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25-477: Bansenshūkai ( 萬川集海 , Ten Thousand Rivers Flowing Together to form an Ocean ) (Also pronounced Mansenshukai) is a Japanese book containing a collection of knowledge from the clans in the Iga and Kōga regions that had been devoted to the training of ninja . Bansenshūkai summarizes the main points of the three volumes of the original Ninjutsu book Kanrinseiyō (間林清陽), and was written by selecting only those that fit

50-574: A former minor Kitabatake vassal from Iga, visited Nobukatsu at his residence in Matsugashima and urged him to invade Iga, listing misdeeds being committed there. These included the expulsion of Niki Yubai , the nominal shugo of Iga, in June of the previous year. Tempted at the possibility of adding Iga to his domain, Nobukatsu dispatched Takigawa Kazumasu to build a castle at Maruyama in Iga to serve as

75-483: A much larger scale. The immediate trigger for this second invasion was a visit by two residents of Iga to Nobunaga's stronghold in Azuchi a month before, during which the men offered to serve as guides for an invasion of the province. Nobunaga agreed and rewarded the men. By this time Oda Nobunaga was at the height of his power. He controlled most of central Japan, including all of the territories that bordered Iga. He

100-424: A staging point for the campaign. Alerted of Nobukatsu's intentions by the construction of the castle, warriors from Iga decided to attack before it had been completed. They attacked Maruyama Castle in broad daylight on November 24, 1578. Taken completely by surprise, Takigawa was forced to withdraw from the castle, which the Iga forces then burned. He reassembled the remnants of his forces at nearby Tsuzumigamine but

125-482: Is debate on whether it was written in Iga or Koga. Both regions used copies. But the consensus seems to be it was written in Iga based on the references to "a person in our region" being a person from Iga. Toward the end of the 18th century, representatives from Koga petitioned the shogunate for a stipend. Among the documents they provided to the government to make their case was a copy of the Bansenshukai. This copy

150-485: Is still in the National Diet Library. The books include: There are two versions: After World War II , a limited number of handwritten copies were offered to the public. A few of these copies are in some major national and university libraries. It has recently been re-translated in various languages including English, French, German, and Japanese. Iga Province Iga was bordered by Ise to

175-572: The Iranki , Nobukatsu's losses numbered in the thousands. The campaign was thus a disaster; not only was Nobukatsu defeated, he had also lost one of his generals. Moreover, Nobukatsu had not consulted with Nobunaga prior to launching his attack. Nobukatsu's attack had been partly motivated by a desire to prove his merit to his father. Instead, Nobunaga was furious when he learned of his actions and threatened to disown him. Takino Jurobei On September 30, 1581, Nobunaga launched his own invasion of Iga on

200-533: The birthplaces of the ninja clans and ninjutsu . In 1581, two years after a failed invasion led by his son, the warlord Oda Nobunaga launched a massive invasion of Iga, attacking from six directions with a force of 40,000 to 60,000 men which effectively destroyed the political power of the ninja (see the Tenshō Iga War ). With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate , Iga was briefly (1600–1608) under

225-627: The commons of Iga" ( 伊賀惣国一揆 , Iga Sōkoku Ikki ) , or Iga ikki . Following the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Oda Nobunaga of Owari province began his rise as a prominent daimyō of central Japan, rapidly expanding his territory. In 1567 he began his invasion of Ise province , which was then largely under the control of the Kitabatake clan . He slowly caused the Kitabatake vassals to switch to his side, and forced Kitabatake Tomofusa ,

250-521: The control of Iga-Ueno Domain, a 200,000- koku han during the rule of Tsutsui Sadatsugu , a former retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi . However, the Tsutsui clan was dispossessed in 1608, and the territory of the domain was given to Tōdō Takatora , the daimyō of Tsu Domain . It remained a part of Tsu Domain until the Meiji Restoration . Notable Edo-period people from Iga included

275-581: The east and south, Ōmi to the north, Yamato to the west and south, and Yamashiro Province to the northwest. It roughly coincides with the modern municipalities of Iga and Nabari in Mie Prefecture as well as Yagyu in Nara Prefecture. Surrounded by mountains, historically, Iga Province was rather inaccessible due to extremely poor road conditions. However, the area is now relatively easy to access from nearby Nara and Kyoto , as well as

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300-497: The famous samurai Hattori Hanzō and the haiku poet Matsuo Bashō . Iga Ueno Castle was retained by Tsu Domain as a secondary administrative center for the western portion of the domain. After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Tsu Domain became "Tsu Prefecture", which later became part of Mie Prefecture . Iga was divided into 4 Districts (郡), which were further subdivided into 197 villages. The total assessed value of

325-463: The following day, but were ambushed as they did so. The waiting Iga troops made heavy use of their knowledge of the terrain and guerrilla tactics to surprise and confuse Nobukatsu's army. He retreated, taking heavy losses as his army became disorganized. The two other, smaller forces (1,500 men led by Tsuge Saburō through Onikobu Pass and 1,300 men led by Nagano Sakyōnosuke through Aoyama Pass) met similar fates, with Tsuge losing his life. According to

350-621: The head of the clan, to sue for peace following the Battle of Okawachi Castle in 1569. As part of the peace agreement, Tomofusa adopted Nobunaga's son Nobukatsu as his heir, ceding much of his authority to the Oda. In December 1576 Nobunaga and Nobukatsu assassinated most of the remaining Kitabatake leadership ( the Mise Incident ), cementing their control of Ise. The young Nobukatsu, who now had control over Ise, decided to expand his domain to include Iga as well. In March 1578, Kai Shimoyama,

375-593: The larger cities of Osaka and Nagoya . Iga was separated from Ise Province during the Asuka period , around 680 AD. The provincial capital was located in what is now part of the city of Iga , along with the ruins of the Iga Kokubun-ji . The Ichinomiya of the province is the Aekuni Shrine , which is also located in what is now part of the city of Iga. Little is known of the subsequent history of

400-621: The near-constant military conflict from the Ōnin War until the end of the Siege of Osaka almost 150 years later. As well as information on military strategy and weapons , it has sections on the astrological and philosophical beliefs of the times, and along with the Shōninki of 1681 and the Ninpiden of 1560 make up the three major sources of direct information about this shadowy profession. There

425-508: The province during the Heian and Kamakura periods . However, by the middle of the Muromachi period , Iga became effectively independent from its nominal feudal rulers and established a confederacy, Iga Sokoku Ikki . During this period, Iga came to be known as a center for ninja activity. This serves that basis of its claim, along with Kōka in what is now Shiga Prefecture , to be one of

450-544: The province in terms of kokudaka was 110,843 koku . [REDACTED] Media related to Iga Province at Wikimedia Commons Tensh%C5%8D Iga War Tenshō Iga War ( 天正伊賀の乱 , Tenshō Iga no Ran ) is the name of two invasions of the Iga ikki by the Oda clan during the Sengoku period . The province was conquered by Oda Nobunaga in 1581 after an unsuccessful attempt in 1579 by his son Oda Nobukatsu . The names of

475-400: The province. Instead, as also happened in some neighboring areas, the province came to be controlled by a league (ikki) of the numerous local warrior clans ( jizamurai ) which had formed to defend the area's independence from outside military forces. The earliest details of the league are unknown, but by the mid-16th century it had been formalized as an organization known as the "league of all

500-530: The rallying point for the northern Iga forces, and the siege of Kashiwara Castle in the south. With the surrender of the forces in Kashiwara Castle on October 8, organized Iga resistance came to an end. Oda Nobunaga himself toured the conquered province in early November 1581, and then withdrew his troops, placing control in Nobukatsu's hands. The espionage and guerrilla tactics developed by

525-424: The times. In the beginning of Bansenshūkai , the existence of the original text Kanrinseiyō was mentioned, but its existence had not been confirmed for a long time. However, in June 2022, a manuscript of the second volume of Kanrinseiyō copied in 1748 was found. It was compiled by Fujibayashi Yasutake in 1676, in the early years of the Tokugawa shogunate , to preserve the knowledge that had been developed during

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550-497: The wars are derived from the Tenshō era name (1573–1592) in which they occurred. Other names for the campaign include "The Attack on Iga" ( 伊賀攻め , Iga-zeme ) or "Pacification of Iga" ( 伊賀平定 , Iga Heitei ) . Geographically, the Iga region was surrounded by mountains on all sides that could be passed through only via narrow pathways. This, plus the distance of the region from major transportation routes, meant that Iga

575-489: Was again defeated and retreated back to Ise. Embarrassed and angered by this setback, Nobukatsu wanted to immediately attack Iga but was persuaded to wait by his advisors. Still determined to attack a year later, he formulated a three-pronged invasion the following year and departed Matsugashima on October 6, 1579. The Iga forces soon learned of Nobukatsu's preparations, however, and made plans to meet him. Nobukatsu and his main force of 8,000 men entered Iga through Nagano Pass

600-551: Was easily defendable by a relatively small number of men and was not a priority target for outside forces. The Niki clan had served as shugo of the province for the Ashikaga shogunate, but their control had never been strong and soon weakened further as the shōgun's authority diminished. No great warlord rose to take their place, although the Rokkaku to the north and the Kitabatake to the east extended their influence over parts of

625-427: Was therefore able to assemble a large army which attacked the province from all directions: Against this large army of 42,000 men, the Iga defenders only totaled 10,000 at most, and these were spread throughout the province. The Oda forces advanced, torching castles, shrines, and temples, and meeting relatively little resistance. The most significant military actions were the siege of Hijiyama Castle , which had become

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