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57-423: Langmuir-Blodgett may refer to: Langmuir–Blodgett film Langmuir–Blodgett trough Irving Langmuir and Katharine Burr Blodgett Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Langmuir–Blodgett . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

114-516: A hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail (example: fatty acids ) or nowadays commonly of nanoparticles . Langmuir–Blodgett films are named after Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett , who invented this technique while working in Research and Development for General Electric Co. Advances to the discovery of LB and LM films began with Benjamin Franklin in 1773 when he dropped about

171-644: A 2001 Award of Excellence for Library Architecture from the Library Administration and Management Association and the American Institute of Architects. Carpenter Library also houses the college's renowned collections in Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology, History of Art, and Classics. The Bryn Mawr College Deanery was the campus residence of the first Dean and second President of Bryn Mawr College, M. Carey Thomas, who maintained

228-480: A breakfast of strawberries and cream, a parade, dancing around the traditional Maypole , a feminist alternative called the Mayhole, and student performances. Dar Williams 's song "As Cool As I Am" has become part of May Day, as the song is played during the Mayhole celebration. The song is even called an "unofficial anthem" for the school. The traditions are organized and run by two Traditions Mistexes, elected by

285-680: A cellular membrane. Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr College ( / ˌ b r ɪ n ˈ m ɑː r / brin- MAR ; Welsh : [ˌbɾɨ̞nˈmau̯ɾ] ) is a private women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania . Founded as a Quaker institution in 1885, Bryn Mawr is one of the Seven Sister colleges , a group of historically women's colleges in the United States. The college has an enrollment of about 1,350 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students . It

342-425: A gas in a container. The density of surfactant molecules as well as the surface pressure increases upon reducing the surface area A ('compression' of the 'gas'). Further compression of the surfactant molecules on the surface shows behavior similar to phase transitions . The ‘gas’ gets compressed into ‘liquid’ and ultimately into a perfectly closed packed array of the surfactant molecules on the surface corresponding to

399-536: A group walking through, or else those who “split the poles” will no longer be friends. Additional traditions and superstitions surround the college campus and its facilities and buildings. Bryn Mawr has signed the American College and University President's Climate Commitment, and in doing so, the school agreed to make all new buildings comply with a LEED silver standard or higher; to purchase Energy Star products whenever possible; and to provide and encourage

456-622: A home there from 1885 to 1933. Under the direction of Thomas, the Deanery was gradually enlarged and elaborately decorated with the assistance of the American artist Lockwood de Forest and furnished with art from Thomas' world travels. From 1933 until 1968, the Deanery served as the Alumnae Center and Inn for the college. The building was demolished in the spring of 1968 to make space for the construction of Canaday Library, which stands on

513-470: A large part in its construction. Today, it is a space for performances, readings, lectures, and public gatherings. Old Library encloses a large open courtyard called "The Cloisters". The cremated remains of M. Carey Thomas and Emmy Noether are located in the Cloisters. Georgiana Goddard King is also buried in the cloister. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1991. The Great Hall

570-919: A local food bank. On the College Sustainability Report Card 2011, published by the Sustainable Endowments Institute, Bryn Mawr received a B+. The school's highest category score was an A in Investment Priorities, since Bryn Mawr invests in renewable energy funds. Bryn Mawr plays in the Centennial Conference and fields intercollegiate teams in badminton, basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, swimming, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field, and volleyball. The badminton team won national intercollegiate championships in 1996 and 2008. The mascot of

627-1120: A pioneer in medical education and in public health; 1891 Fellow in Mathematics Ruth Gentry ; artist Anne Truitt (1943); author Ellen Kushner (attended); economist and founding Director of the Congressional Budget Office Alice Rivlin (1952); four-time Academy Award-winning actress Katharine Hepburn (1928); poet Jane Hess Flanders (1962); Carol Alonso , nuclear physicist; Mary Elizabeth Taylor , former aide to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Forbes 30 under 30; Carolyn Goodman , mayor of Las Vegas from 2011–; Betsy Hodges , mayor of Minneapolis from 2013 to 2017; Renata Adler , novelist and journalist; Dame A.S. Byatt , novelist and Booker Prize winner; Joan Slonczewski , biologist and science fiction novelist; Caroline Stevermer , fantasy novelist; Rachel Simon , author and memoirist; Maggie Siff , actor (1996). Neuroscientist Candace Pert (1970) helped discover opioid receptors . Ana Botín

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684-409: A simple anti-reflective coating . Langmuir films are formed when amphiphilic (surfactants) molecules or nanoparticles are spread on the water at an air–water interface. Surfactants (or surface-acting agents) are molecules with hydrophobic 'tails' and hydrophilic 'heads'. When surfactant concentration is less than the minimum surface concentration of collapse and it is completely insoluble in water,

741-536: A solid substrate to create highly organized thin film coatings. Langmuir–Blodgett troughs Besides LB film from surfactants depicted in Figure 1, similar monolayers can also be made from inorganic nanoparticles. Adding a monolayer to the surface reduces the surface tension , and the surface pressure, Π {\displaystyle \Pi } is given by the following equation: where γ 0 {\displaystyle \gamma _{0}}

798-617: A solid surface is inserted into an aqueous solution containing organic moieties, the organic molecules will deposit a monolayer homogeneously over the surface. This is the Langmuir–Blodgett film deposition process. Through this work in surface chemistry and with the help of Blodgett, Langmuir was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932. In addition, Blodgett used Langmuir–Blodgett film to create 99% transparent anti-reflective glass by coating glass with fluorinated organic compounds, forming

855-400: A teaspoon of oil onto a pond. Franklin noticed that the waves were calmed almost instantly and that the calming of the waves spread for about half an acre . What Franklin did not realize was that the oil had formed a monolayer on top of the pond surface. Over a century later, Lord Rayleigh quantified what Benjamin Franklin had seen. Knowing that the oil, oleic acid , had spread evenly over

912-517: A vaulted auditorium designed by Arthur Ingersoll Meigs of Mellor, Meigs & Howe , two smaller spaces that are ideal for intimate performances by visiting artists, practice rooms for student musicians, and the Office for the Arts. The building's towers and gables , friezes , carvings and ornamental ironwork, designed by Samuel Yellin , were done in the gothic revival style. In the fall of 2009,

969-542: A ‘solid’ state. The liquid state is usually separated in the liquid-expanded and liquid-condensed states. All the Langmuir film states are classified according to the compressionality factor of the films, defined as -A(d ( Π {\displaystyle \Pi } )/dA), usually related to the in-plane elasticity of the monolayer. The condensed Langmuir films (in surface pressures usually higher than 15 mN/m – typically 30 mN/m) can be subsequently transferred onto

1026-470: Is a small enclosure with two wall fountains, one with a small basin and the other with a sunken reflecting pool. The decorative wall tiles above the smaller wall fountain and basin were purchased from Syria . In 1960, architect Louis I. Kahn and Bryn Mawr College president, Katharine Elizabeth McBride , came together to create the Erdman Hall dormitory. The Marjorie Walter Goodhart Theater houses

1083-781: Is chair of the Santander Group , one of the world's largest banking groups. Indie musician Michelle Zauner (who performs as Japanese Breakfast ) attended Bryn Mawr as well. The social reformer, Alice P. Gannett (1898), for whom the Goodrich-Gannett Neighborhood Center is named, attended Bryn Mawr, as did Maya Ajmera , CEO of Society for Science & the Public . Jeannette Piccard , American balloonist, scientist, teacher and priest. Notable faculty include Woodrow Wilson , chemists Arthur C. Cope and Louis Fieser , Arthur Lindo Patterson of

1140-417: Is equal to the surface tension of the water and γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the surface tension due to the monolayer. But the concentration-dependence of surface tension (similar to Langmuir isotherm ) is as follows: Thus, or The last equation indicates a relationship similar to ideal gas law . However, the concentration-dependence of surface tension is valid only when

1197-453: Is the difference in forces. The Wilhelmy plate measurements give pressure – area isotherms that show phase transition-like behaviour of the LM films, as mentioned before (see figure below). In the gaseous phase, there is minimal pressure increase for a decrease in area. This continues until the first transition occurs and there is a proportional increase in pressure with decreasing area. Moving into

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1254-501: The Patterson function , Edmund Beecher Wilson , Geraldine Richmond , philologists Catherine Conybeare , Grace Frank and Louise Holland , archaeologists Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway , Leicester Bodine Holland , Thomas Hunt Morgan , historian Caroline Robbins , mathematician Emmy Noether , neurobiologist Paul Grobstein , and Lillian Rosanoff Lieber , Richmond Lattimore , Tenney Frank , Mabel Louise Lang , and Lily Ross Taylor ,

1311-571: The social sciences , natural sciences (including lab skills) and humanities . In addition, they must complete one year of a foreign language and fulfill a quantitative skills requirement and an Emily Balch Seminar requirement. The Emily Balch Seminars are similar to courses in freshman composition at other institutions, though focus on a specific topic. The seminars stress development of critical thinking skills and are discussion-based, with "intensive reading and writing." Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were: In 1972,

1368-469: The 1970s. In 2015, Perry House was relaunched by the college in the former French tower of Haffner, which had undergone renovations and reconstruction the previous year. Along with Perry, now known as the Enid Cook '31 Center, a new residence hall was built where the old Haffner Language and Culture House once stood. Glenmede (formerly graduate student housing) is an estate located about a half mile from

1425-612: The Bryn Mawr community, regardless of current gender identity. The campus is in the municipality of Lower Merion Township . Most of the campus is in the Bryn Mawr census-designated place . The campus was designed in part by noted landscape designers Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted , and has subsequently been designated an arboretum (the Bryn Mawr Campus Arboretum ). The majority of Bryn Mawr students live on campus in residence halls. Many of

1482-542: The First Years Week, formerly known as Hell Week, takes place during the early part of the semester between February and March. It is a time where students complete silly tasks and attend special events created for them by an upperclassman (called a rose) who the freshman (called a bud) personally selects. May Day is held on the Sunday after the last day of classes, not on the traditional date of May 1. It includes

1539-558: The Rhys Carpenter Library was designed by Henry Myerberg of New York and opened in 1997. The space is connected to the rear of Old Library. The entrance is a four-story atrium. Names of art and archaeology faculty are displayed on the main wall of the atrium, along with a series of plaster casts of the metopes of the Parthenon . The roof comprises a wide grassy area used for outdoor concerts and picnics. The building won

1596-591: The United States and around the world. Other festivities held for the anniversary year included publication of a commemorative book on 125 years of student life, and, in partnership with the Philadelphia Mural Arts Program , the creation of a mural in West Philadelphia highlighting advances in women's education. On February 9, 2015, the college's board of trustees announced approval of a working group recommendation to expand

1653-905: The affected area since the organic molecules were arranged vertically. Langmuir’s breakthrough did not occur until he hired Katherine Blodgett as his assistant. Blodgett initially went to seek for a job at General Electric ( GE ) with Langmuir during her Christmas break of her senior year at Bryn Mawr College , where she received a BA in Physics . Langmuir advised to Blodgett that she should continue her education before working for him. She thereafter attended University of Chicago for her MA in Chemistry . Upon her completion of her Master's, Langmuir hired her as his assistant. However, breakthroughs in surface chemistry happened after she received her PhD degree in 1926 from Cambridge University . While working for GE, Langmuir and Blodgett discovered that when

1710-502: The college completed a renovation of Goodhart. Previously named after Bryn Mawr's first Dean and second president, Old Library was used as the primary campus library until 1970, when Mariam Coffin Canaday Library opened. The Great Hall (formerly the reading room of the library) was designed by Walter Cope (of Cope and Stewardson ) in 1901 and built by Stewardson and Jamieson several years later, although M. Carey Thomas played

1767-457: The college founded a year-long post baccalaureate pre-medical program for career changers. The program remains one of the oldest, most prestigious, and successful in the country — with an over 98% medical school acceptance rate. For the Class of 2023 (enrolling fall 2019), Bryn Mawr received 3,332 applications, admitted 1,102 (30%), and enrolled 374 students. For the freshmen who enrolled,

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1824-923: The college is the owl , the symbol of Athena , Greek goddess of wisdom. A large number of Bryn Mawr alumnae and former attendees are notable in their respective fields. The list includes Drew Gilpin Faust (class of 1968), the first woman president of Harvard University ; Hanna Holborn Gray (1950), the first woman president of a major research university ( University of Chicago ); modernist poets Hilda "H.D." Doolittle (attended), and Marianne Moore (1909); classics scholar Edith Hamilton (M.A. 1894); author, social activist and feminist Grace Lee Boggs (Ph.D. 1940); Nobel Peace Prize winner Emily Greene Balch (1889); geneticist Nettie Stevens (Ph.D. 1903); physicist Elizabeth Laird (Ph.D. 1901); physicist and astronomer Frances Lowater (Ph.D. 1904); mathematician Ada Isabel Maddison (Ph.D. 1896); Physician Martha Tracy (1898)

1881-488: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langmuir–Blodgett&oldid=932957853 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Langmuir%E2%80%93Blodgett film The monolayers are assembled vertically and are usually composed either of amphiphilic molecules (see chemical polarity ) with

1938-551: The main campus which at one point was available housing for undergraduate students. In 2007, it was sold to a conservation buyer as the annual costs of upkeep were too great for the college. In 1908, John C. Olmsted designed a private garden for M. Carey Thomas adjoining the Deanery . The garden was later modified and renamed as the Blanca Noel Taft Memorial Garden. In its current form, the garden

1995-462: The middle 50% range of SAT scores was 640–740 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 650–770 for math, while the middle 50% ACT composite score range was 29–33. Students celebrate four major traditions throughout the year, along with other minor traditions. Parade Night, which happens on the Friday of the first week of classes, is a tradition where the freshman class runs to Taylor Hall, while

2052-743: The monolayer collapse may remain approximately constant (in a process near the equilibrium) or may decay abruptly (out of equilibrium - when the surface pressure was over-increased because lateral compression was too fast for monomolecular rearrangements). Many possible applications have been suggested over years for LM and LB films. Their characteristics are extremely thin films and high degree of structural order. These films have different optical, electrical and biological properties which are composed of some specific organic compounds. Organic compounds usually have more positive responses than inorganic materials for outside factors ( pressure , temperature or gas change). LM films can be used also as models for half

2109-546: The older residence halls were designed by Cope & Stewardson (same architects who designed a large part of Washington University in St. Louis and Princeton University ) and are known for their Collegiate Gothic architecture, modeled after Cambridge University . Each is named after a county town in Wales : Brecon , Denbigh (1891), Merion (1885) , and Radnor (1887), and Pembroke East and West (1892). Rhoads North and South

2166-455: The plate leads to the following equation for the surface pressure: only when w p ≫ t p {\displaystyle w_{p}\gg t_{p}} . Here, ℓ p , w p {\displaystyle \ell _{p},w_{p}} and t p {\displaystyle t_{p}} are the dimensions of the plate, and Δ F {\displaystyle \Delta F}

2223-518: The site today. At the time of its demolition, many of the Deanery's furnishings were re-located to Wyndham, an 18th-century farmhouse (with several modern additions) which became the college's new Alumnae Center. Bryn Mawr is a small, four year, residential baccalaureate college. Although the college offers several graduate programs, the majority of enrollments are from students enrolled in the undergraduate arts and sciences program. Students at Bryn Mawr are required to complete divisional requirements in

2280-413: The solid region is accompanied by another sharp transition to a more severe area dependent pressure. This trend continues up to a point where the molecules are relatively close packed and have very little room to move. Applying an increasing pressure at this point causes the monolayer to become unstable and destroy the monolayer forming polylayer structures towards the air phase. The surface pressure during

2337-499: The solutions are dilute and concentrations are low. Hence, at very low concentrations of the surfactant, the molecules behave like ideal gas molecules. Experimentally, the surface pressure is usually measured using the Wilhelmy plate . A pressure sensor/electrobalance arrangement detects the pressure exerted by the monolayer. Also monitored is the area to the side of the barrier which the monolayer resides. A simple force balance on

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2394-575: The student body. In addition to major traditions, there are a number of minor traditions. These include offerings to a statue of Athena for luck or thanks, using a set of stairs leading up to Taylor Hall called the Senior Steps or down Senior Row, a row of trees in the center of campus unless a student is a senior. The Friendship Poles, a set of two vertical poles located under the main arch of the Pembroke Dorms, are not supposed to be split by

2451-533: The surface density compatible with the collapse of the monolayer (which leads to polylayers structures) the surfactant molecules execute a random motion on the water–air interface. This motion can be thought to be similar to the motion of ideal-gas molecules enclosed in a container. The corresponding thermodynamic variables for the surfactant system are, surface pressure ( Π {\displaystyle \Pi } ), surface area (A) and number of surfactant molecules (N). This system behaves similar to

2508-481: The surfactant molecules arrange themselves as shown in Figure 1 below. This tendency can be explained by surface-energy considerations. Since the tails are hydrophobic, their exposure to air is favoured over that to water. Similarly, since the heads are hydrophilic, the head–water interaction is more favourable than head-air interaction. The overall effect is reduction in the surface energy (or equivalently, surface tension of water). For very small concentrations, far from

2565-534: The undergraduate applicant pool allowing transgender women and intersex individuals identifying as women to apply for admission. This decision made Bryn Mawr the fourth women's college in the United States to accept trans women. Bryn Mawr "recognizes that gender is fluid and that traditional notions of gender identity and expression can be limiting", and has the official policy of accepting nonbinary students who were assigned female at birth as well. All current, past, and future students are fully recognized as members of

2622-711: The undergraduate level. From 1921 to 1938 the Bryn Mawr campus was home to the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry , which was founded as part of the labor education movement and the women's labor movement. The school taught political economy, science, and literature. The college celebrated its 125th anniversary of "bold vision, for women, for the world" during the 2010–2011 academic year. In September 2010, Bryn Mawr hosted an international conference on issues of educational access, equity, and opportunity in secondary schools and universities in

2679-474: The upperclassmen throw confetti. Following this, the first of the three “Step Sings” takes place, during which the student body sing various traditional and pop songs. The second is Lantern Night, which takes place in late October or early November, where first year students receive a lantern which symbolizes the passing down of knowledge, during a traditional ceremony with songs in Ancient Greek. Welcome

2736-407: The use of public transportation. The school's dining halls strive to be environmentally sustainable by working to expand their local and organic offerings, recycling in all dining areas, and recycling used fry oil as bio-diesel fuel. The dining halls previously offered biodegradable takeout containers, but reverted to Styrofoam in the 2009/10 academic year. Additionally, all leftover food is donated to

2793-406: The water, Rayleigh calculated that the thickness of the film was 1.6  nm by knowing the volume of oil dropped and the area of coverage. With the help of her kitchen sink, Agnes Pockels showed that area of films can be controlled with barriers. She added that surface tension varies with contamination of water. She used different oils to deduce that surface pressure would not change until area

2850-409: Was a virulent eugenicist, antisemite and racist who strongly opposed the admission of students who were not elite white women. Today, the building houses a plaque explaining the controversy of the former name and affirming the college's current dedication to equity and inclusion, which was unveiled during the 2019 Community Day of Learning. Named for Bryn Mawr's late professor of Classical Archaeology,

2907-435: Was confined to about 0.2 nm . This work was originally written as a letter to Lord Rayleigh who then helped Agnes Pockels become published in the journal, Nature , in 1891. Agnes Pockels’ work set the stage for Irving Langmuir who continued to work and confirmed Pockels’ results. Using Pockels’ idea, he developed the Langmuir (or Langmuir–Blodgett ) trough. His observations indicated that chain length did not impact

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2964-407: Was formerly known as "Thomas Hall" after Bryn Mawr's second president, M. Carey Thomas. The building was informally known as "College Hall" for a year before being officially renamed to "Old Library" in 2018. This renaming was in response to student protests, which claimed that many of M. Carey Thomas's views did not represent the values of the college. Student protesters identified that M. Carey Thomas

3021-601: Was named after the college's first president, James E. Rhoads; Rockefeller is named after its donor, John D. Rockefeller . Erdman was opened in 1965, designed by architect Louis Kahn . In addition, students may choose to live in Batten House (an environmentally friendly co-op). Perry House, which was originally established as the Spanish language house in 1962, was redefined as the Black Cultural Center in

3078-549: Was once the home of an Athena Lemnia statue (damaged in 1997) that is now located in a high alcove in the Rhys Carpenter Art and Archaeology Library. A plaster cast of that Athena now stands in her place at the Great Hall. Students often leave offerings to this statue in the hope that she will intervene on their behalf. In 2018, the board of trustees formalized the use of the name "The Old Library". Old Library

3135-645: Was originally affiliated with the Quakers (Religious Society of Friends), but by 1893 had become non-denominational. In 1912, Bryn Mawr became the first college in the United States to offer doctorates in social work , through the Department of Social Economy and Social Research. This department became the Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research in 1970. In 1931, Bryn Mawr began accepting men as graduate students, while remaining women-focused at

3192-543: Was the first women's college to offer graduate education through a PhD . Bryn Mawr College is a private women's liberal arts college founded in 1885. The phrase bryn mawr literally means 'large hill' in Welsh . The Graduate School is co-educational. It is named after the town of Bryn Mawr , in which the campus is located, which had been renamed by a representative of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Bryn Mawr

3249-547: Was the name of an area estate granted to Rowland Ellis by William Penn in the 1680s. Ellis's former home, also called Bryn Mawr, was a house near Dolgellau , Merioneth , Gwynedd , Wales . The college was largely funded through the bequest of Joseph W. Taylor , and its first president was James Rhoads . Bryn Mawr was one of the first institutions of higher education in the United States to offer graduate degrees, including doctorates , to women. The first class included 36 undergraduate women and eight graduate students. Bryn Mawr

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