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69-604: With an aim to improve the army's ability to fight what China terms "informationized conflicts" and enhance the PLA's power projection capabilities in space and cyberspace , the PLASSF was a force purportedly designed to break stovepipes in the intelligence sharing and coordination departments of the different branches. On April 19, 2024, the Strategic Support Force was dissolved and split into three independent arms:

138-421: A code of shared rules and ethics mutually beneficial for all to follow, referred to as cyberethics . Many view the right to privacy as most important to a functional code of cyberethics. Such moral responsibilities go hand in hand when working online with global networks, specifically when opinions are involved with online social experiences. According to Chip Morningstar and F. Randall Farmer , cyberspace

207-620: A computer space, distributed across increasingly complex and fluid networks." The term cyberspace started to become a de facto synonym for the Internet, and later the World Wide Web , during the 1990s, especially in academic circles and activist communities. Author Bruce Sterling , who popularized this meaning, credits John Perry Barlow as the first to use it to refer to "the present-day nexus of computer and telecommunications networks". Barlow describes it thus in his essay to announce

276-507: A conventional means to describe anything associated with general computing , the Internet and the diverse Internet culture . The U.S. government recognizes the interdependent network of information technology infrastructures and cyber-physical systems operating across this medium as part of the US national critical infrastructure . Amongst individuals on cyberspace, there is believed to be

345-444: A domain without a hierarchical ordering principle, we can, therefore, extend the definition of international politics coined by Kenneth Waltz: as being "with no system of law enforceable." This does not mean that the dimension of power in cyberspace is absent, nor that power is dispersed and scattered into a thousand invisible streams, nor that it is evenly spread across myriad people and organizations, as some scholars had predicted. On

414-451: A gigantic jack-in-the-box. Light has flooded upon it, the eerie light of the glowing computer screen. This dark electric netherworld has become a vast flowering electronic landscape. Since the 1960s, the world of the telephone has cross-bred itself with computers and television, and though there is still no substance to cyberspace, nothing you can handle, it has a strange kind of physicality now. It makes good sense today to talk of cyberspace as

483-435: A kind of mobile production unit, but unfortunately the drawings have been lost. It was a kind of truck with a nozzle at the back. Like a bee building its hive. The nozzle would emit and apply material that grew to form amorphous mushrooms or whatever you might imagine. It was supposed to be computer-controlled, allowing you to create interesting shapes and sequences of spaces. It was a merging of organic and technological systems,

552-405: A new way of structuring the world. And a response that counteracted industrial uniformity. We had this idea that sophisticated software might enable us to mimic the way in which nature creates products – where things that belong to the same family can take different forms. All oak trees are oak trees, but no two oak trees are exactly alike. And then a whole new material – polystyrene foam – arrived on

621-660: A notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs. The word became popular in the 1990s when the use of the Internet, networking, and digital communication were all growing dramatically; the term cyberspace was able to represent the many new ideas and phenomena that were emerging. As a social experience, individuals can interact, exchange ideas, share information, provide social support, conduct business, direct actions, create artistic media, play games, engage in political discussion, and so on, using this global network. Cyberspace users are sometimes referred to as cybernauts . The term cyberspace has become

690-735: A number of departments under it: the General Office, the Discipline Inspection Department, the Foreign Affairs Bureau General Office, the Justice Bureau General Office, Mass Work Bureau General Office, Cadre Department, Culture Department, Directly Subordinated Organs Work Department, Liaison Department, Organization Department, Propaganda Department, Security Department. The department also oversees

759-530: A physical-virtual dynamics in constant metamorphosis (ibidem). In this sense, Professor Doctor Marcelo Mendonça Teixeira created, in 2013, a new model of communication to the virtual universe, based in Claude Elwood Shannon (1948) article "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Having originated among writers, the concept of cyberspace remains most popular in literature and film. Although artists working with other media have expressed interest in

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828-412: A place all its own. The "space" in cyberspace has more in common with the abstract, mathematical meanings of the term (see space ) than physical space. It does not have the duality of positive and negative volume (while in physical space, for example, a room has the negative volume of usable space delineated by positive volume of walls, Internet users cannot enter the screen and explore the unknown part of

897-464: A spatial metaphor to describe what is inherently a network. A forerunner of the modern ideas of cyberspace is the Cartesian notion that people might be deceived by an evil demon that feeds them a false reality. This argument is the direct predecessor of modern ideas of a brain in a vat and many popular conceptions of cyberspace take Descartes's ideas as their starting point. Visual arts have

966-404: A tradition, stretching back to antiquity , of artifacts meant to fool the eye and be mistaken for reality. This questioning of reality occasionally led some philosophers and especially theologians to distrust art as deceiving people into entering a world which was not real (see Aniconism ). The artistic challenge was resurrected with increasing ambition as art became more and more realistic with

1035-452: A virtual design system called Cyberspace. Although several definitions of cyberspace can be found both in scientific literature and in official governmental sources, there is no fully agreed official definition yet. According to F. D. Kramer ,there are 28 different definitions of the term cyberspace . The most recent draft definition is the following: Cyberspace is a global and dynamic domain (subject to constant change) characterized by

1104-476: A virtual reality, current technology allows the integration of a number of capabilities (sensors, signals, connections, transmissions, processors, and controllers) sufficient to generate a virtual interactive experience that is accessible regardless of a geographic location. It is for these reasons cyberspace has been described as the ultimate tax haven . In 1989, Autodesk , an American multinational corporation that focuses on 2D and 3D design software, developed

1173-475: Is a new type of combat force to maintain national security and an important growth point for new combat capabilities, including battlefield environment protection, Information Assurance and Communication Security, Information Security, testing and integrating emerging technologies, among other things. In April 2024, the Strategic Support Force was dissolved in a reorganization. The PLASSF leadership and administrative officials were stationed at their headquarters in

1242-406: Is defined more by the social interactions involved rather than its technical implementation. In their view, the computational medium in cyberspace is an augmentation of the communication channel between real people; the core characteristic of cyberspace is that it offers an environment that consists of many participants with the ability to affect and influence each other. They derive this concept from

1311-558: Is structured to engage in the information space, with emphasis on electronic countermeasures, network offense and defense, satellite management, and some of the functions of logistical supply and dispatch. It also responsible for influence operations , cyberwarfare , and electronic warfare . On 24 July 2019, the government white paper "China's National Defense in a New Era" published by the State Council Information Office stated: The strategic support force

1380-420: Is the "place" where a telephone conversation appears to occur. Not inside your actual phone, the plastic device on your desk. Not inside the other person's phone, in some other city. The place between the phones. [...] in the past twenty years, this electrical "space," which was once thin and dark and one-dimensional—little more than a narrow speaking-tube, stretching from phone to phone—has flung itself open like

1449-603: Is the most restricted bases in China and was off limits to foreigners until the 1980s during the decommission of various military installations. However, it is still in use and under the control of the CMC Equipment Development Department. Cyberspace Cyberspace is an interconnected digital environment. It is a type of virtual world popularized with the rise of the Internet . The term entered popular culture from science fiction and

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1518-857: The Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center , they are tasked with conducting launch monitoring, tracking and measurement, as well as launch recovery. Headquartered on the Hangtian North Road of Xichang City in the Sichuan Province . It is also home to the Wenchang Aerospace Launch Site . Stationed at Luoyang in the Henan Province , Base 33 serves as the metrology and instrument measurement center. They also conduct Astronomical mapping and surveying. This base

1587-477: The Haidian District of Beijing ; the functional departments and leadership of the subordinate units were stationed here. The PLASSF oversaw all units responsible for psychological warfare, information warfare, space warfare, cyberwarfare, and electronic warfare operations formerly under the former General Staff Department . This included the cyber espionage capabilities of the former Third Department,

1656-602: The People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force , the People's Liberation Army Cyberspace Force and the People's Liberation Army Information Support Force . At the 2015 China Victory Day Parade , the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary and Central Military Commission (CMC) chairman Xi Jinping announced sweeping reforms to the structure of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) and

1725-455: The mass media is the result of a long adaptation process of their communicative resources to the evolutionary changes of each historical moment. Thus, the new media became (plurally) an extension of the traditional media in cyberspace, allowing to the public access information in a wide range of digital devices. In other words, it is a cultural virtualization of human reality as a result of the migration from physical to virtual space (mediated by

1794-555: The 1980s in the work of cyberpunk science fiction author William Gibson , first in his 1982 short story " Burning Chrome " and later in his 1984 novel Neuromancer . In the next few years, the word became prominently identified with online computer networks. The portion of Neuromancer cited in this respect is usually the following: Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts... A graphic representation of data abstracted from

1863-638: The Bayi Building in Beijing. In attendance were the CMC leadership and leaders of the PLA Ground Force and Rocket Force. CMC Chairman Xi Jinping was also in attendance, giving out military flags and instructional speeches, along with CMC Vice Chairmen and CCP Political Department members Fan Changlong and Xu Qiliang . Fan Changlong read out the CMC's orders and decisions issued by Chairman Xi on

1932-503: The Cultural Revolution began, this system was effective. The General Political Department was led by a director, usually of General rank, and numerous deputy directors, most of whom were also accorded General rank (others were Lt. Generals). The director was a military-region level position. The last director was Zhang Yang , who served until 2016 and became head of the department's successor body. The department also had

2001-740: The Disciplinary Inspection Commission was the Disciplinary Inspection Service. Stationed at the Haidian District of Beijing, the PLASSF Space Systems Department (SSD) was the consolidation of all PLA's space-based C4ISR systems. As of 2018 it was headed by Lieutenant General Shang Hong, with Lieutenant General Kang Chunyuan acting as political commissar. The Space Systems Department also oversaw all of

2070-780: The General Staff Department was the PLASSF Xingcheng "Rehabilitation" Center. The Political Work Department was under the direction of Lieutenant General Feng Jianhua. His Deputy Directors were Major General Chen Jinrong and Major General Huang Qiusheng. Subordinated to the Political Department was the Political Bureau. Also called the PLASSF Supervisory Commission , the Disciplinary Inspection Commission

2139-598: The ICTs), ruled by codes, signs and particular social relationships. Forwards, arise instant ways of communication, interaction and possible quick access to information, in which we are no longer mere senders, but also producers, reproducers, co-workers and providers. New technologies also help to "connect" people from different cultures outside the virtual space, which was unthinkable fifty years ago. In this giant relationships web, we mutually absorb each other's beliefs, customs, values, laws and habits, cultural legacies perpetuated by

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2208-551: The Internet (with a lowercase i), while networks between computers are called intranet. Internet (with a capital I, in journalistic language sometimes called the Net) can be considered a part of the system a). A distinctive and constitutive feature of cyberspace is that no central entity exercises control over all the networks that make up this new domain. Just as in the real world there is no world government, cyberspace lacks an institutionally predefined hierarchical center. To cyberspace,

2277-425: The Internet as an extension of the space they are in), but spatial meaning can be attributed to the relationship between different pages (of books as well as web servers ), considering the unturned pages to be somewhere "out there." The concept of cyberspace, therefore, refers not to the content being presented to the surfer, but rather to the possibility of surfing among different sites, with feedback loops between

2346-558: The Net. It extends across that immense region of electron states, microwaves, magnetic fields, light pulses and thought which sci-fi writer William Gibson named Cyberspace. As Barlow and the EFF continued public education efforts to promote the idea of " digital rights ", the term was increasingly used during the Internet boom of the late 1990s . Although in the present-day, loose use of the term cyberspace no longer implies or suggests immersion in

2415-702: The PLA Navy, noted: The major mission of the PLA Strategic Support Force is to give support to the combat operations so that the PLA can gain regional advantages in the space warfare and cyber warfare domains, and to ensure smooth operations. Specifically, the objectives of the strategic support force were to include: Unlike the PLA Rocket Force, the Strategic Support Force is more dedicated to 5th Generation Information Warfare and

2484-536: The PLA. As of 2018 it was headed by Lieutenant General Zheng Junjie, with Lieutenant General Chai Shaoling as political commissar, both of whom were also serving members of the 13th National People's Congress . List of military bases under the NSD: On 19 April 2024, the Network Systems Department was reorganised as the independent People's Liberation Army Information Support Force . As for

2553-478: The Platonic tradition: Let us imagine a nation in which everyone is hooked up to a network of VR infrastructure. They have been so hooked up since they left their mother's wombs. Immersed in cyberspace and maintaining their life by teleoperation, they have never imagined that life could be any different from that. The first person that thinks of the possibility of an alternative world like ours would be ridiculed by

2622-515: The armed forces. This made the economic "political department" also under command of the armed forces, rather than the Party's Central Committee . This effectively created a "parallel chain of command " which bypassed the Party. The role of the GPD during the Cultural Revolution meant that when the Party lines of command failed amidst chaos, alternative chains of command would be implemented. By 1966, before

2691-412: The arts but is now used by technology strategists, security professionals, governments, military and industry leaders and entrepreneurs to describe the domain of the global technology environment, commonly defined as standing for the global network of interdependent information technology infrastructures, telecommunications networks and computer processing systems. Others consider cyberspace to be just

2760-410: The banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding. Now widely used, the term has since been criticized by Gibson, who commented on the origin of the term in the 2000 documentary No Maps for These Territories : All I knew about the word "cyberspace" when I coined it,

2829-493: The combined use of electrons and the electromagnetic spectrum, whose purpose is to create, store, modify, exchange, share, and extract, use, eliminate information and disrupt physical resources. Cyberspace includes: a) physical infrastructures and telecommunications devices that allow for the connection of technological and communication system networks, understood in the broadest sense (SCADA devices, smartphones/tablets, computers, servers, etc.); b) computer systems (see point a) and

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2898-470: The communication network itself, so that a website , for example, might be metaphorically said to "exist in cyberspace". According to this interpretation, events taking place on the Internet are not happening in the locations where participants or servers are physically located, but "in cyberspace". The philosopher Michel Foucault used the term heterotopias to describe such spaces which are simultaneously physical and mental. Firstly, cyberspace describes

2967-695: The concept, such as Roy Ascott , "cyberspace" in digital art is mostly used as a synonym for immersive virtual reality and remains more discussed than enacted. Cyberspace also brings together every service and facility imaginable to expedite money laundering. One can purchase anonymous credit cards, bank accounts, encrypted global mobile telephones, and false passports. From there one can pay professional advisors to set up IBCs (International Business Corporations, or corporations with anonymous ownership) or similar structures in OFCs (Offshore Financial Centers). Such advisors are loath to ask any penetrating questions about

3036-538: The contrary, cyberspace is characterized by a precise structuring of hierarchies of power. The Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Department of Defense define cyberspace as one of five interdependent domains, the remaining four being land, air, maritime, and space. See United States Cyber Command While cyberspace should not be confused with the Internet, the term is often used to refer to objects and identities that exist largely within

3105-586: The diminishing of state influence envisioned by John Perry Barlow ) failed to materialize and the word lost some of its novelty appeal, it remains current as of 2006 . Some virtual communities explicitly refer to the concept of cyberspace—for example, Linden Lab calling their customers " Residents " of Second Life —while all such communities can be positioned "in cyberspace" for explanatory and comparative purposes (as did Sterling in The Hacker Crackdown , followed by many journalists), integrating

3174-594: The electronic support measures from the former Fourth Department, and the space-based ISR systems and Aerospace Reconnaissance Bureau and Satellite Main Station, General Political Department , and General Armaments Department , including the launch, telemetry, tracking, and control facilities and research and development organizations. The General Staff Department was under the direction of Admiral Li Shangfu , Chief of Staff. His Deputy Chiefs of Staff were Major General Sun Bo and Major General Zhang Minghua. Subordinated to

3243-532: The flow of digital data through the network of interconnected computers: it is at once not "real"—since one could not spatially locate it as a tangible object—and clearly "real" in its effects. There have been several attempts to create a concise model about how cyberspace works since it is not a physical thing that can be looked at. Secondly, cyberspace is the site of computer-mediated communication (CMC), in which online relationships and alternative forms of online identity are enacted, raising important questions about

3312-741: The formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (note the spatial metaphor) in June 1990: In this silent world, all conversation is typed. To enter it, one forsakes both body and place and becomes a thing of words alone. You can see what your neighbors are saying (or recently said), but not what either they or their physical surroundings look like. Town meetings are continuous and discussions rage on everything from sexual kinks to depreciation schedules. Whether by one telephonic tendril or millions, they are all connected to one another. Collectively, they form what their inhabitants call

3381-539: The formation of the PLA's leadership and forces, while Vice Chairman Xu Qiliang presided over the meeting. On 1 January 2016, the next day, Yang Yujun of the Chinese Ministry of National Defense issued a statement on the new Strategic Support Force describing it as formed by the "functional integration" of various support forces that are strategic, basic, and supportive. Another expert, Rear Admiral Yin Zhuo of

3450-461: The game, and then figuratively representing them on the screen as avatars . Games do not have to stop at the avatar-player level, but current implementations aiming for more immersive playing space (i.e. Laser tag ) take the form of augmented reality rather than cyberspace, fully immersive virtual realities remaining impractical. Although the more radical consequences of the global communication network predicted by some cyberspace proponents (i.e.

3519-836: The invention of photography, film (see Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat ), and immersive computer simulations. American counterculture exponents like William S. Burroughs (whose literary influence on Gibson and cyberpunk in general is widely acknowledged ) and Timothy Leary were among the first to extol the potential of computers and computer networks for individual empowerment. Some contemporary philosophers and scientists (e.g. David Deutsch in The Fabric of Reality ) employ virtual reality in various thought experiments . For example, Philip Zhai in Get Real: A Philosophical Adventure in Virtual Reality connects cyberspace to

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3588-576: The majority of these citizens, just like the few enlightened ones in Plato's allegory of the cave. Note that this brain-in-a-vat argument conflates cyberspace with reality , while the more common descriptions of cyberspace contrast it with the "real world". The “Geography of Notopia” (Papadimitriou, 2006) theorizes about the complex interplay of cyber-cultures and the geographical space. This interplay has several philosophical and psychological facets (Papadimitriou, 2009). The technological convergence of

3657-514: The metaphor into a wider cyber-culture . The metaphor has been useful in helping a new generation of thought leaders to reason through new military strategies around the world, led largely by the US Department of Defense (DoD). The use of cyberspace as a metaphor has had its limits, however, especially in areas where the metaphor becomes confused with physical infrastructure. It has also been critiqued as being unhelpful for falsely employing

3726-419: The observation that people seek richness, complexity, and depth within a virtual world. The term cyberspace first appeared in the visual arts in the late 1960s, when Danish artist Susanne Ussing (1940–1998) and her partner architect Carsten Hoff (b. 1934) constituted themselves as Atelier Cyberspace. Under this name the two made a series of installations and images entitled "sensory spaces" that were based on

3795-450: The principle of open systems adaptable to various influences, such as human movement and the behaviour of new materials. Atelier Cyberspace worked at a time when the Internet did not exist and computers were more or less off-limit to artists and creative engagement. In a 2015 interview with Scandinavian art magazine Kunstkritikk , Carsten Hoff recollects that although Atelier Cyberspace did try to implement computers, they had no interest in

3864-497: The related (sometimes embedded) software that guarantee the domain's basic operational functioning and connectivity; c) networks between computer systems; d) networks of networks that connect computer systems (the distinction between networks and networks of networks is mainly organizational); e) the access nodes of users and intermediaries routing nodes; f) constituent data (or resident data). Often, in common parlance (and sometimes in commercial language), networks of networks are called

3933-591: The scene. It behaved like nature in the sense that it grew when its two component parts were mixed. Almost like a fungal growth. This made it an obvious choice for our work in Atelier Cyberspace. The works of Atelier Cyberspace were originally shown at a number of Copenhagen venues and have later been exhibited at The National Gallery of Denmark in Copenhagen as part of the exhibition "What's Happening?" The term cyberspace first appeared in fiction in

4002-568: The social psychology of Internet use, the relationship between "online" and "offline" forms of life and interaction, and the relationship between the "real" and the virtual. Cyberspace draws attention to remediation of culture through new media technologies: it is not just a communication tool, but a social destination, and is culturally significant in its own right. Finally, cyberspace can be seen as providing new opportunities to reshape society and culture through "hidden" identities, or it can be seen as borderless communication and culture. Cyberspace

4071-550: The space launch bases including: On 19 April 2024, the Space Systems Department was reorganised as the independent People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force . The PLASSF Network Systems Department  [ zh ] (NSD) was the integration of all PLA information and cyberwarfare capabilities and is believed to have taken over many of the capabilities previously held by the Third and Fourth Departments of

4140-562: The state apparatus. In the summer of 1964 before the Cultural Revolution, organizations called "political departments" were set up in throughout branches of the administration in China, in central and regional levels. Members were to study the works of Mao Zedong and emulate the army. These organizations were headed by the General Political Department, the organ by which Mao Zedong and Lin Biao exercised control over

4209-580: The state security apparatus. On 22 December 2015, the Chinese PLA newsletter, Liberation Army Daily , reported that as part of the joint military exercises taking place that same year, strategic and logistical support forces were included in those exercises along with Intelligence and other high-profile units among the Central Military Commission. On 31 December 2015, the PLA Strategic Support Force held its first annual meeting at

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4278-444: The user and the rest of the system creating the potential to always encounter something unknown or unexpected. Video games differ from text-based communication in that on-screen images are meant to be figures that actually occupy a space and the animation shows the movement of those figures. Images are supposed to form the positive volume that delineates the empty space. A game adopts the cyberspace metaphor by engaging more players in

4347-469: The virtual space as such: To us, "cyberspace" was simply about managing spaces. There was nothing esoteric about it. Nothing digital, either. It was just a tool. The space was concrete, physical. In the same interview, Hoff continues: Our shared point of departure was that we were working with physical settings, and we were both frustrated and displeased with the architecture from the period, particularly when it came to spaces for living. We felt that there

4416-517: The wealth and activities of their clients, since the average fees criminals pay them to launder their money can be as much as 20 percent. In 2010, a five-level model was designed in France. According to this model, cyberspace is composed of five layers based on information discoveries: 1) language, 2) writing, 3) printing, 4) Internet, 5) Etc., i.e. the rest, e.g. noosphere , artificial life , artificial intelligence, etc., etc. This original model links

4485-767: The world of information to telecommunication technologies. People%27s Liberation Army General Political Department The General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army ( GPD ; Chinese : 中国人民解放军总政治部 ) was the former chief political organ under the Central Military Commission of Chinese Communist Party . It led all political activities in the People's Liberation Army . Its former director-generals include Liu Shaoqi , Luo Ronghuan , Tan Zheng , Xiao Hua , Li Desheng , Zhang Chunqiao , Wei Guoqing , Yu Qiuli , Yang Baibing , Yu Yongbo , Xu Caihou , and Li Jinai . Its last head

4554-606: Was Zhang Yang , who committed suicide. The department was disbanded in January 2016 and a new agency, the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission , was founded. The General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army played an important role for Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution , through its control of "political departments" that were set up throughout

4623-403: Was a need to loosen up the rigid confines of urban planning, giving back the gift of creativity to individual human beings and allowing them to shape and design their houses or dwellings themselves – instead of having some clever architect pop up, telling you how you should live. We were thinking in terms of open-ended systems where things could grow and evolve as required. For instance, we imagined

4692-478: Was led by Lieutenant General Yang Xiaoxiang, Secretary. The role of the Disciplinary Inspection Commission was to conduct surveillance and conduct "disciplinary inspections" on PLASSF members in accordance with Article 68 of the March 2018 "Supervision Law" passed by the 13th National People's Congress . The position of Secretary was originally held by Deputy Political Commissar Lu Jiancheng (2016–2019). Subordinated to

4761-400: Was that it seemed like an effective buzzword. It seemed evocative and essentially meaningless. It was suggestive of something, but had no real semantic meaning, even for me, as I saw it emerge on the page. Don Slater uses a metaphor to define cyberspace, describing the "sense of a social setting that exists purely within a space of representation and communication ... it exists entirely within

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