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79-846: The Hazaras are an ethnic group who inhabit and originate from Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region, located in central parts of Afghanistan and generally scattered throughout Afghanistan. However, there are significant and large minorities of them in Pakistan and Iran , notably in Quetta , Pakistan and Mashhad , Iran. Some overarching Hazara tribes are Sheikh Ali , Jaghori , Muhammad Khwaja , Jaghatu , Qara Baghi , Behsudi , Dai Mirdad , Turkmun , Uruzgani , Dai Kundi , Dai Zangi , Dai Chopan , Dai Zinyat , Qarlugh , Aimaq Hazara , and others. Hazaras The Hazaras ( Persian : هزاره , romanized :  Hazāra ; Hazaragi : آزره , romanized:  Āzrə ) are an ethnic group and

158-704: A Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force . Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa , General Musa Khan , who served as the fourth Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi , who served in the Pakistan Air Force from 1949 to 1987, Hussain Ali Yousafi , the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party , and Sayed Nasir Ali Shah ,

237-790: A Member of the National Assembly from Quetta, along with his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara , who was a senator and member of the Pakistan Parliament during the Zia-ul-Haq era. Despite this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. Activists report that at least 800 to 1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999, and the pace is quickening. According to Human Rights Watch , more than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January. The political representation of

316-769: A common racial structure and physical resemblance with the Turkic people of Central Asia . Babur , the founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, mentioned the Hazaras in the Baburnama , referring to some as " Turkoman Hazaras ." Over the centuries, various Mongol ( Turco-Mongol ) and Turkic groups, notably the Qara'unas , Chagatai Turco-Mongols , Ilkhanate , and Timurids , merged with local indigenous Turkic and Iranic populations. Scholars agree that

395-481: A distinct language, noting in test materials that Hazaragi varies by dialect, and that any dialect of Hazaragi may be used in interpreter testing as long as it would be understood by the average speaker. The test materials also note that Hazaragi in some locations has been significantly influenced by surrounding languages and that the use of non-Hazaragi words assimilated from neighboring languages would be penalized in testing. The Persian language became so much part of

474-651: A group of Mughal soldiers who were initially settled in Agra during the rule of Mughal Emperor Jahangir . According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to Ahmedabad via Gwalior , Ratlam , and Godhra . This migration followed their participation in the community during the 1857 Indian War of Independence . Once settled in Gujarat, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as ittars . The term "attarwala" means "manufacturer of perfumes." A second migration occurred in 1947 from Agra after

553-689: A principal component of Afghanistan ’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan , primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan , mainly in Quetta , and in Iran , primarily in Mashhad . They speak the Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian . Dari, also known as Dari Persian ,

632-568: A significant number settling in Samarkand and Bukhara . Over time, many Hazaras living in these regions lost their accent, language, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial structure and appearance with the local populations, leading to their assimilation. During the period of British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked in coal mines, road construction, and other working-class jobs during

711-551: A translation of the Mongolic word mingghan , which referred to a military unit of 1,000 soldiers during the time of Genghis Khan . The term might have been used as a substitute for the Mongolic word to represent the group of people. In their native language , the Hazara people refer to themselves as "Azra" ( āzrə آزره ) or ( əzrə ازره ). Despite being one of the principal population groups in Afghanistan,

790-406: A trill [r] or a tap [ɾ] . / x, ɣ / can also range to uvular sounds [ χ, ʁ ]. The most productive derivative marker is -i , and the plural markers are -o for the inanimate (as in kitab-o , meaning "books"; cf. Persian -hā ) and -û for the animate (as in birar-û , meaning "brothers"; cf. Persian -ān ). The emphatic vocative marker is û or -o , the indefinite marker is -i , and

869-493: Is bi- (with similar assimilation). The negation is na- (as in na-mi-zad-um , "I was not hitting"). These usually attract stress. The tense, mood, and aspect system is typically quite different from Western Persian. The basic tense system is threefold: present-future, past, and remote (pluperfect). New modal paradigms developed in addition to the subjunctives: Moreover, all past and remote forms have developed imperfective forms marked by mi- . There are doubts about several of

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948-500: Is also found in Avesta, Yashts such as Aryo. These include atê/arê , meaning "yes"; amma or wali , meaning "but"; balki , meaning "however"; šaydi , meaning "perhaps"; ale , meaning "now"; and wuḵt-a , meaning "then". These are also marked by distinctive initial stress. The imperfective marker is mi- (assimilated variants: m- , mu- , m- , mê- ; as in mi-zan-um , "I hit, I am hitting"). The subjunctive and imperative marker

1027-513: Is dynamic and similar to that in Dari and Tajik varieties of Persian, and not variable. It generally falls on the last syllable of a nominal form, including derivative suffixes and several morphological markers. Typical is the insertion of epenthetic vowels in consonant clusters (as in pašm to póšum ; "wool") and final devoicing (as in ḵût ; "self, own"). [h] only occurs infrequently and among more educated speakers. /r/ can be heard as either

1106-422: Is evident in the treatment of Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who historically migrate from region to region depending on the season), who are allowed to use the pastures of Hazarajat during the summer months. It is believed that this practice began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan. Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where arable farmland is scarce, the Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during

1185-706: Is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan . The Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan. More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893 , and they have faced persecution at various times over the past decades Widespread ethnic discrimination religious persecution organized attacks by terrorist groups harassment, and arbitrary arrest have affected Hazaras for various reasons There have been numerous cases of rape and torture of Hazara women land and home seizures deliberate economic restrictions,and economic marginalization of

1264-732: Is practically identical to that of the Kabuli dialect of Persian. /a/ can also approach the sound [æ] or [ɛ] . As a group of eastern Persian varieties which are considered the more formal and classical varieties of Persian, Hazaragi retains the voiced fricative [ɣ] , and the bilabial articulation of [w] has borrowed the (rare) retroflexes [ʈ] and [ɖ] ; as in buṭ (meaning "boot") vs. but (meaning "idol") (cf. Persian bot ); and rarely articulates [h] . The convergence of voiced uvular stop [ɢ] (ق) and voiced velar fricative [ɣ] (غ) in Western Persian (probably under

1343-587: Is rich in heritage, featuring many unique elements and sharing common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia . Outside of Hazarajat, the Hazaras have adopted aspects of the cultures of the cities where they reside, resembling the traditions of Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns . Traditionally, the Hazaras are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of Afghan Tajiks. Historically, Hazaras have lived in houses, but some groups, such as

1422-625: Is spoken by the Hazara people, who mainly live in Afghanistan (predominantly in the Hazarajat (Hazaristan) region, as well as other Hazara-populated areas of Afghanistan), with a significant population in Pakistan (particularly Quetta ) and Iran (particularly Mashhad ), and by Hazaras in eastern Uzbekistan , northern Tajikistan , the Americas , Europe , and Australia . The number of Hazaragi speakers in Iran increased significantly due to

1501-473: The Aimaq Hazara and a few others, are semi-nomadic and primarily reside in felt yurts rather than traditional homes. Hazara clothing plays an important role in supporting the cultural , traditional, and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara garments are produced both manually and by machine. In Afghanistan, these types of clothing are sewn in various parts of the country, especially in

1580-647: The Band-e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also constructed, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in Bamyan , Daykundi , and other provinces predominantly inhabited by Hazaras. Additionally, the first ski resort in Afghanistan was established in Bamyan Province. Discrimination

1659-665: The Golden Horde . Haplogroup C-M217, or C2, is the most common haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations. Studies indicate that Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is linked to the expansion of the Mongols and supports the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras. The Hazaras share approximately 35% of their maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while about 65% are shared with West Eurasian populations. Overall,

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1738-632: The Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan, with a significant presence throughout the country. Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Today, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan, while many others live in various cities across the country. After the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by Abdur Rahman from 1888 to 1893 , many Hazaras migrated to Central Asian regions under Tsarist Russian occupation, including Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Kazakhstan , with

1817-539: The Tampa affair , in which a shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru . Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have developed over many years through interactions with and confrontations against surrounding phenomena. Today, it is displayed as a distinct cultural identity. The Hazara culture

1896-591: The United States , the United Kingdom , and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark . Some migrate as exchange students, while others do so through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died at sea while attempting to reach Australia by boat from Indonesia, many of whom were Hazaras. A notable case was

1975-689: The partition of India , with some members immigrating to Pakistan , while others joined their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad. Alessandro Monsutti argues in his recent anthropological book that migration is a traditional way of life for the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations that have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated solely by emergencies such as war. Due to decades of conflict in Afghanistan and sectarian violence in Pakistan , many Hazaras have left their communities and settled in Australia , New Zealand , Canada ,

2054-599: The 1892 Battle of Uruzgan and the subsequent subjugation by Abdur Rahman , which began in the late 19th century. When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan War ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman set a goal to bring Hazaristan , Turkistan , and Kafiristan under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazaristan in response to resistance from the Hazaras, during which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazaristan

2133-566: The 20th century. In 1933, Muhammad Nadir Shah , the King of Afghanistan , was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara , a school student . The Afghan government later captured and executed him, along with several of his family members. Mistrust of the central government among the Hazaras and local uprisings persisted. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during Zahir Shah 's rule, a revolt led by Ibrahim Khan , known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar," erupted in response to new taxes that were imposed exclusively on

2212-806: The Hazara mujahideen engaged in combat against the Soviets in regions on the periphery of Hazarajat. There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara , a party based in Quetta comprising Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat. By 1979, the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet-backed Afghan government and subsequently took full control of

2291-520: The Hazara people were called "Hazara" ( Hazāra هزاره ) due to their large population. The name "Hazara" is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" ( həzār هزار ), meaning "thousand," as a metaphor for a population numbering over a thousand. The name "Hazara" ( Hazāra هزاره ) is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" ( Hazār هزار ), meaning "thousand." It may be

2370-561: The Hazara region and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures These and many other human rights violations have led to the displacement and forced migration of many Hazaras from Afghanistan The etymology of the word "Hazara" is disputed, with differing opinions on its origin. Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" ( Hazāra هزاره ) is very old, derived from "Hazala" ( həzālə هزاله ), which evolved into "Hazara" over time and originally meant "good-hearted." Some believe that in ancient times,

2449-487: The Hazaras are ultimately the result of a blend of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic tribes. Although the Hazaras are a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, many researchers focus on their Mongolic component. Some authors, including Elizabeth Emaline Bacon, Barbara A. West, Yuri Averyanov, and Elbrus Sattsayev, refer to them as "Hazara Mongols." According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became

List of Hazara tribes - Misplaced Pages Continue

2528-431: The Hazaras as one of the country's ethnic groups . Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to Balochistan, Pakistan . Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mariabad . The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to that of Hazaras in Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the local society's social dynamics. Saira Batool,

2607-497: The Hazaras from northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran, settling in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad , where they later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another group of Hazaras from the southeastern regions of Afghanistan moved to British India, where they reside in Quetta (present-day Pakistan ) and parts of present-day India . Additionally, some Hazaras settled in Syria and Iraq. Unlike those who migrated to Tsarist Russia,

2686-625: The Hazaras in Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to integrate fully due to differences in physical appearance, allowing them to retain their language, culture, and ethnic identity. In 1901, Habibullah Khan , Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor, granted amnesty to the Hazaras and invited those exiled by his predecessor to return. However, few returned, settling instead in Turkistan and Balkh province , as they had lost their previous lands. The Hazaras continued to face social, economic, and political discrimination throughout most of

2765-1024: The Hazaras is similar to that of Uzbek , Uyghur , Kazakh , Kyrgyz , and Mongol populations. Some analyses suggest that the Hazaras are more closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia than to Mongolians , East Asians , or Indo-Iranians . In another study, results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to Turkic-speaking populations (such as Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than to other Central and South Asian populations or Mongolians. Outgroup and admixture analyses, including f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results, further show that Hazaras share more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians, carrying approximately 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. The Hazaras have undergone genetic admixture with local or neighboring populations, forming their current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from

2844-611: The Hazaras predominantly have West Eurasian mtDNA. The first mention of the Hazaras appears in Babur 's Baburnama in the early 16th century, particularly referring to tribes such as the Sultan Masaudi Hazaras , Turkoman Hazaras , and Kedi Hazaras. Later, the Hazaras were referenced by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty . It is reported that the Hazaras embraced Shia Islam between

2923-541: The Hazaras suffered severe oppression, and numerous ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly Pashtun Taliban. These events have been documented by organizations such as Human Rights Watch . Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States , American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan . After the fall of the Taliban , many Hazaras emerged as important figures in

3002-492: The Hazaras varies according to tribal affiliation. They show a high genetic affinity to present-day Turkic populations of Central Asia and East Asia , as well as to Mongolic populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, approximately 49% of the average gene pool of the Hazaras is derived from East Asian sources, around 48% from European sources, and approximately 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian sources, respectively. The genetic makeup of

3081-677: The Hazaras. Meanwhile, the Kuchis were not only exempted from these taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government. The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and subsequently removed the taxes. The repressive policies of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution in 1978 led to uprisings throughout

3160-630: The Mongolians. The most common paternal DNA haplogroups among Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian haplogroup C-M217 (33.33%) and the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M17 (6.67%), followed by the West Eurasian haplogroups J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroups E1b1b1-M35, L-M20, and H-M69, which they share with Tajiks , Pashtuns , and Indian populations . Additionally, one individual with

3239-431: The Taliban adopted the genocidal policies reminiscent of Abdur Rahman Khan 's era. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north, with the intent of carrying out ethnic cleansing against the Hazara population. In March 2001, the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed, despite widespread international condemnation. Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan . One notable Hazara

List of Hazara tribes - Misplaced Pages Continue

3318-544: The Taliban in 1998. The Taliban isolated Hazarajat from the rest of the world, even preventing the United Nations from delivering food to the provinces of Bamyan , Ghor , Maidan Wardak , and Daykundi . In 1997, a revolt broke out among the Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban, resulting in the deaths of 600 Taliban fighters in the subsequent fighting. In retaliation,

3397-539: The Taliban to power, recalling the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban's previous rule. The 2021 Kabul school bombing targeted a girls' school in Dashte Barchi , a predominantly Shia Hazara area in western Kabul . The Dashte Barchi district had frequently been attacked by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province . Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021, which marked

3476-475: The Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least three more, resulting in the deaths and injuries of at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly targeted Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces. Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of

3555-442: The assumptive, the distinction appears to be not between present versus past, but indefinite versus definite. Also, similar to all Persian varieties, the imperfective forms in mi- , and past perfect forms, such as mi-zad-um and zada bud-um , are used in irreal conditional clauses and wishes; e.g., kaški zimi qulba kadagi mu-but , "If the field would only be/have been plowed!" Modal verbs, such as tan- ("can"), are constructed with

3634-527: The barak has unique properties; its softness helps reduce muscle pain and can provide relief for joint pain . Nowadays, the most common attire among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban , often paired with a hat or turban . Hazaragi Hazaragi is a member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family . It is an eastern variety of Persian and closely related to Dari , one of

3713-430: The central provinces. Hazara men traditionally wear a barak , also called a barag, along with a hat . The barak is an important component of Hazara clothing. It is a soft, thick garment made from the first wool of special sheep raised in Hazarajat. In addition to being stylish and regal, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter garment that is resistant to moisture, allowing it to remain dry in snow and rain. Furthermore,

3792-534: The community is served by the Hazara Democratic Party , a secular liberal democratic party headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara . The Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Barbari ( Persian : بربری ), or Khāwari ( خاوری ). Over many years, due to political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population is estimated to be around 500,000, with at least one-third having spent more than half their lives in Iran. Before Iran

3871-479: The country. Hazaras pursued higher education, enrolled in the army , and held various top government positions. Notable Hazaras in leadership roles included Vice Presidents , ministers , and governors , such as Karim Khalili , Sarwar Danish , Sima Samar , Muhammad Mohaqiq , Habiba Sarābi , Abdul Haq Shafaq , Sayed Anwar Rahmati , Qurban Ali Urozgani , Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan , Mahmoud Baligh , Mohammad Eqbal Munib , and Mohammad Asim Asim . Azra Jafari ,

3950-534: The country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. In October 1979, President Hafizullah Amin published a list of 12,000 victims of the Taraki government , among whom were 7,000 Hazaras who had been shot in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison . During the Soviet-Afghan War , the Hazarajat region did not experience as much heavy fighting as other parts of Afghanistan. Most of

4029-532: The deaths of two local Hazaras. The Afghan government is currently investigating this matter. President Hamid Karzai's efforts after the Peace Jirga to negotiate a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease among Afghanistan's minority communities, who had fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. Leaders of the Tajik , Uzbek , and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of

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4108-628: The end of the Qajar period and during the Pahlavi period was held by Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara , known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara." He was a Sunni Hazara, a politician, and the first Sunni representative in the Iranian Parliament , as well as the only Sunni Iranian to represent Mashhad in the history of Iran's legislatures . The Attarwala claim to be Hazaras who mainly inhabit the state of Gujarat , India . They are descended from

4187-490: The end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid period. Hazara men, along with those from other ethnic groups, were recruited into the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century. During the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat were taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they managed to maintain their regional autonomy until

4266-469: The end of the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised about whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as they did in the 1990s. An academic at Melbourne 's La Trobe University stated that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely reinstate the policies of the 1990s," despite Taliban reassurances that they would not revert to their previous oppressive practices. On 6 September 2022, Human Rights Watch reported that since

4345-633: The fall of Kabul , Harakat-e Islami sided with Burhanuddin Rabbani 's government, while Hizb-e Wahdat aligned with the opposition. Hizb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban captured the city and killed their leader, Abdul Ali Mazari . Following the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all Hazara groups united with the Northern Alliance against this common enemy. However, despite fierce resistance, Hazarajat fell to

4424-625: The foundational layer of Hazara ethnogenesis, with Turkic elements playing a secondary role. In the Ghilji neighborhood, Hazaras are called Mongols. Evidence for the Mongol influence in Hazara ethnogenesis includes linguistic data, historical sources, toponymy , and population genetics studies. Scholars such as Vasily Bartold , Ármin Vámbéry , Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin, Ilya Petrushevsky , Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, and Yong-Gang Yao have written about

4503-613: The haplogroup B-M60, typically found in Eastern Africa , was identified. Haplogroup C2 (previously known as the C3-Star cluster) is the most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras. Pakistani Hazaras have a high frequency of haplogroup C-M217 at approximately 40% (10/25) and haplogroup R1b at around 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b has also been found among Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs , and all three groups are thought to be associated with

4582-542: The historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras. Genetically, the Hazaras have a mix of West Eurasian and East Eurasian components. Genetic data shows that Hazaras in Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population, while both groups are notably distinct from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations. There is evidence of both paternal and maternal connections to Turkic , Mongolic , and Iranic peoples . The frequency of ancestral components among

4661-418: The influence of Turkic languages ) is still kept separate in Hazara. Diphthongs include [aj] , [aw] , and [ēw] (cf. Persian ab , āb , ûw ). The vocalic system is typically eastern Persian, characterized by the loss of length distinction, the retention of mid vowels, and the rounding of [ā] and [å/o] , alternating with its merger with [a] , or [û] (cf. Persian ān ). Stress

4740-455: The influx of refugees from Afghanistan where there are an estimated 399,000 speakers in the country as of 2021. In recent years, a substantial population of Hazara refugees has settled in Australia , prompting the Department of Immigration and Citizenship to move towards official recognition of the Hazaragi language. Currently, NAATI ( National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters ) holds interpreting tests for Hazaragi as

4819-399: The less commonly found, or recorded, forms, in particular those with ḵot . However, the systematic arrangement of all forms according to their morphological, as well as semantic, function shows that those forms fit well within the overall pattern. The system may tentatively be shown as follows (all forms are 1st sing), leaving out complex compound forms such as zada ḵot mu-buda baš-um . In

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4898-482: The long and harsh winters. In 2007, some Kuchi nomads entered parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock. When the local Hazaras resisted, a clash ensued, resulting in several deaths on both sides from gunfire. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government, including President Hamid Karzai , was compelled to intervene. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan Province reportedly rounded up and killed nine Pashtun civilians in retaliation for

4977-475: The mayor of Nili, Daykundi , became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand , Abdul Wahed Sarābi , Akram Yari , Ghulam Ali Wahdat , Sayed Mustafa Kazemi , Ghulam Husain Naseri , Abbas Noyan , Daoud Naji , Abbas Ibrahim Zada , Ramazan Bashardost , Ahmad Shah Ramazan , Ahmad Behzad , Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili , Fahim Hashimy , Maryam Monsef , and others. Although Afghanistan has historically been one of

5056-408: The new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand , a Hazara, served as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990, with a brief interruption in 1988. The Ismaili Hazaras of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their pir (religious leader), Jaffar Naderi , led a pro-Communist militia in the region. During the following years,

5135-521: The northern Hindu Kush migrated to Tsarist Russia , primarily settling in the southern cities, while some moved to Iran. Over time, many Hazaras living in Tsarist Russian regions lost their language , culture , and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial background and physical appearance of the local population, leading them to assimilate. The fleeing Hazaras settled in former Tsarist Russia regions, including Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , and Dagestan . Meanwhile,

5214-412: The origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. Genetic and linguistic analyses describe Hazaras as an ethnically mixed group , with varying degrees of ancestry linked to contemporary Mongolic , Turkic , and Iranic populations. The physical characteristics of some Hazaras and Char Aimaks are Mongolian, likely a legacy of the Mongol invasion . Additionally, Hazaras share

5293-426: The perfect participle; e.g., ma bû-r-um, da čaman rasid-a ḵot tanist-um , "I shall go, and may be able to get to Čaman". Participial nominalization is typical, both with the perfect participle (e.g., kad-a , "(having) done") and with the derived participle with passive meaning kad-ag-i , "having been done" (e.g., zimin-i qulba kada-ya , "The field is ploughed"; zamin-i qulba (na-)šuda-ra mi-ngar-um , "I am looking at

5372-455: The poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has remained underdeveloped due to past government neglect. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been invested in Afghanistan for reconstruction, and several large-scale projects began in August 2012. For instance, more than 5,000 kilometers of road pavement have been completed across the country, with little done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). Conversely,

5451-405: The region away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance in Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups recognized the need to broaden their political appeal and shifted their focus toward Hazara nationalism . This shift led to the establishment of Hizbe-Wahdat , an alliance of all Hazara resistance groups, except for Harakat-e Islami . In 1992, with

5530-398: The religion of Islam that it almost went wherever Islam took roots. Persian entered, in this way, into the very faith and thought of the people embracing Islam throughout South Asia . Over time, Turkic and Mongolic languages penetrated as living languages amongst Hazara people, and Hazaragi contains many Turkic and Mongolic words and loanwords. The grammatical structure of Hazaragi

5609-421: The specific object marker is -(r)a . The comparative marker is -tar (as in kalû-tar , meaning "bigger"). Dependent adjectives and nouns follow the head noun and are connected by -i (as in kitab-i mamud , meaning "the book of Maḥmud"). Topicalized possessors precede the head noun marked by the resumptive personal suffix (as in Zulmay ayê-ši , literally "Zulmay her mother"). Prepositions include, in addition to

5688-435: The standard Persian ones, ḵun(i) (meaning "with, using", da (meaning "in"; cf. Persian dar ); the latter often replaces ba (meaning "to") in dative function. Loaned postpositions include comitative -qati (meaning "together with") and (az) -worî (meaning "like"). Interrogatives typically function also as indefinite (as in kudam , meaning "which, someone"). The inflection (u,o) that Hazaras use to pluralize nouns

5767-422: The total population of Afghanistan . They were, by far, the largest ethnic group in the past. During the 1888–1893 uprisings , over sixty percent of Hazaras were massacred, and many were displaced. Meanwhile, they lost a significant portion of their territory to non-Hazaras, which could have doubled their land size today. The Hazaras are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan , primarily residing in

5846-645: The total Hazara population, with many being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands were distributed among loyalist villagers from nearby non-Hazara communities. The repression following the uprising has been characterized as genocide or ethnic cleansing in the history of modern Afghanistan. After these massacres, Abdul Rahman forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazaristan to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands, prompting many Hazaras to flee to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, Iran , British India , Iraq , and Syria . Those Hazaras living in

5925-407: The two official Languages of Afghanistan . The primary differences between Dari and Hazaragi are the accents and Hazaragi's greater array of many Turkic and Mongolic words and loanwords Despite these differences, the two dialects are mutually intelligible. In Daykundi (former Uruzgan ), Hazaragi has a significant admixture of Turkic influence in the language via Karluk . Hazaragi

6004-621: The winter months in various cities of what is now Pakistan . The earliest record of Hazaras in Pakistan dates back to Broadfoot's Sappers Company, which was established in 1835 in Quetta and also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War . Additionally, some Hazaras worked on agricultural farms in Sindh and contributed to the construction of the Sukkur Barrage. In 1962, the government of Pakistan officially recognized

6083-690: Was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe , who was a close friend of Muhammad Ali Jinnah ; they met for the first time while studying in London. Qazi Muhammad Isa was the first person from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and played a key role in establishing the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan. Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, some Hazaras also participated in

6162-507: Was forced to relinquish the Herat region according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah , the country possessed a much larger part of Greater Khorasan . One of the tribes that roamed this area prior to the cession was the Hazaras. After the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn, the tribe settled on both sides of the border. The leadership of this tribe at

6241-481: Was spared, as its inhabitants accepted his rule, while other regions rejected Abdur Rahman and supported his uncle, Sher Ali Khan . In response, Abdur Rahman waged war against the tribal leaders who opposed his policies and rule. This conflict is known as the Hazara Uprisings . These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of the Hazaras, resulting in the massacre of over sixty percent of

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