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40-574: Nanyuan Airport ceased civil operations on 25 September 2019, after all commercial passenger flights (operated by China United Airlines ) were moved to the newly opened Beijing Daxing International Airport . It remained operational as a People's Liberation Army Air Force military base until 30 September 2019, when the Beijing Nanjiao Airport  [ zh ] (known as "New Nanyuan Airport" during construction, adjacent to Beijing Daxing Airport) opened. The first aircraft landed in

80-653: A Boeing 767-300ER , which was previously ordered by Delta Air Lines , as Jiang Zemin 's private jet. Several days before its first flight, covert listening devices were found installed in the toilet, corridor, and even in Jiang's headboard. The devices were believed to be controlled and monitored by satellite. The Central Intelligence Agency , the United States Embassy in China , and China United Airlines refused to comment on this incident. The specific aircraft

120-576: A hub, the airline still refers to it as a focus city. A fortress hub exists when an airline controls a significant majority of the market at one of its hubs. Competition is particularly difficult at fortress hubs. As of 2012 , examples included Delta Air Lines at Atlanta , Detroit , Minneapolis/St. Paul and Salt Lake City ; American Airlines at Charlotte , Dallas Fort Worth , Miami , and Philadelphia ; and United Airlines at Houston–Intercontinental , Newark and Washington-Dulles . Flag carriers have historically enjoyed similar dominance at

160-466: A package through Oakland International Airport when shipping packages between destinations near Seattle and Phoenix, Arizona instead of sending deliveries through the Memphis Superhub . A given hub's capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day, at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub. A reliever hub has

200-484: A passenger transit period, repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane. In past, Air India operated a scissor hub at London's Heathrow Airport , where passengers from Delhi , Ahmedabad , and Mumbai could continue onto a flight to Newark . Until its grounding, Jet Airways operated a similar scissor hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to transport passengers from Bangalore , Mumbai and Delhi to Toronto-Pearson and vice versa. At

240-474: A precursor is a bilateral treaty between two country pairs. WestJet used to utilize St. John's as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from Ottawa , Toronto , and Orlando and outbound to Dublin and London–Gatwick . Qantas similarly used to utilize Los Angeles International Airport as a scissor hub for flights inbound from Melbourne, Brisbane or Sydney, where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to New York–JFK . In

280-548: A similar model of business with its hubs at Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport . Generally speaking, a marginal majority of the airline's long-haul flights are based out of Frankfurt, while a similarly sized but smaller minority are based out of Munich. In past history, carriers have maintained niche, time-of-day operations at hubs. The most notable was America West 's use of McCarran International Airport (now named after longtime Nevada Senator Harry Reid ) in Las Vegas as

320-495: A wide array of destinations. However, it requires having to regularly make connections en route to their final destination, which increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs (fortress hubs), allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative. High domestic connectivity in the United States is achieved through airport location and hub dominance. The top 10 megahubs in

360-633: Is a frequent stop-over hub for many cargo airlines flying between Asia and North America. Most cargo airlines only stop in Anchorage for refueling and customs, but FedEx and UPS frequently use Anchorage to sort trans-pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs. Passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the FedEx and UPS hubs are often regarded as scissor hubs , as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and, after

400-412: Is part of the hub-and-spoke system . An airline may operate flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve (via an intermediate connection) city-pairs that could otherwise not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with

440-850: Is the main hub for an airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are Air Canada 's hubs at Montréal–Trudeau and Vancouver , British Airways ' hub at London–Gatwick , Air India 's hub at Mumbai and Lufthansa 's hub at Munich . By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach. They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs. Cargo airlines like FedEx Express and UPS Airlines also operate secondary hubs to an extent, but these are primarily used to serve regional high-demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel; an example of this would be FedEx transiting

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480-589: The Civil Aviation Administration of China approved the relaunch of the airline, now with Shanghai Airlines holding 80 percent of the stake, as well as China Aviation Supplies Holding Company as a secondary shareholder. Even though China United Airlines has since then lost its military status, it is uniquely still permitted to use military air bases as destinations, in contrast to other Chinese airlines and other airlines in general. In 2000, China United Airlines spent US$ 120 million to buy

520-669: The Second Zhili–Fengtian War , the academy was closed. However, the more than 100 pilots that trained in the academy over 4 terms have played important roles in China's aviation history. Later on, some of them become key persons in civil aviation. In the brief episode of the Manchu Restoration led by Qing loyalist general Zhang Xun in July 1917, then- Premier Duan Qirui ordered a Caudron Type D aircraft piloted by Pan Shizhong (潘世忠) and bombardier Du Yuyuan (杜裕源) of

560-497: The airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes. A focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. Although the term focus city is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well. For example, even though JetBlue 's operations at New York–JFK resemble that of

600-475: The point-to-point model , in which there are no hubs and nonstop flights are instead offered between spoke cities. Hub airports also serve origin and destination (O&D) traffic. The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers originating at multiple spoke cities. However,

640-634: The Nanyuan airport for regular use. Nanyuan airport was the first airport in China and one of the three operational airports opened before 1910s in the world . After the Xinhai Revolution , Yuan Shikai , who followed suggestions from the French advisers, established the first official flying academy in China in 1913, Nanyuan Flying Academy , with Li Ruyan as chief, and purchased 10 French Caudron trainer aircraft for 300,000 silver dollars. After

680-533: The Nanyuan area in 1904. In July 1907, the government built rudimentary runways in Nanyuan's Yijun training ground (also known as the Wulidian soldier training ground) and used it for a light aircraft purchased from France. In August 1910, the Qing government began to establish air transportation in China with the construction of a factory in Nanyuan to experiment with manufacturing aircraft, thereby officially opening

720-600: The US airline industry was deregulated in 1978, most airlines operated under the point-to-point system (with a notable exception being Pan Am ). The Civil Aeronautics Board dictated which routes an airline could fly. At the same time, however, some airlines began to experiment with the hub-and-spoke system. Delta Air Lines was the first to implement such a system, providing service to remote spoke cities from its Atlanta hub. After deregulation, many airlines quickly established hub-and-spoke route networks of their own. In 1974,

760-472: The US are dominated by American Airlines , Delta Air Lines and United Airlines , the three largest United States–based airlines. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time. The banks may be known as "peaks" of activity at the hubs and the non-banks as "valleys". Banking allows for short connection times for passengers. However, an airline must assemble many resources to cater to

800-630: The aspirations of UAE Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum to transform the latter into a world-class metropolis. Sheikh Mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in Dubai, Emirates , which launched operations in 1985. Elsewhere in the Middle East region, Qatar and Oman decided to create their own airlines as well. Qatar Airways and Oman Air were both founded in 1993, with hubs at Doha and Muscat respectively. As

840-617: The country's fledgling air force based in Nanyuan to fly to and drop bombs over the Forbidden City; three bombs were dropped, causing the death of a eunuch but otherwise minor damage. During the Sino-Japanese War , the Japanese Army extended the airport, upgraded its air traffic control facilities, and changed the name to Nanyuan military camp. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, Nanyuan Airport became one of

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880-806: The day. This phenomenon is also known as "depeaking". While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub. American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks . It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs. For example, the hub of Qatar Airways in Doha Airport has 471 daily movements to 140 destinations by March 2020 with an average of 262 seats per movement; in three main waves: 05:00–09:00 (132 movements), 16:00–21:00 (128) and 23:00–03:00 (132), allowing around 30 million connecting passengers in 2019. Before

920-554: The deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for the airline. UPS Airlines has followed a similar pattern in Louisville. In Europe, ASL Airlines , Cargolux and DHL Aviation follow a similar strategy and operate their primary hubs at Liège , Luxembourg and Leipzig respectively. Additionally, Ted Stevens International Airport in Anchorage, Alaska ,

960-557: The development of traditional hubs, such as London-Heathrow , Paris-Charles de Gaulle , and New York-JFK . A cargo hub is an airport that primarily is operated by a cargo airline that uses the hub-and-spoke system. In the United States , two of the largest cargo hub airports, FedEx 's Memphis Superhub and UPS Louisville Worldport , are close to the mean center of the United States population . FedEx's airline, FedEx Express , established its Memphis hub in 1973, prior to

1000-474: The following aircraft: China United Airlines has a total of 7 special livery aircraft in service, all of which are named after cities in China: Airline hub An airline hub or hub airport is an airport used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations. Hubs serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to help get passengers to their final destination. It

1040-647: The governments of Bahrain , Oman , Qatar and the United Arab Emirates took control of Gulf Air from the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). Gulf Air became the flag carrier of the four Middle Eastern nations. It linked Oman, Qatar and the UAE to its Bahrain hub, from which it offered flights to destinations throughout Europe and Asia. In the UAE, Gulf Air focused on Abu Dhabi rather than Dubai , contrary to

1080-402: The influx of flights during a bank, and having several aircraft on the ground at the same time can lead to congestion and delays. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank. Instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a "rolling hub" in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout

1120-2247: The main international airport of their countries and some still do. Examples include Aeromexico in Mexico City , Air Canada in Toronto–Pearson , Air France in Paris–Charles de Gaulle , British Airways in London–Heathrow , Cathay Pacific in Hong Kong , Copa Airlines in Panama City , Emirates in Dubai , Ethiopian Airlines in Addis Ababa , Finnair in Helsinki , Iberia in Madrid , Japan Airlines in Tokyo-Haneda , Iran Air in Imam Khomeini , ITA Airways in Rome , Aeroflot in Moscow–Sheremetyevo , Korean Air at Seoul–Incheon , KLM in Amsterdam , Lufthansa in Frankfurt , Qantas in Sydney , Qatar Airways in Doha , Singapore Airlines in Singapore , South African Airways in Johannesburg , Swiss International Air Lines in Zurich , TAP Air Portugal in Lisbon , Turkish Airlines in Istanbul , and Aegean Airlines in Athens . A primary hub

1160-544: The most important airports for the Nationalist government and its air force . The private planes of Chiang Kai-shek and Fu Zuoyi have taken off from the Nanyuan Airport; many of Kuomintang 's important military and government personnel have also boarded flights from Nanyuan. A Curtiss C-46 Commando also crashed near the airport in 1945. During 1946 United States Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-218

1200-799: The new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline, Etihad Airways , which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007. Gulf Air therefore became fully owned by the government of Bahrain. Emirates , Qatar Airways , Saudia and Etihad Airways have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs, which benefit from their proximity to large population centres, have become popular stopover points on trips between Europe and Asia, for example. Their rapid growth has impacted

1240-532: The newly opened Beijing Daxing International Airport . It remained operational as a People's Liberation Army Air Force air base until late September 2019, when the Beijing Nanjiao Airport (known as "New Nanyuan Airport" during construction) opened. China United Airlines China United Airlines ( CUA ) is a low-cost airline and a subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines . It is headquartered at Beijing Daxing International Airport in Beijing . In 2019,

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1280-660: The painted aircraft of China United Airlines won Top 1 at the World Classic Aircraft Award. China United Airlines was established in 1986 as an arm of the civil transport division of the People's Liberation Army Air Force . In November 2002, all scheduled services were ceased, followed by a full suspension of flight operations in 2003 due to a Chinese governmental regulation prohibiting the Army from being directly involved in commercial activities. On June 4, 2005,

1320-471: The peak of operations at their former scissor hub at Brussels prior to the 2016 shift to Schiphol, flights operated from Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai and continued onward to Toronto, New York , and Newark after a near-simultaneous stopover in Brussels and vice versa. An international scissor hub could be used for third and fourth freedom flights or it could be used for fifth freedom flights, for which

1360-721: The potential to serve several functions for an airline: it can bypass the congested hub, it can absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub, and it can schedule new O&D city pairs for connecting traffic. One of the most recognized examples of this model is Delta Air Lines ' and American Airlines ' uses of LaGuardia Airport as a domestic hub in New York City , due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at John F. Kennedy International Airport . Many regional flights operate out of LaGuardia, while most international and long-haul domestic flights remain at JFK. Lufthansa operates

1400-445: The system is costly. Additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, and specific training and equipment are necessary for each type. In addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the hub-and-spoke system offers one-stop air service to

1440-496: Was a 65.6% increase from the previous year. Traffic movements also had a very strong growth rate of 72.2%, registering 12,245. Nanyuan Airport opened a new terminal in September 2013 with a designed passenger handling capacity of 6 million people. The previous terminal was capable of handling 2.8 million passengers during 2011. Nanyuan ceased civil operation on 25 September 2019 after all commercial passenger flights were moved to

1480-473: Was based here. In December 1948, the People's Liberation Army took control of the airport. In August 1949, the first flying brigade of the People's Liberation Army Air Force was formed here and they participated in the People's Republic of China Founding Ceremony 's flying missions. Since then, Nanyuan Airport has been supporting the training of air and ground forces in all of the subsequent National Day Show of Force events. In 1986, China United Airlines

1520-506: Was established as a military-owned civil airline with special authorization to use military airports. Becoming the first commercial airline to serve Nanyuan, it turned the airbase into its main hub . It has continued to operate out of the airbase despite its 2004 privatization and sale to Shanghai Airlines . In 2008, Nanyuan Airport witnessed a high growth rate. The total number of passengers served increased by 80.1%, reaching 1,357,038; total freight loaded/unloaded reached 13,243 tonnes, which

1560-576: Was its main operating base for 35 years. The headquarters is on the grounds of Beijing Daxing International Airport in Daxing, Beijing. Previously the headquarters were in Fengtai . The customer service center is in Xinhua , Shijiazhuang , Hebei . As of December 2023 , China United Airlines operates an all- Boeing 737 fleet composed of the following aircraft: The airline previously operated

1600-725: Was sold to Air China . It operate for over a decade in Air China's fleet and was sold to the Sunday Airlines of Kazakhstan in 2014 after its retirement. China United Airlines was acquired by China Eastern Airlines in October 2010. With the opening of the Beijing Daxing International Airport on 26 September 2019, China United Airlines began service at the new airport as its main hub and ceased service from Beijing Nanyuan Airport , which

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