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58-731: Salih Yıldız (born 1 January 2001) is a Turkish judoka competing in the extra lightweight (‍–‍60 kg) division. He is competing in the 2024 Paris Olympic Games . In 2019, Yıldız won the gold medal in the extra lightweight (‍–‍60 kg) division at the European Junior Championships in Vantaa , Finland, and the bronze medal at the World Juniors Championships in Marrakesh , Morocco. The next year, he took

116-479: A budō ( 武道 , martial way) . Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasized the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general. He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of jujutsu: At

174-420: A Waza is known as tori ( 取り , literally "taker") and the person to whom it is performed is known as uke ( 受け , "receiver") . Nage-waza include all techniques in which tori attempts to throw or trip uke , usually with the aim of placing uke on their back. Each technique has three distinct stages: Nage-waza are typically drilled by the use of uchi-komi ( 内込 ) , repeated turning-in, taking

232-717: A joint lock or a choke . While strikes and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice. Judo's international governing body is the International Judo Federation , and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit. Judo's philosophy revolves around two primary principles: "Seiryoku-Zenyo" ( 精力善用 , lit.   ' good use of energy ' ) and "Jita-Kyoei" ( 自他共栄 , lit.   ' mutual welfare and benefit ' ) . The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became

290-685: A form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object,

348-401: A former soldier, agreed to show him kata , but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of Kyushin-ryū school of jujutsu, also refused. Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher. In 1877, as a student at

406-584: A lifting motion from the hips; and ashi-waza ( 足技 , foot and leg techniques) , throws in which tori predominantly utilises their legs. Katame-waza is further categorised into osaekomi-waza ( 抑込技 , holding techniques) , in which tori traps and pins uke on their back on the floor; shime-waza ( 絞技 , strangulation techniques) , in which tori attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling uke ; and kansetsu-waza ( 関節技 , joint techniques) , in which tori attempts to submit uke by painful manipulation of their joints. A related concept

464-465: A long time wished to see judo as an Olympic discipline . The first time judo was seen in the Olympic Games was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the 1932 Games . However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport: I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at

522-485: A match with yuko scores now included within waza-ari. Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza . A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta ( まいった , I surrender) . A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 10 seconds scores waza-ari (formerly waza-ari

580-593: A method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to dō ( 道 ) , meaning "way", "road" or "path", which implies a more philosophical context than jutsu and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of tao . Thus Kano renamed it Jūdō ( 柔道 , judo) . There are three basic categories of waza ( 技 , techniques) in judo: nage-waza ( 投げ技 , throwing techniques) , katame-waza ( 固技 , grappling techniques) and atemi-waza ( 当て身技 , striking techniques) . Judo

638-974: A separate style of Judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University. The word "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko ( 高等専門学校 , literally "Higher Professional School") . Currently, competitions are organized between Japan's seven former Imperial Universities and referred to as Nanatei Judo ( ja:七帝柔道 , literally "Seven Emperors Judo"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with Brazilian jiu-jitsu . Four Books#Four Books The Four Books and Five Classics are authoritative and important books associated with Confucianism , written before 300 BC. They are traditionally believed to have been either written, edited or commented by Confucius or one of his disciples. Starting in

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696-547: A vital point. Atemi-waza are not permitted outside of kata . Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori ( 乱取り , literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice") . This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as Yakusoku geiko ( 約束稽古 , prearranged practice) , in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept

754-621: Is a vitally important aspect of judo. In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of nage waza and katame waza , excluding atemi waza . Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where

812-429: Is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo. There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today: In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include: Contest ( 試合 , shiai )

870-568: Is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Kanō Jigorō ( 嘉納 治五郎 , Jigoro Kano, 1860–1938) , born Shinnosuke Jigorō ( 新之助 治五郎 , Jigorō Shinnosuke) . Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture . He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and

928-504: Is mostly known for nage-waza and katame-waza . Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi ( 受け身 , break-falls) , in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi ( 後ろ受身 , rear breakfalls) ; yoko ukemi ( 横受け身 , side breakfalls) ; mae ukemi ( 前受け身 , front breakfalls) ; and zenpo kaiten ukemi ( 前方回転受身 , rolling breakfalls) The person who performs

986-465: Is now regarded as the Kodokan founding. The Eisho-ji dōjō was originally shoin . It was a relatively small affair, consisting of a 12 jo (214 sq ft) training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being Tomita Tsunejirō and Shiro Saigo . In August, the following year, the pair were granted shodan ( 初段 , first rank) grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art. Central to Kano's vision for judo were

1044-587: Is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on randori ( 乱取り , randori , free practice) in judo. On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata , was given the densho ( 伝書 , scrolls) of the Fukuda dōjō. Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo ( c.  1820 –1881). Iso placed more emphasis on

1102-669: Is sometimes considered the sixth classic but was lost. Up to the Western Han, authors would typically list the Classics in the order Poems-Documents-Rituals-Changes-Spring and Autumn. However, from the Eastern Han the default order instead became Changes-Documents-Poems-Rituals-Spring and Autumn. Authors and editors of later eras have also appropriated the terms "Book" and "Classic" and applied them ironically to compendia focused on patently low-brow subject matter. Examples include

1160-416: Is that of Sute geiko ( 捨稽古 , throw-away practice) , in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner. At the opposite extreme from yakusoku geiko is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if

1218-400: Is that of ne-waza ( 寝技 , prone techniques) , in which waza are applied from a non-standing position. In competitive judo, Kansetsu-waza is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation. Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as Katame-no-kata and Kodokan goshin jutsu . Atemi-waza are techniques in which tori disables uke with a strike to

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1276-440: Is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts: Commonly described as

1334-566: The 2024 European Championships in Zagreb, Croatia, he won the bronze medal. Yıldız qualified to participate at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris , France. Yıldız ranked 5th in the 2024 Summer Olympics. Salih Yıldız was born in Iğdır , eastern Turkey in 2001. Judoka The objective of competitive judo is to throw an opponent, immobilize them with a pin , or force an opponent to submit with

1392-549: The Classic of Whoring ( Piaojing 嫖經) and Zhang Yingyu's A New Book for Foiling Swindles ( Dupian Xinshu 杜騙新書, ca. 1617), which is known colloquially as The Book of Swindles or The Classic of Swindles . Traditionally, it was thought that Confucius himself had compiled or edited the texts of the Five Classics. The scholar Yao Xinzhong allows that there are good reasons to believe that Confucian classics took shape in

1450-690: The Eisho-ji ( 永昌寺 ) , a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward). Iikubo, Kano's Kitō-ryū instructor, attended the dōjō three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name Kōdōkan ( 講道館 , Kodokan , "place for expounding the way") , and Kano had not yet received his Menkyo ( 免許 , certificate of mastery) in Kitō-ryū , this

1508-668: The Han dynasty , they became the core of the Chinese classics on which students were tested in the Imperial examination system. The Four Books ( 四書 ; Sìshū ) are Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism . They were selected by intellectual Zhu Xi in the Song dynasty to serve as general introduction to Confucian thought, and they were, in

1566-528: The Ming and Qing dynasties, made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations . More information of them are as follows: The Five Classics ( 五經 ; Wǔjīng ) are five pre- Qin Chinese books that form part of the traditional Confucian canon. Several of the texts were already prominent by the Warring States period . Mencius , the leading Confucian scholar of the time, regarded

1624-544: The Spring and Autumn Annals as being equally important as the semi-legendary chronicles of earlier periods. During the Western Han dynasty , which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology, these texts became part of the state-sponsored curriculum. It was during this period that the texts first began to be considered together as a set collection, and to be called collectively the "Five Classics". The Classic of Music

1682-538: The University of Tokyo , Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in ( 整骨院 , traditional osteopathy practices) . After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke ( c.  1828 –1880), a teacher of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat dōjō where he taught five students. Fukuda

1740-658: The "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history. At the 57th general session of the International Olympic Committee , held in Rome on 22 August 1960, the IOC members formally decided to include Judo among the events to be contested at the Olympic Games. The proposal, which was placed before the session by the Japanese delegation, was welcomed by all participants. The few who opposed had nothing against Judo itself but against increasing

1798-620: The Han dynasty which supposedly survived the Qin dynasty burning of the books but many of them held that these works had not been edited by Confucius but survived directly from the Zhou dynasty . For quite different reasons, mainly having to do with modern textual scholarship , a greater number of twentieth century scholars both in China and in other countries hold that Confucius had nothing to do with editing

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1856-519: The Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for kyu grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited kansetsu-waza for dan grades. It was also stated that the ratio of tachi-waza to ne-waza should be between 70% and 80% for kyu grades and between 60% and 70% for dan grades. In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit kansetsu waza with the prohibition of ashi garami and neck locks, as well as do jime . These were further added to in 1925. Jigoro Kano for

1914-454: The Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as

1972-1066: The bronze medal at the European Junior Championships in Poreč , Croatia. He claimed the gold medal at the European Open in Riccione , Italy in 2022. The same year, he took the bronze medal at the Grand Slam in Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates. He received bronze medals at the Grand Slam in Tel Aviv , Israel and the Grand Prix in Zagreb , Croatia in 2023. Yıldız took bronze medals at the Grand Slam events in Tashkent , Uzbekistan and Antalya , Turkey. in 2024. At

2030-463: The classics, much less writing them. Yao Xinzhong reports that still other scholars hold the "pragmatic" view that the history of the Classics is a long one and that Confucius and his followers, although they did not intend to create a system of classics, "contributed to their formation." In any case, it is undisputed that for most of the last 2,000 years, Confucius was believed to have either written or edited these classics. The most important events in

2088-532: The contest. A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a waza-ari ( 技あり ) . Two scores of waza-ari equal an ippon waza-ari awasete ippon ( 技あり合わせて一本 ,  ) . This rule was cancelled in 2017, but it was resumed in 2018. Formerly, a throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a yuko ( 有効 ) . In 2017, the International Judo Federation announced changes in evaluation of points. There will only be ippon and waza-ari scores given during

2146-538: The first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in 1988 as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in 1992 . Judo was introduced as a Paralympic sport at the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul , with women's events contested for the first time at 2004 Summer Paralympics . Judo was an optional sport included in

2204-458: The first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei ( 判定 ) , the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges. There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if

2262-459: The hands of Confucius, but that "nothing can be taken for granted in the matter of the early versions of the classics." From the time of the Western Han dynasty, Yao continues, most Confucian scholars believed that Confucius re-collected and edited the prior works, thereby "fixing" the versions of the ancient writings which became the Classics. Confucian tradition believes that the Shijing collection

2320-486: The intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn. Kata ( 形 , kata, forms) are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of elements of the Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku , they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo

2378-482: The match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat. There are currently seven weight divisions , subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors: A throw that places the opponent on their back with impetus and control scores an ippon ( 一本 ) , winning

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2436-419: The model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from Ko-ryū . Judo has also spawned a number of derivative martial arts around the world, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu , Krav Maga , sambo , and ARB . Judo also influenced the formation of other combat styles such as close-quarters combat (CQC), mixed martial arts (MMA), shoot wrestling and submission wrestling . The early history of judo

2494-522: The number of Olympic events as a whole. There were only two dissenting votes in the final poll. For the first time in history a traditional Japanese sport has been included in the Olympic competition. Finally, judo was first contested as an Olympic sport for men in the 1964 Games in Tokyo . The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests. Dutchman Anton Geesink won

2552-427: The opponent is penalised (Hansoku-make). Two types of penalties may be awarded. A shido (指導 – literally "guidance") is awarded for minor rule infringements. A shido can also be awarded for a prolonged period of non-aggression. Recent rule changes allow for the first shidos to result in only warnings. If there is a tie, then and only then, will the number of shidos (if less than three) be used to determine

2610-412: The opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by "Submission", which could be achieved via Shime-waza or Kansetsu-waza , in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited. In 1900, these rules were adopted by

2668-465: The practice of "kata", and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano. Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dōjō of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of Kitō-ryū ( 起倒流 ) . Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori , with Kitō-ryū having a greater focus on nage-waza ( 投げ技 , throwing techniques) . In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dōjō at

2726-524: The principles of seiryoku zen'yō ( 精力善用 , maximum efficiency, minimum effort) and jita kyōei ( 自他共栄 , mutual welfare and benefit) . He illustrated the application of seiryoku zen'yō with the concept of jū yoku gō o seisu ( 柔能く剛を制す - 柔能剛制 , softness controls hardness) : In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever

2784-491: The relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ju yoku go o seisu . Kano realised that seiryoku zen'yō , initially conceived as a jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the Confucianist -influenced jita kyōei , the wider application shaped the development of judo from a bujutsu ( 武術 , martial art) to

2842-400: The textual career of these classics were the adoption of Confucianism as state orthodoxy in the Han dynasty , which led to their preservation, and the "renaissance" of Confucianism in the Song dynasty , which led to their being made the basis of Confucian orthodoxy in the imperial examination system in the following dynasties. The Neo-Confucian sage Zhu Xi (1130–1200) fixed the texts of

2900-821: The three editions of the Commonwealth Games : 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. From 2022, judo will become a core sport in the 22nd edition of the Commonwealth Games, in Birmingham and also the 23rd edition of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in

2958-555: The throw up to the point of kake . Traditionally, nage-waza are further categorised into tachi-waza ( 立ち技 , standing techniques) , throws that are performed with tori maintaining an upright position, and sutemi-waza ( 捨身技 , sacrifice techniques) , throws in which tori sacrifices his upright position in order to throw uke . Tachi-waza are further subdivided into te-waza ( 手技 , hand techniques) , in which tori predominantly uses their arms to throw uke ; koshi-waza ( 腰技 , hip techniques) throws that predominantly use

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3016-449: The time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu. Kano believed that " jūjutsu " was insufficient to describe his art: although jutsu ( 術 ) means "art" or "means", it implies

3074-731: The tournament of the penalized player. A number of judo practitioners have made an impact in mixed martial arts . Notable judo-trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists Hidehiko Yoshida (Gold, 1992), Naoya Ogawa (Silver, 1992), Paweł Nastula (Gold, 1996), Makoto Takimoto (Gold, 2000), Satoshi Ishii (Gold, 2008), Ronda Rousey (Bronze, 2008), and Kayla Harrison (Gold, 2012 and 2016), former Russian national judo championship bronze medalist Fedor Emelianenko , Yoshihiro Akiyama , Don Frye , Rick Hawn , Daniel Kelly , Hector Lombard , Karo Parisyan , Ayaka Hamasaki , Antônio Silva , Oleg Taktarov , Rhadi Ferguson , Dong-Sik Yoon , and Khabib Nurmagomedov . Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo

3132-405: The winner. After three shidos are given, the victory is given to the opponent, constituting an indirect hansoku-make (反則負け – literally "foul-play defeat"), but does not result in expulsion from the tournament. Note: Prior to 2017, the 4th shido was hansoku-make. If hansoku-make is awarded for a major rule infringement, it results not just in loss of the match, but in the expulsion from

3190-661: Was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the Shogunate government. Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, shodō ( 書道 , Japanese calligraphy ) and the Four Confucian Texts ( 四書 , Shisho ) under a number of tutors. When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo . The culture of bullying endemic at this school

3248-473: Was awarded for holds of longer than 15 seconds and yuko for holds of longer than 10 seconds). Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka ( 効果 ) . This has since been removed. If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and

3306-507: Was edited by Confucius from a collection of 3,000 pieces to its traditional form of 305 pieces. In the twentieth century, many Chinese scholars still held to this tradition. The New Confucian scholar, Xiong Shili (1885–1968), for instance, held that the Six Classics were the final versions "fixed up" by Confucius in his old age. Other scholars had and have different views. The Old Text School , for instance, relied on versions found in

3364-507: Was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jūjutsu ( 柔術 , Jujutsu ) dōjō ( 道場 , dōjō , training place) at which to train. Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. Jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly westernized Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and

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