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38-584: Other Wiyot people are enrolled in the Blue Lake Rancheria , Rohnerville Rancheria and Trinidad Rancherias . The Wiyot Tribe's land base includes two Reservations. Table Bluff Reservation and the Old Table Bluff Reservation are located 16 miles southwest of Eureka, California . The new Table Bluff Reservation is 88-acres. The Old Table Bluff Reservation was established in 1908, when a church donated 20 acres of land to

76-497: A Christian and civilized people. Old women wrinkled and decrepit lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long grey hair. Infants scarcely a span along, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds." Major Gabriel J. Rains (sometimes spelled "Raines"), commander of Fort Humboldt , reported on the massacre to his superiors that "Captain Wright's Company [of vigilantes ] held

114-599: A brief visit in 1806, Russian fur traders, whose 18th-century invasion in search of the sea otter had devastated the Pomo , were uninterested in the area, which was not a sea-otter habitat. The way of life of the Wiyot people, after many centuries of isolated development, was disrupted by the settlement of Europeans . The Josiah Gregg exploring party spent the turn of the years 1849–1850 at Humboldt Bay; subsequent to their return to San Francisco several ships set out to settle

152-401: A meeting at Eel River and resolved to kill every peaceable Indian – man, woman, and child." The vigilantes were also known as the " Humboldt Volunteers , Second Brigade," reported to have organized at Hydesville (the town called "Eel River" by Major Rains is now named Rohnerville ). Gaines reported that around five men had formed a volunteer squad to murder the sleeping women and children on

190-744: A small surrounding area. They are culturally similar to the Yurok people (Wiyot term: Hiktok ). They called themselves simply Ku'wil , meaning "the People". Today, there are approximately 450 Wiyot people. They are enrolled in several federally recognized tribes , such as the Wiyot Tribe (also known as the Table Bluff Reservation—Wiyot Tribe ), Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria , Blue Lake Rancheria , and

228-699: Is 16 miles (26 km) south of Eureka between Loleta and the South Jetty of Humboldt Bay. Some 350 people are enrolled in the Table Bluff Reservation – Wiyot Tribe. "Table Bluff Rancheria of Wiyot Indians of California" is the name under which the United States federal government previously listed the Table Bluff Reservation in the Bureau of Indian Affairs list of federally recognized tribes ; "Table Bluff Reservation – Wiyot Tribe"

266-768: Is headquartered in Loleta, California . The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, seven-member tribal council. The current tribal administration is as follows: English is commonly spoken by the tribe. The Wiyot language belongs to the California branch of Algic languages . The language is written in the Latin script , and a dictionary and grammar has been published for Wiyot. The last fluent speaker of Wiyot died in 1962. Prior to European contact, Wiyot people numbered approximately 2,000. They first encountered Europeans in 1802. Non-native settlers overran Wiyote lands during

304-465: Is now Eureka. Relationships between the Wiyot and the white colonizers became hostile, marked by raids and vigilante justice. On February 26, 1860, the Wiyot experienced a massacre which devastated their numbers and has remained a pervasive part of their cultural heritage and identity. Three days before the massacre, on Washington's birthday, a logging mill engineer from Germany named Robert Gunther bought property on " Indian Island ". The day before

342-460: Is now known as Tuluwat Island , since 1992, and a major cultural and environmental restoration project is underway there. More recently, the long-awaited World Renewal Ceremony has returned to the island, and is in the process of being revived by current tribal members. This event is private and central to Wiyot cultural beliefs. In 2000, the Wiyot established the Table Bluff Reservation on 88 acres (360,000 m ) of their homeland. The reservation

380-544: Is proof that the time has arrived that either the pale face or the savage must yield the ground." The Times apparently represented the mainstream opinion in the area at the time. An investigation failed to identify a single perpetrator, although those who did the killing were rumored to be well known. Although a grand jury summoned witnesses and held hearings, no one was indicted. Harte was threatened and in danger of mob violence. He quit his job and left Union in March 1860 by

418-668: Is the current designation. Some people of Wiyot descent are enrolled in the Bear River Rancheria. Since October 2019, the Wiyot have had the land deed to most of Indian Island , which previously was owned by the City of Eureka. The last documented native speaker of Wiyot died in 1962. The Wiyot tribal government is in the process of reviving the language. The people ate mostly clams and acorns , and made long, carved, log canoes . Healers and ceremonial leaders were mostly women, who received their powers on mountaintops during

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456-735: The California Gold Rush that started in 1849. Wiyots were killed in the Rogue River Indian War in 1852. On 26 February 1860, as the Wiyote people were celebrating their world renewal ceremony, European-American people ambushed Wiyot elders, women, and children in the ( Wiyot Massacre , now known as the Indian Island Massacre ) on what is now Tuluwat Island (previously Indian Island and Gunther Island) . The young men were off collecting supplies for

494-619: The Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria . The Wiyot and Yurok are the westernmost people to speak an Algic language. Their languages, Wiyot and Yurok , are distantly related to the Algonquian languages . The Wiyot people's traditional homeland ranged from Mad River (Wiyot name: potawot ) through Humboldt Bay (including the present cities of Eureka and Arcata ) to

532-539: The Yurok and Wiyot of northwestern California , which, despite their geographic proximity, are not closely related. All these languages descend from Proto-Algic , a second-order proto-language estimated to have been spoken about 7,000 years ago and reconstructed using the reconstructed Proto-Algonquian language and the Wiyot and Yurok languages. The term Algic was first coined by Henry Schoolcraft in his Algic Researches , published in 1839. Schoolcraft defined

570-419: The 1770 population of the Wiyot at 1,000. Sherburne F. Cook initially offered an estimate of 1,500 but subsequently raised this to 3,300. Kroeber reported the population of the Wiyot in 1910 as 100. The Wiyot suffered a devastating onslaught of violence by American settlers in the 1850s and 1860s, wiping out the majority of those alive in 1850 and dispossessing them of their lands. Surviving members of

608-549: The Wiyot Tribe. The land was allotted to individuals. The Reservation was formally recognized by the government in 1981 and 102 acres was purchased for the tribe. The Reservation is located on Table Bluff in Humboldt County , California . It lies at an elevation of 236 feet (72 m). The land is also known as the "Old Reservation" for the Wiyot . As of the 2010 Census the population was 103. The Wiyot Tribe

646-407: The Wiyot and Yurok (along the middle Columbia River according to Whistler ). The genetic relation of Wiyot and Yurok to Algonquian was first proposed by Edward Sapir (1913, 1915, 1923), and argued against by Algonquianist Truman Michelson (1914, 1914, 1935). According to Lyle Campbell (1997), the relationship "has subsequently been demonstrated to the satisfaction of all." This controversy in

684-524: The bay. The crew of seafarer Douglass Ottinger became, in 1850, the first Americans to enter Humboldt Bay. White settlement followed swiftly. Fort Humboldt was established on January 30, 1853, by the Army as a buffer between Native Americans, gold-seekers and settlers under the command of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Robert C. Buchanan of the U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment . Among the miners, farmers, ranchers and loggers pouring into California, many settled at what

722-603: The early classification of North American languages was called the "Ritwan controversy" because Wiyot and Yurok were assigned to a genetic grouping called "Ritwan." Most specialists now reject the validity of the Ritwan genetic node. Berman (1982) suggested that Wiyot and Yurok share sound changes not shared by the rest of Algic (which would be explainable by either areal diffusion or genetic relatedness); Proulx (2004) argued against Berman's conclusion of common sound changes. More recently, Sergei Nikolaev has argued in two papers for

760-584: The first such ceremony to take place on the island since the massacre. In 2022, the Wiyot historical culture center opened in Eureka. Algic languages The Algic languages (also Algonquian–Wiyot–Yurok or Algonquian–Ritwan) are an indigenous language family of North America . Most Algic languages belong to the Algonquian subfamily, dispersed over a broad area from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Canada . The other Algic languages are

798-489: The guilty to justice, but learned "We soon found that we had better keep our mouths shut." Three other attacks on Indian settlements took place within two days: at the South Spit (Eureka), at South Fork Eel River (Rohnerville), and at Eagle Prairie (Rio Dell). Gunther said, "It was never publicly known who did the killing, yet secretly the parties were pointed out." The 1860 massacre was well documented historically and

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836-441: The island. In his army reports, appalled at the massacres and at the openly discussed aims of the local white settlers to kill the Wiyot, he stated there were 55 killed at Indian Island, 40 on South Fork Eel River, and 35 at Eagle Prairie. South Fork Eel River became Rohnerville and was later annexed by Fortuna ; Eagle Prairie is now the site of the town of Rio Dell . Meanwhile, The Humboldt Times newspaper editorialized, "For

874-433: The lower Eel River basin. Inland, their territory was heavily forested in ancient redwood. Their stretch of shoreland was mostly sandy, composed of dunes and tidal marsh. They recognized three divisions based on dialect and geography (from north to south): The Wiyots were among the last indigenous people in California to encounter white settlers. Spanish missions extended only as far north as San Francisco Bay . Following

912-479: The massacre, 25 February, the Weekly Humboldt Times editorialized: "The Indians are still killing stock of the settlers in the back country and will continue to do so until they are driven from that section, or exterminated"; meanwhile prominent local residents had already formed a vigilante committee to deal with the problem, and were sworn to never reveal their membership. For several days before

950-587: The massacre, World Renewal ceremonies were being held at the village of Tuluwat, on Indian Island less than a mile offshore from Eureka in Humboldt Bay. Up to 250 Wiyot participated in the ceremonies. The leader of the Humboldt Bay Wiyots was Captain Jim. He organized and led the ceremony to start a new year. A group of white men came to the island in the early morning after the last ceremony

988-815: The next day's ceremony leaving the village defenseless, allowing for a group of men from Eureka (who had been planning the massacre) to row across the bay carrying silent weapons (to avoid alarming the nearby city). When the men came back, their families were piled up leaving only one survivor, a hidden infant. Two other villages were massacred that night. Post massacre numbers were estimated to be around 200. 40°41′02″N 124°14′44″W  /  40.68389°N 124.24556°W  / 40.68389; -124.24556 Wiyot people The Wiyot ( Wiyot : Wíyot , Chetco-Tolowa : Wee-'at xee-she or Wee-yan' Xee-she' , Euchre Creek Tututni : Wii-yat-dv-ne – "Mad River People", Yurok : Weyet ) are an indigenous people of California living near Humboldt Bay , California and

1026-475: The night. The Wiyot religion shares much in common with that of the neighboring Yurok with certain differences. A central act in the Wiyot people's spirituality is an annual World Renewal Ceremony held at Tuluwat village. Indian Island, formerly called Duluwat Island, was and is the center of the Wiyot world. On the island, at the start of each year, a ceremonial dance called the World Renewal ceremony

1064-461: The northeast tip of the 275-acre (1.11 km ) island on May 18, 2006. Tuluwat, the sacred Wiyot village of Indian Island, is currently being restored by the Wiyot tribe. Eureka businesses have stepped forward to donate supplies and trash barges, and the citizens of Eureka have donated to a Tuluwat restoration fund. In 2013, Wiyot tribe members returned to Indian Island by canoe, and announced plans to hold another World Renewal Ceremony; it will be

1102-460: The number of Wiyots killed that night vary from 80 to 200; they were mostly women and children, who were apart from the men conducting ceremonies. There was one survivor of the massacred group on Tuluwat, an infant named Jerry James. Gunther had been asleep on the mainland across Humboldt Bay from the Island and had awakened to what he thought were screams, but went back to sleep. The next morning he

1140-460: The past four years we have advocated two—and only two—alternatives for ridding our country of Indians: either remove them to some reservation or kill them. The loss of life and destruction of property by the Indians for ten years past has not failed to convince every sensitive man that the two races cannot live together, and the recent desperate and bloody demonstrations on Indian Island and elsewhere

1178-959: The steamer Columbia for San Francisco, where an anonymous letter published in a city paper is attributed to him, describing widespread community approval of the massacre. The Wiyot people were thus decimated. They were corralled at Fort Humboldt for protection however many died there. Survivors were herded mostly to Round Valley, established as an Indian reservation within California, but they kept escaping and returning to their homeland. By 1850, there were about 2,000 Wiyot and Karok people living within this area. After 1860, there were an estimated 200 people left. By 1910, there were fewer than 100 full-blood Wiyot people living within their ancestral territory. This rapid decline in population occurred due to disease , slavery , target practice, protection, being herded from place to place (survivors' descendants describe this as "death marches"), and massacres. Memorials have been held annually at Tuluwat village, on what

Wiyot Tribe - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-415: The term as "derived from the words Allegheny and Atlantic , in reference to the indigenous people anciently located in this geographical area." Schoolcraft's terminology was not retained. The peoples he called "Algic" were later included among the speakers of Algonquian languages. This language group is also referred to as "Algonquian-Ritwan" and "Wiyot-Yurok-Algonquian." When Edward Sapir proposed that

1254-701: The tribe intermarried with neighboring groups, including the Yurok. About 500 Wiyot live in Northern California today, still well below their mid-19th century population of 2,000. In a step towards making amends, in June 2004 the Eureka City Council transferred 40 acres (160,000 m ) of Indian Island back to the Wiyot tribe, to add to 1.5 acres (6,100 m ) the Wiyot had purchased. The council also transferred 60 acres (240,000 m ) on

1292-566: The well-established Algonquian family was genetically related to the Wiyot and Yurok languages of northern California , he applied the term Algic to this larger family. The Algic urheimat is thought to have been located in the Northwestern United States somewhere between the suspected homeland of the Algonquian branch (to the west of Lake Superior according to Ives Goddard ) and the earliest known location of

1330-573: Was awakened by the Justice of the Peace who went with Gunther to inspect the Island following reports that Indians had been killed. He was appalled by what he saw, recalling " …what a sight presented itself to our eyes. Corpses lying all around, and all women and children, but two. Most of them had their skulls split. One old Indian, who looked to be a hundred years old, had his skull split, and still he sat there shivering". Gunther initially desired to bring

1368-512: Was completed and most of the Indian men had left the island, leaving only women and children. The whites were armed with hatchets, clubs and knives and had left their guns behind so the noise of the slaughter would be only screams rather than gunshots. This was not the only massacre that took place that night. Two other village sites were raided, on the Eel River and on the South Spit. Reports of

1406-420: Was held, which lasted seven to ten days. Ceremonial masks were worn during the dance. All people were welcomed; no one was turned away. It was held at the village site of Tuluwat on the northern part of the island. Traditionally the men would leave the island and return the next day with the day's supplies. The elders, women and children were left to rest on the island along with a few men. Alfred L. Kroeber put

1444-468: Was reported in San Francisco and New York City by the young American writer Bret Harte . Harte was working as a printer's helper and assistant editor at a local newspaper at the time, and his boss was temporarily absent, leaving Harte in charge of the paper. Harte published a detailed account condemning the event, writing, "a more shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of

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