The Qara'unas or Negüderi were the Mongols who settled in Afghanistan after moving from Turkestan and Mongolia .
132-806: The Hazaras ( Persian : هزاره , romanized : Hazāra ; Hazaragi : آزره , romanized: Āzrə ) are an ethnic group and a principal component of Afghanistan ’s population. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan , primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan. Hazaras also form significant minority communities in Pakistan , mainly in Quetta , and in Iran , primarily in Mashhad . They speak
264-655: A Dari dialect. In the 19th century, under the Qajar dynasty , the dialect that is spoken in Tehran rose to prominence. There was still substantial Arabic vocabulary, but many of these words have been integrated into Persian phonology and grammar. In addition, under the Qajar rule, numerous Russian , French , and English terms entered the Persian language, especially vocabulary related to technology. The first official attentions to
396-703: A Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the Pakistan Air Force . Other notable Hazaras include Qazi Muhammad Isa , General Musa Khan , who served as the fourth Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1968, Air Marshal Sharbat Ali Changezi , who served in the Pakistan Air Force from 1949 to 1987, Hussain Ali Yousafi , the slain chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party , and Sayed Nasir Ali Shah ,
528-788: A Member of the National Assembly from Quetta, along with his father Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara , who was a senator and member of the Pakistan Parliament during the Zia-ul-Haq era. Despite this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and others. Activists report that at least 800 to 1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999, and the pace is quickening. According to Human Rights Watch , more than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January. The political representation of
660-764: A common racial structure and physical resemblance with the Turkic people of Central Asia . Babur , the founder of the Mughal Empire in the early 16th century, mentioned the Hazaras in the Baburnama , referring to some as " Turkoman Hazaras ." Over the centuries, various Mongol ( Turco-Mongol ) and Turkic groups, notably the Qara'unas , Chagatai Turco-Mongols , Ilkhanate , and Timurids , merged with local indigenous Turkic and Iranic populations. Scholars agree that
792-418: A dictionary called Words of Scientific Association ( لغت انجمن علمی ), which was completed in the future and renamed Katouzian Dictionary ( فرهنگ کاتوزیان ). The first academy for the Persian language was founded on 20 May 1935, under the name Academy of Iran . It was established by the initiative of Reza Shah Pahlavi , and mainly by Hekmat e Shirazi and Mohammad Ali Foroughi , all prominent names in
924-649: A group of Mughal soldiers who were initially settled in Agra during the rule of Mughal Emperor Jahangir . According to their recorded documents, they then migrated to Ahmedabad via Gwalior , Ratlam , and Godhra . This migration followed their participation in the community during the 1857 Indian War of Independence . Once settled in Gujarat, the community took up the occupation of manufacturing perfumes known as ittars . The term "attarwala" means "manufacturer of perfumes." A second migration occurred in 1947 from Agra after
1056-505: A language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Farsi , which is the Persian word for the Persian language, has also been used widely in English in recent decades, more often to refer to Iran's standard Persian. However, the name Persian is still more widely used. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature has maintained that the endonym Farsi is to be avoided in foreign languages, and that Persian
1188-417: A literary language considerably different from the spoken Persian of the time. This became the basis of what is now known as "Contemporary Standard Persian". There are three standard varieties of modern Persian: All these three varieties are based on the classic Persian literature and its literary tradition. There are also several local dialects from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan which slightly differ from
1320-536: A period of several centuries, Ottoman Turkish (which was highly Persianised itself) had developed toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. In the Ottoman Empire, Persian was used at the royal court, for diplomacy, poetry, historiographical works, literary works, and
1452-463: A puppet khan. Husayn decided to build himself a permanent capital and urban base on the site of Balkh in Afghanistan and Turkestan , ruined since the time of Genghis Khan , but now to be developed as an anti- Samarkand . When the ambitious Temur finally revolted in 1370 at the head of his coalition, Husayn had little support left and was easily defeated and killed. Temur fully subjugated the Qara'unas in
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#17327731998961584-458: A shipload of refugees, mostly Hazaras, was rescued by the Norwegian freighter MV Tampa and subsequently sent to Nauru . Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have developed over many years through interactions with and confrontations against surrounding phenomena. Today, it is displayed as a distinct cultural identity. The Hazara culture
1716-566: A significant number settling in Samarkand and Bukhara . Over time, many Hazaras living in these regions lost their accent, language, and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial structure and appearance with the local populations, leading to their assimilation. During the period of British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, Hazaras worked in coal mines, road construction, and other working-class jobs during
1848-599: A speaker of Persian. Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages , which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision . The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which Kurdish and Balochi are
1980-546: A translation of the Mongolic word mingghan , which referred to a military unit of 1,000 soldiers during the time of Genghis Khan . The term might have been used as a substitute for the Mongolic word to represent the group of people. In their native language , the Hazara people refer to themselves as "Azra" ( āzrə آزره ) or ( əzrə ازره ). Despite being one of the principal population groups in Afghanistan,
2112-565: Is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages . Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties , respectively Iranian Persian (officially known as Persian ), Dari Persian (officially known as Dari since 1964), and Tajiki Persian (officially known as Tajik since 1999). It
2244-664: Is a continuation of Middle Persian , an official language of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), itself a continuation of Old Persian , which was used in the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE). It originated in the region of Fars ( Persia ) in southwestern Iran. Its grammar is similar to that of many European languages. Throughout history, Persian was considered prestigious by various empires centered in West Asia , Central Asia , and South Asia . Old Persian
2376-628: Is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian. Gernot Windfuhr considers new Persian as an evolution of the Old Persian language and the Middle Persian language but also states that none of the known Middle Persian dialects is the direct predecessor of Modern Persian. Ludwig Paul states: "The language of the Shahnameh should be seen as one instance of continuous historical development from Middle to New Persian." The known history of
2508-850: Is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan , as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran . It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet , a derivative of the Arabic script , and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet , a derivative of the Cyrillic script . Modern Persian
2640-675: Is attested in Old Persian cuneiform on inscriptions from between the 6th and 4th century BC. Middle Persian is attested in Aramaic -derived scripts ( Pahlavi and Manichaean ) on inscriptions and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the third to the tenth centuries (see Middle Persian literature ). New Persian literature was first recorded in the ninth century, after the Muslim conquest of Persia , since then adopting
2772-425: Is conventionally divided into three stages: Early New Persian remains largely intelligible to speakers of Contemporary Persian, as the morphology and, to a lesser extent, the lexicon of the language have remained relatively stable. New Persian texts written in the Arabic script first appear in the 9th-century. The language is a direct descendant of Middle Persian, the official, religious, and literary language of
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#17327731998962904-421: Is evident in the treatment of Kuchis (Pashtun nomads who historically migrate from region to region depending on the season), who are allowed to use the pastures of Hazarajat during the summer months. It is believed that this practice began during the rule of Abdur Rahman Khan. Living in mountainous Hazarajat, where arable farmland is scarce, the Hazara people rely on these pasture lands for their livelihood during
3036-460: Is not actually attested until 600 years later when it appears in the Sassanid era (224–651 AD) inscriptions, so any form of the language before this date cannot be described with any degree of certainty. Moreover, as a literary language, Middle Persian is not attested until much later, in the 6th or 7th century. From the 8th century onward, Middle Persian gradually began yielding to New Persian, with
3168-475: Is one of Afghanistan's two official languages, together with Pashto . The term Dari , meaning "of the court", originally referred to the variety of Persian used in the court of the Sasanian Empire in capital Ctesiphon , which was spread to the northeast of the empire and gradually replaced the former Iranian dialects of Parthia ( Parthian ). Tajik Persian ( форси́и тоҷикӣ́ , forsi-i tojikī ),
3300-585: Is one of the earliest attested Indo-European languages. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in Southwestern Iran (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash , who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became
3432-587: Is rich in heritage, featuring many unique elements and sharing common influences with various cultures of Central Asia and South Asia . Outside of Hazarajat, the Hazaras have adopted aspects of the cultures of the cities where they reside, resembling the traditions of Afghan Tajiks and Pashtuns . Traditionally, the Hazaras are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own customs and traditions, which are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of Afghan Tajiks. Historically, Hazaras have lived in houses, but some groups, such as
3564-495: Is the appropriate designation of the language in English, as it has the longer tradition in western languages and better expresses the role of the language as a mark of cultural and national continuity. Iranian historian and linguist Ehsan Yarshater , founder of the Encyclopædia Iranica and Columbia University 's Center for Iranian Studies, mentions the same concern in an academic journal on Iranology , rejecting
3696-491: The Encyclopædia Iranica notes that the Iranian, Afghan, and Tajiki varieties comprise distinct branches of the Persian language, and within each branch a wide variety of local dialects exist. The following are some languages closely related to Persian, or in some cases are considered dialects: More distantly related branches of the Iranian language family include Kurdish and Balochi . The Glottolog database proposes
3828-506: The Kalila wa Dimna . The language spread geographically from the 11th century on and was the medium through which, among others, Central Asian Turks became familiar with Islam and urban culture. New Persian was widely used as a trans-regional lingua franca , a task aided due to its relatively simple morphology, and this situation persisted until at least the 19th century. In the late Middle Ages, new Islamic literary languages were created on
3960-470: The Aimaq Hazara and a few others, are semi-nomadic and primarily reside in felt yurts rather than traditional homes. Hazara clothing plays an important role in supporting the cultural , traditional, and social identity of the Hazara ethnicity. Hazara garments are produced both manually and by machine. In Afghanistan, these types of clothing are sewn in various parts of the country, especially in
4092-645: The Band-e Amir in Bamyan Province became the first national park in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to Bamyan was also constructed, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals, and schools in Bamyan , Daykundi , and other provinces predominantly inhabited by Hazaras. Additionally, the first ski resort in Afghanistan was established in Bamyan Province. Discrimination
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4224-616: The British colonization , Persian was widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent . It took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts on the subcontinent and became the sole "official language" under the Mughal emperors . The Bengal Sultanate witnessed an influx of Persian scholars, lawyers, teachers, and clerics. Thousands of Persian books and manuscripts were published in Bengal. The period of
4356-824: The Dari and Hazaragi dialects of Persian . Dari, also known as Dari Persian , is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan . The Hazaras are one of the most persecuted groups in Afghanistan. More than half of the Hazara population was massacred by the Emirate of Afghanistan between 1888 and 1893 , and they have faced persecution at various times over the past decades Widespread ethnic discrimination religious persecution organized attacks by terrorist groups harassment, and arbitrary arrest have affected Hazaras for various reasons There have been numerous cases of rape and torture of Hazara women land and home seizures deliberate economic restrictions,and economic marginalization of
4488-716: The Delhi Sultanate . In the 1250s their leader was Sali Noyan who was of Tatar origin. Möngke Khan ordered Sali Noyan and his tamna soldiers to join Hulegu's army in 1253. In 1260, Jochid Baval, the father of Nogai Khan , was executed on the orders of Hulegu Khan after gaining permission from Berke who was the khan of the Golden Horde . Soon after that, Kuli and Tutar, also Golden Horde princes, died under suspicious circumstances. Golden Horde soldiers who served Hulgeu feared for their lives and began to move to
4620-600: The Golden Horde . Haplogroup C-M217, or C2, is the most common haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations. Studies indicate that Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is linked to the expansion of the Mongols and supports the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras. The Hazaras share approximately 35% of their maternal haplogroups with contemporary East Asian populations, while about 65% are shared with West Eurasian populations. Overall,
4752-630: The Hazaristan region in central Afghanistan, with a significant presence throughout the country. Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region. Today, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan, while many others live in various cities across the country. After the massacre and genocide of the Hazaras by Abdur Rahman from 1888 to 1893 , many Hazaras migrated to Central Asian regions under Tsarist Russian occupation, including Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Kazakhstan , with
4884-664: The Kipchak Steppes via Derbent while others moved through Syria to Egypt . Angered, Hulegu punished many soldiers of the Golden Horde for the defeat of Ain Jalut . The Mongol general Baiju was executed as well. To the east, the flight of Jochid troops into Afghanistan in significant numbers led to the creation of the Negudari (Nikudari) Mongols or Qara'unas in 1262. Berke ordered general Neguder to carry out raids in
5016-674: The Sultanate of Rum , Turkmen beyliks of Anatolia , Delhi Sultanate , the Shirvanshahs , Safavids , Afsharids , Zands , Qajars , Khanate of Bukhara , Khanate of Kokand , Emirate of Bukhara , Khanate of Khiva , Ottomans , and also many Mughal successors such as the Nizam of Hyderabad . Persian was the only non-European language known and used by Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai Khan and in his journeys through China. A branch of
5148-713: The Turkic , Armenian , Georgian , & Indo-Aryan languages . It also exerted some influence on Arabic, while borrowing a lot of vocabulary from it in the Middle Ages. Some of the world's most famous pieces of literature from the Middle Ages, such as the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi , the works of Rumi , the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám , the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi , The Divān of Hafez , The Conference of
5280-670: The United States , the United Kingdom , and particularly the Northern European countries such as Sweden and Denmark . Some migrate as exchange students, while others do so through human smuggling, which sometimes costs them their lives. Since 2001, about 1,000 people have died at sea while attempting to reach Australia by boat from Indonesia, many of whom were Hazaras. A notable case was the Tampa affair , in which
5412-491: The ezāfe construction, expressed through ī (modern e/ye ), to indicate some of the relations between words that have been lost with the simplification of the earlier grammatical system. Although the "middle period" of the Iranian languages formally begins with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire, the transition from Old to Middle Persian had probably already begun before the 4th century BC. However, Middle Persian
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5544-742: The partition of India , with some members immigrating to Pakistan , while others joined their co-ethnics in Ahmedabad. Alessandro Monsutti argues in his recent anthropological book that migration is a traditional way of life for the Hazara people, referring to the seasonal and historical migrations that have never ceased and do not seem to be dictated solely by emergencies such as war. Due to decades of conflict in Afghanistan and sectarian violence in Pakistan , many Hazaras have left their communities and settled in Australia , New Zealand , Canada ,
5676-479: The " Persianized " Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries. Persian during this time served as lingua franca of Greater Persia and of much of the Indian subcontinent . It was also the official and cultural language of many Islamic dynasties, including the Samanids, Buyids , Tahirids , Ziyarids , the Mughal Empire , Timurids , Ghaznavids , Karakhanids , Seljuqs , Khwarazmians ,
5808-468: The 1380s. During the reign of Temur (d.1405), Qara'unas formed a huge part of his army. According to Babur , they still spoke Mongolian in the mountains of Ghazni in the late 15th century. The Nikudari are (or were; Weiers notes that his informants were not aware of this term anymore) a population group of Afghanistan of Mongolic origin. They are distinct from them in that the Hazara do not exhibit any Mongolic linguistic peculiarities. The Nikudari, on
5940-470: The 1892 Battle of Uruzgan and the subsequent subjugation by Abdur Rahman , which began in the late 19th century. When the Treaty of Gandomak was signed and the Second Anglo-Afghan War ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman set a goal to bring Hazaristan , Turkistan , and Kafiristan under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazaristan in response to resistance from the Hazaras, during which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazaristan
6072-515: The 20th century. In 1933, Muhammad Nadir Shah , the King of Afghanistan , was assassinated by Abdul Khaliq Hazara , a school student . The Afghan government later captured and executed him, along with several of his family members. Mistrust of the central government among the Hazaras and local uprisings persisted. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during Zahir Shah 's rule, a revolt led by Ibrahim Khan , known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar," erupted in response to new taxes that were imposed exclusively on
6204-572: The Birds by Attar of Nishapur , and the miscellanea of Gulistan and Bustan by Saadi Shirazi , are written in Persian. Some of the prominent modern Persian poets were Nima Yooshij , Ahmad Shamlou , Simin Behbahani , Sohrab Sepehri , Rahi Mo'ayyeri , Mehdi Akhavan-Sales , and Forugh Farrokhzad . There are approximately 130 million Persian speakers worldwide, including Persians , Lurs , Tajiks , Hazaras , Iranian Azeris , Iranian Kurds , Balochs , Tats , Afghan Pashtuns , and Aimaqs . The term Persophone might also be used to refer to
6336-409: The Chagatai Khanate, called their western counterparts in Transoxiana Qara'unas (blacks or mixed breed), the western Chagatayid called the Mongols of Moghulistan Jete (bandits). The western part of the khanate was under the control of Qara'unas such as amir Qazaghan and his son ‘Abdullah . But Suldus and Barlas nobles revolted against their rule in 1359. With the Mongol (Moghul) invasion in 1360,
6468-444: The Hazara mujahideen engaged in combat against the Soviets in regions on the periphery of Hazarajat. There was a division between the Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara , a party based in Quetta comprising Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the Islamist parties in Hazarajat. By 1979, the Hazara Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central Soviet-backed Afghan government and subsequently took full control of
6600-410: The Hazara people were called "Hazara" ( Hazāra هزاره ) due to their large population. The name "Hazara" is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" ( həzār هزار ), meaning "thousand," as a metaphor for a population numbering over a thousand. The name "Hazara" ( Hazāra هزاره ) is thought to derive from the Persian word "Hazar" ( Hazār هزار ), meaning "thousand." It may be
6732-547: The Hazara region and appropriation of Hazara agricultural fields and pastures These and many other human rights violations have led to the displacement and forced migration of many Hazaras from Afghanistan The etymology of the word "Hazara" is disputed, with differing opinions on its origin. Historian Abdul Hai Habibi considers the word "Hazara" ( Hazāra هزاره ) is very old, derived from "Hazala" ( həzālə هزاله ), which evolved into "Hazara" over time and originally meant "good-hearted." Some believe that in ancient times,
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#17327731998966864-481: The Hazaras are ultimately the result of a blend of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic tribes. Although the Hazaras are a mix of multiple distinct ethnicities, many researchers focus on their Mongolic component. Some authors, including Elizabeth Emaline Bacon, Barbara A. West, Yuri Averyanov, and Elbrus Sattsayev, refer to them as "Hazara Mongols." According to historian Lutfi Temirkhanov, Mongolian detachments left in Afghanistan by Genghis Khan or his successors became
6996-430: The Hazaras as one of the country's ethnic groups . Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to Balochistan, Pakistan . Localities in the city of Quetta with prominent Hazara populations include Hazara Town and Mariabad . The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to that of Hazaras in Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the local society's social dynamics. Saira Batool,
7128-445: The Hazaras from northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran, settling in neighborhoods in and around Mashhad , where they later became known as Khawari or Barbari. Another group of Hazaras from the southeastern regions of Afghanistan moved to British India, where they reside in Quetta (present-day Pakistan ) and parts of present-day India . Additionally, some Hazaras settled in Syria and Iraq. Unlike those who migrated to Tsarist Russia,
7260-568: The Hazaras in Pakistan, India, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to integrate fully due to differences in physical appearance, allowing them to retain their language, culture, and ethnic identity. In 1901, Habibullah Khan , Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor, granted amnesty to the Hazaras and invited those exiled by his predecessor to return. However, few returned, settling instead in Turkistan and Balkh province , as they had lost their previous lands. The Hazaras continued to face social, economic, and political discrimination throughout most of
7392-1017: The Hazaras is similar to that of Uzbek , Uyghur , Kazakh , Kyrgyz , and Mongol populations. Some analyses suggest that the Hazaras are more closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia than to Mongolians , East Asians , or Indo-Iranians . In another study, results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to Turkic-speaking populations (such as Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than to other Central and South Asian populations or Mongolians. Outgroup and admixture analyses, including f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results, further show that Hazaras share more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians, carrying approximately 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. The Hazaras have undergone genetic admixture with local or neighboring populations, forming their current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from
7524-424: The Hazaras predominantly have West Eurasian mtDNA. The first mention of the Hazaras appears in Babur 's Baburnama in the early 16th century, particularly referring to tribes such as the Sultan Masaudi Hazaras , Turkoman Hazaras , and Kedi Hazaras. Later, the Hazaras were referenced by the court historians of Shah Abbas of the Safavid dynasty . It is reported that the Hazaras embraced Shia Islam between
7656-429: The Hazaras suffered severe oppression, and numerous ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly Pashtun Taliban. These events have been documented by organizations such as Human Rights Watch . Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States , American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan . After the fall of the Taliban , many Hazaras emerged as important figures in
7788-492: The Hazaras varies according to tribal affiliation. They show a high genetic affinity to present-day Turkic populations of Central Asia and East Asia , as well as to Mongolic populations. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, approximately 49% of the average gene pool of the Hazaras is derived from East Asian sources, around 48% from European sources, and approximately 0.17%, 0.47%, and 2.30% from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian sources, respectively. The genetic makeup of
7920-453: The Hazaras. Meanwhile, the Kuchis were not only exempted from these taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government. The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and subsequently removed the taxes. The repressive policies of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) after the Saur Revolution in 1978 led to uprisings throughout
8052-500: The Middle Ages, and is because of the lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The standard Persian of Iran has been called, apart from Persian and Farsi , by names such as Iranian Persian and Western Persian , exclusively. Officially, the official language of Iran is designated simply as Persian ( فارسی , fārsi ). The standard Persian of Afghanistan has been officially named Dari ( دری , dari ) since 1958. Also referred to as Afghan Persian in English, it
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#17327731998968184-443: The Mongolians. The most common paternal DNA haplogroups among Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian haplogroup C-M217 (33.33%) and the West Eurasian haplogroup R1a1a-M17 (6.67%), followed by the West Eurasian haplogroups J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroups E1b1b1-M35, L-M20, and H-M69, which they share with Tajiks , Pashtuns , and Indian populations . Additionally, one individual with
8316-429: The Ottoman Empire all spoke Persian, such as Sultan Selim I , despite being Safavid Iran's archrival and a staunch opposer of Shia Islam . It was a major literary language in the empire. Some of the noted earlier Persian works during the Ottoman rule are Idris Bidlisi 's Hasht Bihisht , which began in 1502 and covered the reign of the first eight Ottoman rulers, and the Salim-Namah , a glorification of Selim I. After
8448-459: The Persian language can be divided into the following three distinct periods: As a written language , Old Persian is attested in royal Achaemenid inscriptions. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscription , dating to the time of King Darius I (reigned 522–486 BC). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now Iran , Romania ( Gherla ), Armenia , Bahrain , Iraq , Turkey, and Egypt . Old Persian
8580-425: The Persian language, a language historically called Dari, emerged in present-day Afghanistan. The first significant Persian poet was Rudaki . He flourished in the 10th century, when the Samanids were at the height of their power. His reputation as a court poet and as an accomplished musician and singer has survived, although little of his poetry has been preserved. Among his lost works are versified fables collected in
8712-401: The Persian model: Ottoman Turkish , Chagatai Turkic , Dobhashi Bengali , and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian. "Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of medieval Persia used in literature and poetry . This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and lingua franca under
8844-487: The Perso-Arabic script. Persian was the first language to break through the monopoly of Arabic on writing in the Muslim world , with Persian poetry becoming a tradition in many eastern courts. It was used officially as a language of bureaucracy even by non-native speakers, such as the Ottomans in Anatolia , the Mughals in South Asia, and the Pashtuns in Afghanistan. It influenced languages spoken in neighboring regions and beyond, including other Iranian languages,
8976-406: The Qara'unas after that. Oljeitu reasserted his ancestors' claim on Afghanistan and repelled the Qara'unas in 1314. Another Chagatai prince Yasa'ur was given lands in Afghanistan by the latter Ilkhan . By his complaisance toward the Buyantu Ayurbawda Khan of the Yuan and the Ilkhan Oljeitu, Kebek reoccupied the territory peacefully. Esenbuqa and Tarmashirin were all military governors of
9108-404: The Qara'unas deserted Hulegu and captured Sali bahadur. While a majority of Qara'unas were ruled by Chagatai princes, there was another group in Khorasan which formed the eastern border for Abagha Khan. He appointed former Chagatai Khan Mubarak Shah their leader. Duwa recalled his cousin Abdullah and appointed his son Qutlugh Khwaja a governor there in 1299. The descendants of Duwa ruled
9240-490: The Qara'unas who later became Chagatai Khans. This military group had participated in all Mongol invasions of India after 1241. Serving under the Khans, they gained confidence from them. Qara'unas were the main force for the campaigns in Persia and India . Neguderis wintered around Ghazna and summered in Ghur and Garchistan. According to Marco Polo , they were mixed with Indians and Turks, because these soldiers were unable to reach Mongolia to find Mongol wives. After
9372-422: The Qarauna ascendancy failed. In 1362 Tamerlane (Temur, Timur) rejoined the Qara'unas under Qazaghan's grandson, Husayn . They freed Transoxiana from the Mongols of Moghulistan , whom they considered unruly bandits in the next year. But in 1365 the Moghuls invaded again. The Qarauna and Barlas forces were defeated. Quickly after the Khan's fail, Timur and Husayn recovered. They co-ruled Transoxiana and installed
9504-484: The Sasanian Empire (224–651). However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as pārsīk , commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of Fars and used in Zoroastrian religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon and the northeastern Iranian region of Khorasan , known as Dari. The region, which comprised
9636-588: The Sassanids (who were Persians, i.e. from the southwest) from the preceding Arsacids (who were Parthians, i.e. from the northeast). While Ibn al-Muqaffa' (eighth century) still distinguished between Pahlavi (i.e. Parthian) and Persian (in Arabic text: al-Farisiyah) (i.e. Middle Persian), this distinction is not evident in Arab commentaries written after that date. "New Persian" (also referred to as Modern Persian)
9768-462: The Seljuks, the Sultanate of Rum , took Persian language, art, and letters to Anatolia. They adopted the Persian language as the official language of the empire. The Ottomans , who can roughly be seen as their eventual successors, inherited this tradition. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire. The educated and noble class of
9900-484: The Taliban adopted the genocidal policies reminiscent of Abdur Rahman Khan 's era. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north, with the intent of carrying out ethnic cleansing against the Hazara population. In March 2001, the two giant Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed, despite widespread international condemnation. Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of Pakistan . One notable Hazara
10032-542: The Taliban in 1998. The Taliban isolated Hazarajat from the rest of the world, even preventing the United Nations from delivering food to the provinces of Bamyan , Ghor , Maidan Wardak , and Daykundi . In 1997, a revolt broke out among the Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban, resulting in the deaths of 600 Taliban fighters in the subsequent fighting. In retaliation,
10164-536: The Taliban to power, recalling the large-scale massacres of Hazara civilians during the Taliban's previous rule. The 2021 Kabul school bombing targeted a girls' school in Dashte Barchi , a predominantly Shia Hazara area in western Kabul . The Dashte Barchi district had frequently been attacked by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province . Following the fall of Kabul to the Taliban in 2021, which marked
10296-474: The Taliban took over Afghanistan in August 2021, ISIS–K has claimed responsibility for 13 attacks against Hazaras and has been linked to at least three more, resulting in the deaths and injuries of at least 700 people. The Islamic State affiliate has repeatedly targeted Hazaras and other religious minorities at mosques, schools, and workplaces. Some sources claim that Hazaras comprise about 20 to 30 percent of
10428-498: The area of Lake Urmia in the records of Shalmaneser III . The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian pārsa itself coming directly from the older word * pārćwa . Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, Median , according to P. O. Skjærvø it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before
10560-435: The barak has unique properties; its softness helps reduce muscle pain and can provide relief for joint pain . Nowadays, the most common attire among Hazara men is the perahan o tunban , often paired with a hat or turban . Persian language Russia Persian ( / ˈ p ɜːr ʒ ən , - ʃ ən / PUR -zhən, -shən ), also known by its endonym Farsi ( فارسی , Fārsī [fɒːɾˈsiː] ),
10692-485: The central provinces. Hazara men traditionally wear a barak , also called a barag, along with a hat . The barak is an important component of Hazara clothing. It is a soft, thick garment made from the first wool of special sheep raised in Hazarajat. In addition to being stylish and regal, the Hazara barak is also a warm winter garment that is resistant to moisture, allowing it to remain dry in snow and rain. Furthermore,
10824-457: The code fas for the dialects spoken across Iran and Afghanistan. This consists of the individual languages Dari ( prs ) and Iranian Persian ( pes ). It uses tgk for Tajik, separately. In general, the Iranian languages are known from three periods: namely Old, Middle, and New (Modern). These correspond to three historical eras of Iranian history ; Old era being sometime around the Achaemenid Empire (i.e., 400–300 BC), Middle era being
10956-512: The collapse of the Sassanid state, Parsik came to be applied exclusively to (either Middle or New) Persian that was written in the Arabic script . From about the 9th century onward, as Middle Persian was on the threshold of becoming New Persian, the older form of the language came to be erroneously called Pahlavi , which was actually but one of the writing systems used to render both Middle Persian as well as various other Middle Iranian languages. That writing system had previously been adopted by
11088-478: The community is served by the Hazara Democratic Party , a secular liberal democratic party headed by Abdul Khaliq Hazara . The Hazara people in Iran are also referred to as Barbari ( Persian : بربری ), or Khāwari ( خاوری ). Over many years, due to political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population is estimated to be around 500,000, with at least one-third having spent more than half their lives in Iran. Before Iran
11220-533: The country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. In October 1979, President Hafizullah Amin published a list of 12,000 victims of the Taraki government , among whom were 7,000 Hazaras who had been shot in the notorious Pul-e-Charkhi prison . During the Soviet-Afghan War , the Hazarajat region did not experience as much heavy fighting as other parts of Afghanistan. Most of
11352-477: The country. Hazaras pursued higher education, enrolled in the army , and held various top government positions. Notable Hazaras in leadership roles included Vice Presidents , ministers , and governors , such as Karim Khalili , Sarwar Danish , Sima Samar , Muhammad Mohaqiq , Habiba Sarābi , Abdul Haq Shafaq , Sayed Anwar Rahmati , Qurban Ali Urozgani , Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan , Mahmoud Baligh , Mohammad Eqbal Munib , and Mohammad Asim Asim . Azra Jafari ,
11484-741: The death of Qazan Khan , the Chagatai Khanate split into two parts until it was temporarily reunited under Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363). Chagatai Mongol fell under the control of semi-nomadic oboghs: the Arlat in the west, the Barlas in the center, and the Jalayir in the north, and two non-tribal military groups, the Qara'unas and the Qa'uchin. While the Mongols in Moghulistan, the eastern part of
11616-480: The deaths of two local Hazaras. The Afghan government is currently investigating this matter. President Hamid Karzai's efforts after the Peace Jirga to negotiate a deal with Taliban leaders caused deep unease among Afghanistan's minority communities, who had fought the Taliban the longest and suffered the most during their rule. Leaders of the Tajik , Uzbek , and Hazara communities vowed to resist any return of
11748-535: The eastern part of the Ilkhanate . Some historians refer to the Qara'unas as Neguderis. This term was derived from the name of Negudar. Although some scholars claim that the Qara'unas did not owe allegiance to any khanate in the 1290s, it is also claimed that the Qara'unas were largely brought under the Chagatai Khanate during the reign of Alghu in 1262. As a result of wars between the Mongol khanates,
11880-575: The end of the Qajar period and during the Pahlavi period was held by Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara , known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara." He was a Sunni Hazara, a politician, and the first Sunni representative in the Iranian Parliament , as well as the only Sunni Iranian to represent Mashhad in the history of Iran's legislatures . The Attarwala claim to be Hazaras who mainly inhabit the state of Gujarat , India . They are descended from
12012-487: The end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid period. Hazara men, along with those from other ethnic groups, were recruited into the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani in the 18th century. During the second reign of Dost Mohammad Khan in the 19th century, Hazaras from Hazarajat were taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they managed to maintain their regional autonomy until
12144-467: The end of the war in Afghanistan, concerns were raised about whether the Taliban would reimpose the persecution of Hazaras as they did in the 1990s. An academic at Melbourne 's La Trobe University stated that "The Hazaras are very fearful that the Taliban will likely reinstate the policies of the 1990s," despite Taliban reassurances that they would not revert to their previous oppressive practices. On 6 September 2022, Human Rights Watch reported that since
12276-652: The extent of its influence on certain languages of the Indian subcontinent. Words borrowed from Persian are still quite commonly used in certain Indo-Aryan languages, especially Hindi - Urdu (also historically known as Hindustani ), Punjabi , Kashmiri , and Sindhi . There is also a small population of Zoroastrian Iranis in India, who migrated in the 19th century to escape religious execution in Qajar Iran and speak
12408-633: The fall of Kabul , Harakat-e Islami sided with Burhanuddin Rabbani 's government, while Hizb-e Wahdat aligned with the opposition. Hizb-e Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the Taliban captured the city and killed their leader, Abdul Ali Mazari . Following the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all Hazara groups united with the Northern Alliance against this common enemy. However, despite fierce resistance, Hazarajat fell to
12540-590: The following phylogenetic classification: Qara%27unas The word Qarauna derived from the Turkic word Qara meaning black in Mongolian . At first they were subjects of the Great Khan and served as tamnas or tamachis in Afghanistan . The Great Khan appointed their leaders from non- Chingisid generals such as Dayir and Mungudei. In 1238, they settled near India to face the military forces of
12672-577: The formation of many modern languages in West Asia, Europe, Central Asia , and South Asia . Following the Turko-Persian Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia , Persian was firstly introduced in the region by Turkic Central Asians. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. For five centuries prior to
12804-476: The formation of the Achaemenid Empire and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE. Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the Armenian people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like
12936-616: The foundational layer of Hazara ethnogenesis, with Turkic elements playing a secondary role. In the Ghilji neighborhood, Hazaras are called Mongols. Evidence for the Mongol influence in Hazara ethnogenesis includes linguistic data, historical sources, toponymy , and population genetics studies. Scholars such as Vasily Bartold , Ármin Vámbéry , Vadim Masson, Vadim Romodin, Ilya Petrushevsky , Allah Rakha, Fatima, Min-Sheng Peng, Atif Adan, Rui Bi, Memona Yasmin, and Yong-Gang Yao have written about
13068-610: The haplogroup B-M60, typically found in Eastern Africa , was identified. Haplogroup C2 (previously known as the C3-Star cluster) is the most frequent haplogroup among Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras. Pakistani Hazaras have a high frequency of haplogroup C-M217 at approximately 40% (10/25) and haplogroup R1b at around 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b has also been found among Eastern Russian Tatars and Bashkirs , and all three groups are thought to be associated with
13200-538: The historical use of the Mongolian language by the Hazaras. Genetically, the Hazaras have a mix of West Eurasian and East Eurasian components. Genetic data shows that Hazaras in Afghanistan cluster closely with the Uzbek population, while both groups are notably distinct from Afghanistan's Tajik and Pashtun populations. There is evidence of both paternal and maternal connections to Turkic , Mongolic , and Iranic peoples . The frequency of ancestral components among
13332-466: The language of the Persians. Related to Old Persian, but from a different branch of the Iranian language family, was Avestan , the language of the Zoroastrian liturgical texts. The complex grammatical conjugation and declension of Old Persian yielded to the structure of Middle Persian in which the dual number disappeared, leaving only singular and plural, as did gender. Middle Persian developed
13464-549: The long and harsh winters. In 2007, some Kuchi nomads entered parts of Hazarajat to graze their livestock. When the local Hazaras resisted, a clash ensued, resulting in several deaths on both sides from gunfire. Such events continue to occur, even after the central government, including President Hamid Karzai , was compelled to intervene. In late July 2012, a Hazara police commander in Uruzgan Province reportedly rounded up and killed nine Pashtun civilians in retaliation for
13596-527: The mayor of Nili, Daykundi , became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Other notable Hazaras include Sultan Ali Keshtmand , Abdul Wahed Sarābi , Akram Yari , Ghulam Ali Wahdat , Sayed Mustafa Kazemi , Ghulam Husain Naseri , Abbas Noyan , Daoud Naji , Abbas Ibrahim Zada , Ramazan Bashardost , Ahmad Shah Ramazan , Ahmad Behzad , Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili , Fahim Hashimy , Maryam Monsef , and others. Although Afghanistan has historically been one of
13728-432: The middle-period form only continuing in the texts of Zoroastrianism . Middle Persian is considered to be a later form of the same dialect as Old Persian. The native name of Middle Persian was Parsig or Parsik , after the name of the ethnic group of the southwest, that is, "of Pars ", Old Persian Parsa , New Persian Fars . This is the origin of the name Farsi as it is today used to signify New Persian. Following
13860-536: The most widely spoken. The term Persian is an English derivation of Latin Persiānus , the adjectival form of Persia , itself deriving from Greek Persís ( Περσίς ), a Hellenized form of Old Persian Pārsa ( 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 ), which means " Persia " (a region in southwestern Iran, corresponding to modern-day Fars ). According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the term Persian as
13992-466: The nationalist movement of the time. The academy was a key institution in the struggle to re-build Iran as a nation-state after the collapse of the Qajar dynasty. During the 1930s and 1940s, the academy led massive campaigns to replace the many Arabic , Russian , French , and Greek loanwords whose widespread use in Persian during the centuries preceding the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty had created
14124-499: The necessity of protecting the Persian language against foreign words, and to the standardization of Persian orthography , were under the reign of Naser ed Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty in 1871. After Naser ed Din Shah, Mozaffar ed Din Shah ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903. This association officially declared that it used Persian and Arabic as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal
14256-470: The new communist government, which actively courted Afghan minorities. Sultan Ali Kishtmand , a Hazara, served as the Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1981 to 1990, with a brief interruption in 1988. The Ismaili Hazaras of Baghlan Province likewise supported the communists, and their pir (religious leader), Jaffar Naderi , led a pro-Communist militia in the region. During the following years,
14388-414: The next period most officially around the Sasanian Empire , and New era being the period afterward down to present day. According to available documents, the Persian language is "the only Iranian language" for which close philological relationships between all of its three stages are established and so that Old, Middle, and New Persian represent one and the same language of Persian; that is, New Persian
14520-586: The northern Hindu Kush migrated to Tsarist Russia , primarily settling in the southern cities, while some moved to Iran. Over time, many Hazaras living in Tsarist Russian regions lost their language , culture , and ethnic identity due to the similarities in racial background and physical appearance of the local population, leading them to assimilate. The fleeing Hazaras settled in former Tsarist Russia regions, including Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , and Dagestan . Meanwhile,
14652-732: The northern part of Greece). Vardar Yenicesi differed from other localities in the Balkans insofar as that it was a town where Persian was also widely spoken. However, the Persian of Vardar Yenicesi and throughout the rest of the Ottoman-held Balkans was different from formal Persian both in accent and vocabulary. The difference was apparent to such a degree that the Ottomans referred to it as "Rumelian Persian" ( Rumili Farsisi ). As learned people such as students, scholars and literati often frequented Vardar Yenicesi, it soon became
14784-542: The official language of the Achaemenid kings. Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, Parsuwash (along with Matai , presumably Medians) are first mentioned in
14916-452: The origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. Genetic and linguistic analyses describe Hazaras as an ethnically mixed group , with varying degrees of ancestry linked to contemporary Mongolic , Turkic , and Iranic populations. The physical characteristics of some Hazaras and Char Aimaks are Mongolian, likely a legacy of the Mongol invasion . Additionally, Hazaras share
15048-455: The poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has remained underdeveloped due to past government neglect. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars have been invested in Afghanistan for reconstruction, and several large-scale projects began in August 2012. For instance, more than 5,000 kilometers of road pavement have been completed across the country, with little done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). Conversely,
15180-638: The present territories of northwestern Afghanistan as well as parts of Central Asia, played a leading role in the rise of New Persian. Khorasan, which was the homeland of the Parthians, was Persianized under the Sasanians. Dari Persian thus supplanted Parthian language , which by the end of the Sasanian era had fallen out of use. New Persian has incorporated many foreign words, including from eastern northern and northern Iranian languages such as Sogdian and especially Parthian. The transition to New Persian
15312-515: The region away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance in Hazarajat was complete. As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups recognized the need to broaden their political appeal and shifted their focus toward Hazara nationalism . This shift led to the establishment of Hizbe-Wahdat , an alliance of all Hazara resistance groups, except for Harakat-e Islami . In 1992, with
15444-647: The region during the following centuries. Persian continued to act as a courtly language for various empires in Punjab through the early 19th century serving finally as the official state language of the Sikh Empire , preceding British conquest and the decline of Persian in South Asia. Beginning in 1843, though, English and Hindustani gradually replaced Persian in importance on the subcontinent. Evidence of Persian's historical influence there can be seen in
15576-602: The reign of Sultan Ghiyathuddin Azam Shah is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature was illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence and collaboration with the Persian poet Hafez ; a poem which can be found in the Divan of Hafez today. A Bengali dialect emerged among the common Bengali Muslim folk, based on a Persian model and known as Dobhashi ; meaning mixed language . Dobhashi Bengali
15708-668: The site of a flourishing Persianate linguistic and literary culture. The 16th-century Ottoman Aşık Çelebi (died 1572), who hailed from Prizren in modern-day Kosovo , was galvanized by the abundant Persian-speaking and Persian-writing communities of Vardar Yenicesi, and he referred to the city as a "hotbed of Persian". Many Ottoman Persianists who established a career in the Ottoman capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul ) pursued early Persian training in Saraybosna, amongst them Ahmed Sudi . The Persian language influenced
15840-573: The standard Persian of Tajikistan, has been officially designated as Tajik ( тоҷикӣ , tojikī ) since the time of the Soviet Union . It is the name given to the varieties of Persian spoken in Central Asia in general. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa for the Persian language, as its coding system is mostly based on the native-language designations. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses
15972-717: The standard Persian. The Hazaragi dialect (in Central Afghanistan and Pakistan), Herati (in Western Afghanistan), Darwazi (in Afghanistan and Tajikistan), Basseri (in Southern Iran), and the Tehrani accent (in Iran, the basis of standard Iranian Persian) are examples of these dialects. Persian-speaking peoples of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan can understand one another with a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility . Nevertheless,
16104-417: The total population of Afghanistan . They were, by far, the largest ethnic group in the past. During the 1888–1893 uprisings , over sixty percent of Hazaras were massacred, and many were displaced. Meanwhile, they lost a significant portion of their territory to non-Hazaras, which could have doubled their land size today. The Hazaras are one of the largest ethnic groups in Afghanistan , primarily residing in
16236-642: The total Hazara population, with many being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands were distributed among loyalist villagers from nearby non-Hazara communities. The repression following the uprising has been characterized as genocide or ethnic cleansing in the history of modern Afghanistan. After these massacres, Abdul Rahman forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of Uruzgan and other parts of Hazaristan to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands, prompting many Hazaras to flee to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, Iran , British India , Iraq , and Syria . Those Hazaras living in
16368-485: The use of Farsi in foreign languages. Etymologically, the Persian term Farsi derives from its earlier form Pārsi ( Pārsik in Middle Persian ), which in turn comes from the same root as the English term Persian . In the same process, the Middle Persian toponym Pārs ("Persia") evolved into the modern name Fars. The phonemic shift from /p/ to /f/ is due to the influence of Arabic in
16500-620: The winter months in various cities of what is now Pakistan . The earliest record of Hazaras in Pakistan dates back to Broadfoot's Sappers Company, which was established in 1835 in Quetta and also participated in the First Anglo-Afghan War . Additionally, some Hazaras worked on agricultural farms in Sindh and contributed to the construction of the Sukkur Barrage. In 1962, the government of Pakistan officially recognized
16632-688: Was Qazi Muhammad Isa of the Sheikh Ali tribe , who was a close friend of Muhammad Ali Jinnah ; they met for the first time while studying in London. Qazi Muhammad Isa was the first person from his native province of Balochistan to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and played a key role in establishing the All-India Muslim League in Balochistan. Though Hazaras played a role in the anti-Soviet movement, some Hazaras also participated in
16764-597: Was already complete by the era of the three princely dynasties of Iranian origin, the Tahirid dynasty (820–872), Saffarid dynasty (860–903), and Samanid Empire (874–999). Abbas of Merv is mentioned as being the earliest minstrel to chant verse in the New Persian tongue and after him the poems of Hanzala Badghisi were among the most famous between the Persian-speakers of the time. The first poems of
16896-508: Was forced to relinquish the Herat region according to the Treaty of Paris in 1857 during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah , the country possessed a much larger part of Greater Khorasan . One of the tribes that roamed this area prior to the cession was the Hazaras. After the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn, the tribe settled on both sides of the border. The leadership of this tribe at
17028-597: Was patronised and given official status under the Sultans of Bengal , and was a popular literary form used by Bengalis during the pre-colonial period, irrespective of their religion. Following the defeat of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, classical Persian was established as a courtly language in the region during the late 10th century under Ghaznavid rule over the northwestern frontier of the subcontinent . Employed by Punjabis in literature, Persian achieved prominence in
17160-480: Was spared, as its inhabitants accepted his rule, while other regions rejected Abdur Rahman and supported his uncle, Sher Ali Khan . In response, Abdur Rahman waged war against the tribal leaders who opposed his policies and rule. This conflict is known as the Hazara Uprisings . These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of the Hazaras, resulting in the massacre of over sixty percent of
17292-613: Was taught in state schools, and was also offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas . Persian learning was also widespread in the Ottoman-held Balkans ( Rumelia ), with a range of cities being famed for their long-standing traditions in the study of Persian and its classics, amongst them Saraybosna (modern Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina), Mostar (also in Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Vardar Yenicesi (or Yenice-i Vardar, now Giannitsa , in
17424-492: Was to prevent books from being printed with wrong use of words. According to the executive guarantee of this association, the government was responsible for wrongfully printed books. Words coined by this association, such as rāh-āhan ( راهآهن ) for "railway", were printed in Soltani Newspaper ; but the association was eventually closed due to inattention. A scientific association was founded in 1911, resulting in
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