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61-511: The origin of the Muhtajids is unknown; the name has been given by modern historians after their presumed forebear Muhtaj. They may have been descended from the Chaghān Khudās who ruled Chaghaniyan during the early Middle Ages ; another possibility is that their ancestors were Arabs who migrated to the region and were Iranicized. In any case, by the early 10th century Chaghaniyan had become

122-701: A Sogdian scheme to benefit themselves at the expense of the Turks. A related fact is that the Eastern Turks extracted a large amount of silk as booty from the Chinese, which had to be marketed westward. Before 568, Maniakh, a leading merchant, visited the Sassanian Persian court , in a bid to open up trade; this proposal was refused, apparently because the Persians wanted to restrict trade by and with

183-642: A few years later the Seljuks took control of the region. Principality of Chaghaniyan The Principality of Chaghaniyan , known in Arabic sources as al-Saghaniyan , was a part of the Hephthalite Confederation from the 5th to the 7th century CE. After this, it was ruled by a local, presumably Iranian dynasty, which governed the Chaghaniyan region from the late 7th-century to

244-600: A great victory over the Persians. The Turks returned, captured Tiflis and massacred the garrison. On behalf of the Byzantines, a Turk general named Chorpan Tarkhan then conquered most of Armenia . For the origin of the Onoq two contradicting accounts are given: In the beginning [after 552], Shidianmi [Istämi] followed the Shanyu [Qaghan] and commanded the ten great chiefs. Together with their 100,000 soldiers, he marched to

305-682: A pioneering account of the Turks. Maniakh now proposed to bypass the Persians and re-open a direct route north of the Caspian Sea . If trade on this route later increased (uncertain) it would have benefited Khorezm and the Black Sea cities and might have had something to do with the later rise of the Khazars and Rus' people . The Turks' control of the Sogdian merchant cities along the Oxus from

366-536: A traditional Turkic land, in the 2nd–4th century CE. They have low black sharp-nosed boots. They wear gold bracelets with lapis lazuli or pearls. On Western Turkic coins, "the faces of the governor and governess are clearly mongoloid (a roundish face, narrow eyes), and the portrait have definite old Türk features (long hair, absence of headdress of the governor, a tricorn headdress of the governess)". Bilge Khagan inscription, main side, 16: powerful enemies kneel and proud ones to bow. The Turgesh kagan (and his people)

427-760: A vassal to the Samanids of Bukhara . The first ruler fully attested to by the sources was Abu Bakr Muhammad b. Muzaffar b. Muhtaj. Under the Samanids he was the governor of Ferghana . When in 929 the Samanid amir Nasr II was temporarily expelled from power by his brothers, Muhammad remained loyal to him. As a result, when Nasr managed to restore himself he rewarded Muhammad with the governorship of Balkh , and then in 933 made him governor of Khurasan . During his time as governor of Khurasan, Muhammad battled various Dailamite bands in northern Iran. In 939 he fell ill and

488-547: A victory in 562, and the Turks took Tashkent . In 565, the Hephthalites were defeated at Qarshi and withdrew to Bactria, where fragments of this people remained until the Arab conquest . The Turks demanded the tribute formerly paid to the Hephthalites and when this was refused, they crossed the Oxus, but thought better of it and withdrew. In 571 a border was drawn along the Oxus, the Persians expanding east to Afghanistan, and

549-727: The Avars whom the Gokturks drove across the Volga River in 558, and who crossed the western steppe and reached Hungary by 567. The Turks then turned southeast. At this time the Hephthalites held the Tarim Basin , Fergana , Sogdia , Bactria and Merv , with the Persians at approximately their present border. Khosrow I made peace with the Byzantines and turned on the Hephthalites. Fighting started in 560 The Persians won

610-710: The Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan , to the east of Bishkek . Tong Yabgu 's summer capital was near Tashkent and his winter capital Suyab . The Western Turkic Khaganate was subjugated by the Tang dynasty in 657 and continued as its vassal, until it finally collapsed in 742. To the west, the breakup of the Western Turkic Khaganate led to the rise of the Turkic Khazar Khaganate ( c.  650 –969). The first Turkic Khaganate

671-794: The Muslim conquest of Persia , the Chaghan Khudah aided the Sasanians , during their struggle against the Rashidun Arabs . However, the Arabs, after having dealt with the Sasanian Empire, began focusing on the local rulers of Khorasan , which included the Chaghan Khudah and many other local rulers. In 652, the Chaghan Khudah, along with the rulers of Talaqan , Guzgan , and Faryab , aided the ruler of southern Tokharistan against

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732-629: The Oxus River to meet his ally, the Karakhanid ruler of Kashgar Qadir-khan Yusuf. During the reign of Mahmud's successor Mas'ud , the governor of Chaghaniyan was described as a son-in-law of Mas'ud's named Abu'l-Qasem, who may have been a Muhtajid. Abu'l-Qasem temporarily had to flee from the province in the face of an invasion by the Transoxianan Karakhanids. No more rulers of Chaghaniyan are mentioned after this, and only

793-634: The Western Regions against Gaochang in 640, Karasahr in 644 and 648, and Kucha in 648. The wars against the Western Turks continued under Emperor Gaozong , and the khaganate was annexed after General Su Dingfang 's defeat of Qaghan Ashina Helu in 657. The Western Turks attempted to capture the Tarim Basin in 670 and 677 but were repelled by the Tang. In 679, the Tang general Pei Xingjian led an army as far as Tokharistan , as he

854-726: The Zarafshan valley , Chaghaniyan, Khuttal , Termez , Balkh , Badghis , Herat and Kabul . In Chaghaniyan, the local ruler was named Faganish, and he started a dynasty. Circa 648-651 CE, the ruler of Chaghaniyan known as Turantash, sent an embassy under his chancellor Pukarzate to Varkhuman , the Sogdian king of Samarkand . The visit is mentioned in the murals of Afrasiyab , written in Sogdian: When King Varkhuman Unash came to him [the ambassador] opened his mouth [and said thus]: "I am Pukarzate,

915-552: The 7th century CE murals of Afrasiab in Samarkand. The Chinese delegates (left in the mural) form an embassy to the king of Samarkand, carrying silk and a string of silkworm cocoons . The Turkic delegates (right in the mural), are recognizable by their long plaits. They do not carry presents, as they are simply escorting the Chinese envoys. The scenes depicted in the Afrasiyab murals may have been painted in 648–651 CE, as

976-651: The Arabs. Nevertheless, the principality of Chaghaniyan still aided the Arabs against the Turgesh , and were present at the side of the Arabs during the Battle of the Baggage , where they were defeated and the Chaghan Khudah was killed. After the battle, most of Khorasan except Chaghaniyan remained under Arab control. Under Nasr ibn Sayyar , Chaghaniyan was once again a vassal of the Umayyad Caliphate. After this,

1037-603: The Arabs. Nevertheless the Arabs managed to emerge victorious during the battle. However, the Rashidun Caliphate soon fell into civil war, and was conquered by another Arab family, who founded the Umayyad Caliphate . In 705, the Arab general Qutayba ibn Muslim managed to make the Chaghan Khudah, whose name is mentioned as Tish , acknowledge Umayyad authority. The real reason for Tish's submission, however,

1098-548: The Avars. Valentinus then went east to meet Tardu . What caused this hostility is not clear. In 576–77 a Turk general called Bokhan and an Utigur called Anagai captured the Crimean Byzantine town of Panticapaeum and failed at a siege of Chersonesus . This marks the westernmost extent of Turk power. A major incursion into Bactria by the Turks, in 588–589, was defeated by the Sasanians . The Turk-Byzantine alliance

1159-457: The Byzantines. The members of a second Turk legation to Persia were reportedly poisoned. From 569, the Turks and Persia were at war, until the Turks were defeated near Merv; hostilities ceased in 571. In 576, Valentinus led a Byzantine mission to a Turxanthos whose camp was west of the Caspian. Valentinus wanted action against the Persians and Turxanthos complained that Byzantium was harboring

1220-807: The Chaghan Khudahs begin to fade from the sources. In the late 8th-century Chaghaniyan fell under the direct control of the Abbasid Caliphate , which had succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate in 750. The Muhtajids , an Iranian dynasty which in the 10th-century gained control over Chaghaniyan, may have been descended from the Chaghan Khudahs. ^   a:  Also spelled Chaghan Khuda, Chaghan Khoda, and Saghan Khuda, Western Turks The Western Turkic Khaganate ( Chinese : 西突厥 ; pinyin : Xī Tūjué ) or Onoq Khaganate ( Old Turkic : 𐰆𐰣:𐰸:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 , romanized:  On oq budun , lit.   'Ten arrow people')

1281-594: The Khaganate from a winter camp near Karashar . A timeline of the westward expansion of the Turks under Istämi might be reconstructed as follows: A first Turk legation (or embassy) to reach Constantinople visited Justin II in 563. A Sogdian merchant named Maniakh led a Turco-Sogdian legation to Constantinople in 568, pursuing trade and an alliance against the Avars and Persians. A Byzantine official named Zemarchus accompanied Maniakh on his return journey; and later left

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1342-724: The Persians south of the Caucasus, and also sent his son Tardush Shad to fight in Afghanistan, where he established the Yabghus of Tokharistan , who themselves projected the Turk Shahis as far east as India. In the year of Tong's death the Tang dynasty defeated and annexed the Eastern Khaganate. He was murdered by his uncle Külüg Sibir (630) with Duolu support. The Nushibi put Tong's son Sy Yabgu (631–33) on

1403-546: The Tarim Basin and then seized part of it until the war ended with Taizong's death. Irbis was overthrown by (Ashina Helu) Ishbara Qaghan (651–58) who, after about six years of war, was defeated at Battle of Irtysh River and captured by the Tang. After this there were several puppet Khagans. In 679–719 the old Gokturk capital of Suyab was one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi . The Tang dynasty exercised control over

1464-552: The Turks gaining the Sogdian merchant cities and their control of the Silk Road . Around 567–576 the Turks took the area between the Caspian and Black Seas. In 568 they took part of Bactria. Istami was followed by his son Tardush (575–603). About 581 he intervened in the eastern Göktürk civil war . In 588/89 the Turks were defeated by Persians near Herat in the First Perso-Turkic War . In 599–603 he gained

1525-547: The Western Regions and subdued the barbarian statelets. There he declared himself as qaghan, under the title of ten tribes, and ruled them [the western barbarians] for generations. Soon [after 635], Dielishi Kehan [of the Western Göktürks] divided his state into ten parts, and each was headed by one man, together they made up the ten shads (設 she). Every shad is given an arrow by him, thus they were known as

1586-534: The Western Turkic Khaganate was in its last days, before its fall in 657 CE, and the Han Dynasty was increasing its territory in Central Asia. They are recognizable by their long plaits . In the mural, the Western Turks are ethnic Turks, Nushibis , rather than Turkicized Sogdians, as suggested by the marked East Asian features and faces without beards. They are the most numerous ethnic group in

1647-492: The area until the time of An Lushan 's rebellion (756). The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks, were a series of military campaigns conducted during the Tang dynasty against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 7th century CE. Early military conflicts were a result of the Tang interventions in the rivalry between the Western and Eastern Turks in order to weaken both. Under Emperor Taizong , campaigns were dispatched in

1708-422: The collapse of the Tang in the 10th century. The Second Turkic Empire defeated the fragmented Western Turks in 712 and absorbed the tribes into the new empire. During the late 6th century, the Turks consolidated their geopolitical position in Central Asia, as the lynchpin in trade between East Asia and Western Asia – in which Persia and Byzantium were the dominant powers. For much of this period, Istämi ruled

1769-471: The command from Xiao and decisively won a battle against the Turks in an ambush. Ashide fled. Not long after the first defeat, Ashide Wenfu gathered his troops and united them with the troops of another chieftain Ashina Funian . Pei saw the distrust and suspicions between the two chieftains and exploited this weakness by driving a wedge between them. Eventually, Ashina Funian murdered Ashide Wenfu out of

1830-423: The dapirpat (chancellor) of Chach opened his mouth. The King of Chaganian named Turantash may have a been a " Hunnic " Hephthalite ruler, or one of the local Chaghan Khudah, who seem to have coexisted with the Hephthalites. During the late 7th-century CE, Chaghaniyan became independent from Hephthalite rule, and came under the control of presumably Iranian local rulers known as the “Chaghan Khudah”. During

1891-445: The dapirpat (chancellor) of Chaganian . I arrived here from Turantash, the lord of Chaganian, to Samarkand, to the king, and with respect [to] the king [now] I am [here]. And with regard to me do not have any misgivings: about the gods of Samarkand, as well as about the writing of Samarkand I am keenly aware, and I also have not done any harm to the king. Let you be quite fortunate!" And King Varkhuman Unash took leave [of him]. And [then]

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1952-472: The dynasty's cultural influences and the Turkic influence of the ethnically Turkic Tang soldiers stationed in the region . Indo-European prevalence in Central Asia declined as the expeditions accelerated Turkic migration into what is now Xinjiang . By the end of the 657 campaigns, the Tang had reached its largest extent. The Turks, Tibetans, Muslim Arabs and the Tang competed for control over Central Asia until

2013-630: The early 8th-century CE. These rulers were known by their titles of “Chaghan Khudah” ( Middle Iranian ; Čagīnīgān Xvaday , meaning “the lord of Chaghaniyan”). The Hephthalite Empire fragmented around 560 CE under the assault of the Western Turks and the Sasanian Empire . After this time, the area around the Oxus in Bactria contained numerous Hephthalites principalities, remnants of the great Hephthalite Empire. They are reported in

2074-575: The eastern half of the Khaganate, but after his death the two halves were definitely split. Heshana Khagan (603–611) was driven out of Dzungaria and then defeated by Sheguy (610–617), Tardush's grandson, who conquered the Altai, reconquered Tashkent and raided Ishfahan. His brother Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618–630) ruled from the Tarim basin to the Caspian Sea, and met Xuanzang . He sent men to fight

2135-417: The expanding Tang dynasty began to interfere. The Tang destroyed the Khaganate in 657–659. The Gokturks and Mongols were the only two empires to rule both the eastern and central steppe . The Gokturks were the first steppe empire to be in contact with three great urban civilizations: Byzantium , Persia and China. Their expansion west from modern-day Mongolia is poorly documented. Lev Gumilyov gives

2196-418: The fear of Tang's revenge against him. When Funian was brought to the Tang court, he was executed regardless of the fact that he surrendered his troops. Pei had promised Ashina that he would not be put to death, however, the court did not respect Pei's promise. Due to this incident, Pei retired. Ashina's death, according to New Book of Tang, was a scheme against Pei Xingjian by his very own clansman Pei Yan who

2257-415: The five Duolu (咄陆) tribes, and the three Nushibi (弩失毕) tribes. Syriac and Greek sources ( John of Ephesus , Menander Protector ) also confirmed that initially, the Western Turkic Khaganate were divided into eight tribes during Istämi 's lifetime and at his death. The ruling elites were divided into two groups and the relationship between the two groups were tense: the more aristocratic Duolu shads held

2318-627: The following. Bumin gave the west to his younger brother Istami (553–75). The campaign probably began in the spring of 554 and apparently met little resistance. They took Semirechye and by 555 had reached the Aral Sea , probably on a line from the lower Oxus , across the Jaxartes , north of Tashkent to the western tip of the Tian Shan . They drove before them various peoples: Xionites , Uar , Oghurs and others. These seem to have merged into

2379-463: The late 6th century on gave the Western Turks substantive control of the central part of the Silk Road . A Chinese general complained that the: "Turks themselves are simple-minded and short-sighted and dissention can easily be roused among them. Unfortunately, many Sogdians live among them who are cunning and insidious; they teach and instruct the Turks." Denis Sinor saw the Byzantine alliance as

2440-457: The mural, and are not ambassadors, but rather military attendants. Their depiction offers a unique glimpse into the clothing of the Turks of the 6–7th century CE. They typically wear three or five long plaits , often gathered together into a one single long plait. They have ankle-length monochromic sleeved coats with two lapels. This fashion for the collar is first seen in Khotan near Turfan ,

2501-505: The rest Tyules beks, Apa Tarkhan. Led by Shadapyt beks, Bairuks. Tamgan Tarkhan, Tonyukuk, Boila Baga Tarkhan, Buyruqs…, Inner Buyruqs, led by Sebek Kul Erkin, all Buyruq beks! My father. Bilge Khagan inscription, 2nd side: 15: From sons of Ten Arrows to wives, see this. Erected stone inscriptions… Tonyukuk inscription, main side, 19: I reached my army to Shantung towns and the seas. Twenty three town were destroyed. All of them had left on Usyn-bundatu land.(?). Tabgaches’ kagan (China)

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2562-540: The rotation of rule between the Tumen (through Apa) and Istämi (through Tardu) lineages in the Western Qaghanate. Thereafter, the name "ten tribes" (十姓) became a shortened address for the Western Turks in Chinese records. Those divisions did not include the five major tribes, who were active further east of the ten tribes. The earlier tribes consisted of eight primary tribes ruled by eight chiefs-in-command:

2623-439: The step of Yarysh". Having heard these words I told them the kagan. What to do?! With the reply (from khan) Tonyukuk inscription, main side, 42–43: Killed there. We took to prison about fifty persons. That night we sent (messengers) to every nation. Having heard these words, beks and people of Ten Arrows all came and subdued. When I was settling down and gathering the coming beks and people a few people ran away. I led to campaign

2684-405: The ten arrows. He also divided the ten arrows into two factions, each consisted of five arrows. The left (east) faction consisted of five Duoliu tribes, headed by five churs (啜 chuo) separately. The right [west] faction consisted of five Nushibi tribes, headed by five irkins (俟斤 sijin ) separately. Each took command of one arrow and called themselves the ten arrows. Thereafter, each arrow

2745-589: The ten tribes, probably from the Eastern Qaghanate in Mongolia and travelled west to expand the Qaghanate. The exact date for the event was not recorded, and the shanyu here referred to might be Muhan Khan . The second statement attributes it to Dielishi, who took over the throne in 635 and began to strengthen the state by further affirming the initial ten tribes and two tribal wings, in contrast with

2806-463: The throne. However, Nushibi quickly rebelled against Sy and enthroned Ashina Nishu as Duolu Khan (633–34), followed by his brother Ishbara Tolis (634–38). There was a Dulu-Nushibi conflict and Yukuk Shad (638–42), son of the final eastern Khagan, was brought in. The factions quarreled and the Nushibi and Emperor Taizong of Tang enthroned Irbis Seguy (642–51). The Tang dynasty demanded part of

2867-465: The title churs , and the lower-ranking Nushibi in west were probably initially made up of Tiele conscripts and their shads held the title irkins . During the reformation the more powerful Nushibi tribes such as A-Xijie and Geshu were sub-divided into two tribal groups with a greater and lesser title under a fixed tribal name, resulting in the attested On Oq & 十箭 shíjiàn "ten arrows"). Turkic delegates appear together with Chinese envoys in

2928-797: Was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia , formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan ), into a western and an eastern Khaganate . The whole confederation was called Onoq , meaning "ten arrows". According to a Chinese source, the Western Turks were organized into ten divisions. The khaganate's capitals were Navekat (summer capital) and Suyab (principal capital), both situated in

2989-418: Was also an enemy of the Simjuris; he therefore took part in the conflicts that marked the end of the Samanids as a power (see Nuh II of Samanid for details). By the end of the century the Muhtajid rulers became vassals of the Ghaznavids , who had supplanted the Samanids in Afghanistan and Khurasan. In 1025 an unnamed Chaghani ruler and other Ghaznavid vassals joined Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna when he crossed

3050-439: Was also escorting back to Persia the last Sasanian pretender to the throne, Narsieh . Pei Xingjian fought successfully against an invasion of Anxi led by Western Turkic Khan Ashina Duzhi , and numerous minor Turkic chieftains in the region then pledged their loyalty to the Tang dynasty . Meanwhile, general Pei Xingjian lost interest in reinstalling the Persian King and left Narsieh in the Anxi Protectorate alone, although Narsieh

3111-414: Was also known as one tribe, and the great arrow head as the great chief. The five Duolu tribes inhabited to east of Suiye [water] ( Chu River ), and the five Nushibi tribes to the west of it. Since then, they called themselves as the ten tribes. The first statement dates their origin back to the beginning of the First Turkic Qaghanate with Istämi, younger brother of Tumen ( Bumen ), who had brought with him

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3172-421: Was founded by Bumin in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea . Within 35 years the western half and the Eastern Turkic Khaganate were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak under Tong Yabghu Qaghan (618–630). After Tong's murder there were conflicts between the Dulu and Nushibi factions and many short-lived Khagans, and some territory was lost. From 642 onward

3233-412: Was jealous about his victories in the West. In 682, Pei was again put in charge of pacifying yet another Turkic rebellion against the Tang dynasty. However, he died of old age before the troops were sent out. The imperial court rewarded him the posthumous name Xian (獻) which means "Dedication", as well as the supreme military honorary title Taiwei (太尉). The areas controlled by the Tang dynasty came under

3294-595: Was our Turk. Because of their unawareness and foolishness, for their being traitorous, their kagan had died; his buyruqs and lords, had died too. The On-Oq people suffered a great deal. In order the land (lit.: 'earth and water'), which was ruled by our ancestors, not to be left without a ruler, we organized Az people and put them into the order... was Barys bek. Bilge Khagan inscription, 1st side, 1: I, Tengri- llike and Tengri born Bilge kagan Turkic. Hear my words. When my father, Bilge kagan Turkic, ruled, you, supreme Turk beks, lower Tardush beks, Shadapyt beks led by Kul Chur,

3355-553: Was our enemy. The kagan of "Ten Arrows" was our enemy. Tonyukuk inscription, main side, 30: ... he might kill us". "So the Turkic kagan started out" – he said. "All Ten Arrows people started out" – he said. – "(among them) there is also Tabgaches ' (China) army". Having heard these words my kagan said: "I will be a kagan .." Tonyukuk inscription, main side, 33: Three messengers came, their words were similar: "One kagan with his army went on campaign. The army of Ten Arrows people went on campaign too. They told that they would gather in

3416-403: Was removed from his post; he died in 941. Abu 'Ali Ahmad Chaghani was the most prominent of the Muhtajid rulers. He succeeded his father in his posts in 939 and earnestly fought to maintain a Samanid presence in northern Iran, attempting to stem there the rise of the Buyids , Dailamite officers who had already taken over southwest Iran. He fell out of favor with the Samanid amir Nuh b. Nasr and

3477-511: Was removed from the governorship of Khurasan. Refusing to accept this, he revolted and installed in Bukhara another Samanid, but eventually Nuh retook Bukhara. Despite this, he was unable to defeat Abu 'Ali, and in the end he allowed him to retain his rule of Chaghaniyan. In 952 Abu 'Ali was made governor of Khurasan a second time, but only a year later was again dismissed. He fled to the Buyids and died in 955. The Muhtajid rulers succeeding Abu 'Ali are not well recorded. Abu'l Muzaffar (b.?) Muhammad

3538-412: Was revived in the 620s during the last great Byzantine-Persian war before the Arab conquests. In 627 Tong Yabghu Qaghan sent out his nephew Böri Shad . The Turks stormed the great fortress of Derbent on the Caspian coast, entered Azerbaijan and Georgia, did a good bit of looting and met Heraclius who was besieging Tiflis . When the siege dragged on, the Turks left, and Heraclius went south and won

3599-418: Was still able to maintain his many servants and a high quality of life, and would continue on to fight against the Muslim Arabs for twenty years. Upon returning to Tang, Pei was appointed the minister of rituals and Great general of the right flank guards. In 679, Turkic chieftain Ashide Wenfu rebelled. Protectorate general Xiao Siye , a noble from Lanling Commandery, was defeated by Ashide. Pei then took over

3660-471: Was the ruler of Chaghaniyan toward the end of the 10th century. He was an ally of the Turkish general Fa'iq and together they fought against Abu'l Muzaffar's relative, Abu'l-Hasan Taher b. Fazl b. Muhammad, who had either been the previous ruler of Chaghaniyan or had usurped power there. Taher's army marched to Balkh in 991 but in the ensuing battle he was killed and Abu'l Muzaffar Muhammad established himself in Chaghaniyan. The alliance with Fa'iq meant that he

3721-461: Was to gain aid in defeating the local rulers of Akharun and Shuman in northern Tokharistan, who had been making incursions against him. Qutayba shortly defeated the two rulers, and forced them to acknowledge Umayyad authority. However, in 718, Tish, along with Gurak , the king of Samarkand , Narayana, the king of Kumadh, and Tughshada, the Bukhar Khudah of Bukhara , sent an embassy to the Tang dynasty of China , where they asked for aid against

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