BC) and Loufan (304 BC) tribes and added their soldiers to its army. Zhao then established three commanderies of Yunzhong , Yanmen , and Dai in the new territories. They were protected by erecting long earthen barricades along what is now considered the Outer Great Wall . During the reign of King Huiwen of Zhao (298 BCE – 266 BCE), a Hu tribe called the Xiongnu became increasingly powerful and conducted frequent raids from

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480-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

520-587: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

560-531: The Xiongnu came the new general would let the soldiers attack them. Each time, they suffered significant setbacks with significant casualties. As a result, Zhao was unable cultivate the land or raise animals on the border. King Huiwen ordered Li to return to his post on the border but Li initially refused. Li stated if he was to return, he should be allowed to use his original approach of retreating without being forced to fight. King Huiwen agreed and Li returned. For another few years, there were few to no casualties and

600-590: The Xiongnu were unable to get anything out of their raids since everyone had retreated to the fortifications with their things of value. Eventually Li believed that Zhao had enough forces to face the Xiongnu and the time was right to fight them. The border soldiers were no longer getting the same rewards they were getting and were very eager to fight the Xiongnu. Li then prepared a large army that consisted of 1,300 war chariots, 13,000 cavalry, 50,000 infantry and 100,000 archers. Li carried out many military exercises with this army. Then he scattered this large force around

640-535: The Yangtze River, also pass through Zhongyuan. Since ancient times, Zhongyuan has been a strategically important site of China, regarded as 'The center and hub of the world'. The alluvial deposits of the Yellow River formed the vast plains of Zhongyuan in the Palaeozoic period. The region has sufficient water resources for plant growth, making it the center of the Chinese agrarian civilization, known as

680-665: The Zhongyuan region. It is a variety of Mandarin Chinese , formed and developed gradually based on the standard pronunciations of Mandarin and its predecessor, Yayan . In the Yuan dynasty, the rime book Zhongyuan Yinyun (Rhymes of the Central Plains) written by Zhou Deqing reflected the standard pronunciation of Early Mandarin. Some linguists argue that the Early Mandarin recorded in Zhongyuan Yinyun

720-568: The ancient people of Zhongyuan were using stone tools. The excavation of painted pottery and stone tools found from relics of Yangshao culture (5000 to 3000 BC) and Longshan culture (3000 to 1900 BC) prove that Zhongyuan was in the forefront of Chinese civilization throughout the Stone Age . After the rise of Erlitou culture (1900 to 1500 BC), Zhongyuan entered the Bronze Age. The emergence of private ownership and social classes led to

760-534: The battle. Following up on this Li then attacked other Hu tribes where he exterminated the Chan Lan, defeated the Donghu, and forced the remaining Linhu tribes to surrender. The Xiongnu Chanyu himself was forced to flee far away. For a decade after the battle, the Xiongnu did not dare approach the borders of Zhao. Since Zhao no longer had to worry about threats from the north, it could focus its attention on fighting

800-529: The formation of the first dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia dynasty . The Xia dynasty established its regime centered on Zhongyuan, setting the tone for later dynasties to make Zhongyuan the central region. From the rise of the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–c. 1600 BC) to the fall of the Song dynasty (960–1279), most of the legitimate dynasties established their capitals within the Zhongyuan area, except for Eastern Jin and

840-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

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880-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

920-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

960-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

1000-419: The north on the borders of Zhao. General Li Mu was appointed to oversee the borders and would frequently stay at Dai and Wild Goose Gate . He was given power to appoint officials and used the taxes to train the soldiers there. He killed several cows each day to feed the soldiers while also personally providing training to the soldiers on how to shoot arrows, ride horses and maintain beacon towers. Li made

1040-590: The northern part of Anhui and the northwestern part of Jiangsu . The north, west, and south sides of Zhongyuan are encircled by mountains, predominantly the Taihang Mountains from the northwestern side, Funiu and Xionger Mountains to the west. The central and eastern areas of Zhongyuan form part of the North China Plain . The Yellow River flows through the region from west to east. The Huai River and Hai River , as well as Tributaries of

1080-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

1120-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

1160-819: The other states in the central plains . Li himself would later fight against Yan , and became one of the main obstacles for the Qin in their wars of unification . In Hara Yasuhisa's Kingdom , this event was briefly mentioned in Chapter 155. In a one-shot manga that Yasuhisa wrote before publishing Kingdom , it details the preparations Li made for the war. Cosmo, Nicola Di (25 February 2002). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-43165-1 . Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are

1200-537: The pastures and the countryside. The Xiongnu first sent a small contingent to raid the border. Li pretended to be defeated, and abandoned a few thousand men to the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu Chanyu , hearing about this significant victory, decided to launch a large scale invasion into Zhao. Li divided his army into two and waited to ambush the invading Xiongnu forces. The Xiongnu found themselves completely encircled and were attacked from both left and right positions. Thousands of both Xiongnu soldiers and horses were killed in

1240-558: The political, economic, and cultural center of the Chinese civilization, as over 20 dynasties had located their capitals in this region. In the modern concept, the term 'Central Plains Region' is used to define the Zhongyuan area. In a narrow sense, it refers to the present-day Henan Province in the central part of China. A broader interpretation of the Central Plains' measure would also include Henan's neighborhood province, Shaanxi , Hebei , Shanxi , and Shandong , as well as

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1280-833: The predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

1320-591: The reaches along the Yangtze and Huai River , and even the whole North China Plain. Apart from being a geographical location, the term 'Zhongyuan' is also used as a historical and cultural concept that represents the dominance of the Han ethnicity. The history of Zhongyuan can be dated back to prehistoric times. There were traces of human activities in Zhongyuan about half a million years ago. Archaeological studies have shown that as far back as 80,000 to 100,000 years ago,

1360-622: The reign of the King Wuling of Zhao (325 BC – 299 BC), his kingdom was harassed by different Hu tribes such as the Donghu , the Loufan and the Linhu. In 307 BC, he made a decision to reform the Zhao military by making it adapt many of the traits that nomadic tribes had. This included creating a cavalry unit, using horse archers and adaptation of fur attire. With a newly reformed army, Zhao expanded into northern territories successfully defeating

1400-636: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

1440-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

1480-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

1520-539: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

1560-708: Was based on the pronunciation standards derived from the Luoyang and Bianliang dialects of Zhongyuan, which had been prevalent in the Song dynasty. In modern China, Central Plains Mandarin is mainly used in Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Hebei. The population of native Central Plains Mandarin speakers is approximately 124 million. In terms of tone, the key characteristics of modern Central Plains Mandarin are: The neutral and aspirated voiced initial consonants of entering tone in Early Mandarin are now pronounced as

1600-526: Was during the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) that the word came to denote the Central Plains region. Only until the Northern and Southern dynasties (420–589 AD) onward, the term 'Zhongyuan' were widely accepted as a geographical concept. The geographical view of Zhongyuan may depict different regions. It usually refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but sometimes also encompasses

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