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55-523: Many manufacturing facilities are situated here, such as the world's most advanced biorefinery , Borregaard in Sarpsborg . Fredrikstad has shipyards. There are granite mines in Østfold and stone from these were used by Gustav Vigeland . The county slogan is "The heartland of Scandinavia". The local dialects are characterized by their geographical proximity to Sweden. The old name of the Oslofjord

110-485: A Blume Biorefinery system for producing bioethanol as well as additional high-return offtake products from local and readily available resources such as the prickly pear cactus . Circular Organics (part of Kempen Insect Valley ) grows black soldier fly larvae on waste from the agricultural and food industry (i.e. fruit and vegetable surplus, remaining waste from fruit juice and jam production). These larvae are used to produce protein , grease , and chitin . The grease

165-418: A combination of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering . As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to an observer, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles , changing the final color of the beam the viewer sees. Because the shorter wavelength components, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, these colors are preferentially removed from

220-591: A minimum selling price between 50.38 and 62.72 US cents/L which is comparable with the market price. The production of xylitol, citric acid and glutamic acid from sugarcane lignocellulose (bagasse and harvesting residues), each in combination with electricity have been evaluated; the three biorefinery systems were simulated to be annexed to an existing sugar mill in South Africa. The production of xylitol and glutamic acid has shown economic feasibility with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 12.3% and 31.5%, exceeding

275-501: A product value of 0.47 $ /kg with a payback period and return on investment of 3.2 years and 21.9%, respectively. The integration of microalgae and Jatropha as a viable route for the production of biofuels and biochemicals has been analyzed in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) context. Three scenarios were examined; in all of them, biodiesel and glycerol is produced; in the first scenario biogas and organic fertilizer

330-530: Is also a railway between Ski and Sarpsborg that covers the inner part. There is no public airport in the county. Moss Airport was one but is now closed. The main airport for Østfold is the Oslo Airport, Gardermoen , with a population of more than 2 million people within two hours distance. Aimed at covering general medical needs of Østfold County and [Vestby Municipality] Østfold Hospital provides medical services, diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation to

385-450: Is also referred to as a "cascading phase". The use of biomass as feedstock can provide a benefit by reducing the impacts on the environment, as lower pollutants emissions and reduction in the emissions of hazard products. In addition, biorefineries are intended to achieve the following goals: Biorefineries can be classified based in four main features: The aforementioned features are used to classified biorefineries systems according to

440-400: Is due to Rayleigh scattering by air molecules and particles much smaller than the wavelength of visible light (less than 50 nm in diameter). The scattering by cloud droplets and other particles with diameters comparable to or larger than the sunlight's wavelengths (more than 600 nm) is due to Mie scattering and is not strongly wavelength-dependent. Mie scattering is responsible for

495-427: Is hydrolyzed and fermented to produce ethanol, while the resulting liquor containing dissolved lignin is gasified and refined to dimethyl ether; the process demonstrate to be self-sufficient in terms of hot utility (fresh steam) demand but with a deficit of electricity; the process can be feasible, economically speaking, but is highly dependent on the development of biofuel prices. The exergetic and economic evaluation for

550-401: Is instead lofted into the stratosphere (as thin clouds of tiny sulfuric acid droplets), can yield beautiful post-sunset colors called afterglows and pre-sunrise glows. A number of eruptions, including those of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 and Krakatoa in 1883 , have produced sufficiently high stratospheric sulfuric acid clouds to yield remarkable sunset afterglows (and pre-sunrise glows) around

605-954: Is located in Alberta. The biorefinery utilizes Source Separated Organics from the metro Edmonton region, open pen feedlot manure , and food processing waste. Chemrec's technology for black liquor gasification and production of second-generation biofuels such as biomethanol or Bio DME is integrated with a host pulp mill and utilizes a major sulfate or sulfite process waste product as feedstock. Novamont has converted old petrochemical factories into biorefineries, producing protein, plastics, animal feed, lubricants, herbicides and elastomers from cardoon . C16 Biosciences produces synthetic palm oil from carbon-containing waste (i.e. food waste , glycerol ) by means of yeast . MacroCascade aims to refine seaweed into food and fodder , and then products for healthcare, cosmetics, and fine chemicals industries. The side streams will be used for

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660-477: Is located strategically between Oslo and Sweden. The main highway E6 between Oslo and Gothenburg runs as a motorway through the county from the southern border with Sweden and the border with Akershus county. The main highway E18 between Oslo and Stockholm goes through the county from the Swedish border in a southeast-northwest direction. The railway from Oslo to Gothenburg runs roughly parallel with E6, and there

715-418: Is obtained by dark fermentation of food waste with separation and purification of acetic and butyric acids (47 USD/t of food waste). The technical feasibility, profitability and extent of investment risk to produce sugar syrups from food and beverage waste was analyzed; the returns on investment shown to be satisfactory for the production of fructose syrup (9.4%), HFS42 (22.8%) and glucose-rich syrup (58.9%);

770-1108: Is one of the main sources of environmental impacts in the biofuel production, the source of this impacts are related to the field operation to grow, handle and transport the biomass to the biorefinery gate. Agricultural residues are the feedstock with the lowest environmental impact followed by lignocellulosic crops; and finally by first-generation arable crops, although the environmental impacts are sensitive to factors such as crop management practices, harvesting systems, and crop yields. The production of chemicals from biomass feedstock has shown environmental benefits; bulk chemicals from biomass-derived feedstocks have been studied showing savings on non renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The environmental assessment for 1G and 2G ethanol shows that these two biorefinery systems are able to mitigate climate change impacts in comparison to gasoline, but higher climate change benefits are achieved with 2G ethanol production (up to 80% reduction). The conversion of palm empty fruit bunches into valuable products (ethanol, heat and power, and cattle feed) reduces

825-408: Is produced by anaerobic fermentation of Jatropha fruit cake and seedcake; the second scenario includes the production of lipids from Jatropha and microalgae to produce biodiesel and the production of animal feed, biogas and organic fertilizer; the third scenario involves the production of lipids from microalgae for the production of biodiesel as well as hydrogen and animal feed as final product; only

880-458: Is usable in the pharmaceutical industry ( cosmetics , surfactants for shower gel), replacing other vegetable oils such as palm oil, or it can be used in fodder. Biteback Insect makes insect cooking oil, insect butter, fatty alcohols, insect frass protein and chitin from superworm ( Zophobas morio ). Sunrise Sunrise (or sunup ) is the moment when the upper rim of the Sun appears on

935-579: Is used to derive the time of sunrise and sunset, uses the Sun's physical center for calculation, neglecting atmospheric refraction and the non-zero angle subtended by the solar disc. Neglecting the effects of refraction and the Sun's non-zero size, whenever sunrise occurs, in temperate regions it is always in the northeast quadrant from the March equinox to the September equinox and in the southeast quadrant from

990-514: The axial tilt of Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun , and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other . The analemma can be used to make approximate predictions of the time of sunrise. In late winter and spring, sunrise as seen from temperate latitudes occurs earlier each day, reaching its earliest time shortly before

1045-416: The geocentric model , which prevailed until astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus formulated his heliocentric model in the 16th century. Architect Buckminster Fuller proposed the terms "sunsight" and "sunclipse" to better represent the heliocentric model, though the terms have not entered into common language. Astronomically, sunrise occurs for only an instant, namely the moment at which the upper limb of

1100-458: The horizon in the morning , at the start of the Sun path . The term can also refer to the entire process of the solar disk crossing the horizon. Although the Sun appears to "rise" from the horizon, it is actually the Earth's motion that causes the Sun to appear. The illusion of a moving Sun results from Earth observers being in a rotating reference frame ; this apparent motion caused many cultures to have mythologies and religions built around

1155-423: The kraft process for producing bioethanol from softwoods in a repurposed or co-located kraft mill has been studied, a sugar recovery higher than 60% enables the process to be competitive for the production of ethanol from softwood. The repurposing of a kraft pulp mill to produce both ethanol and dimethyl ether has been investigated; in the process, cellulose is separated by and an alkaline pretreatment and then

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1210-429: The summer solstice ; although the exact date varies by latitude. After this point, the time of sunrise gets later each day, reaching its latest shortly after the winter solstice , also varying by latitude. The offset between the dates of the solstice and the earliest or latest sunrise time is caused by the eccentricity of Earth's orbit and the tilt of its axis, and is described by the analemma, which can be used to predict

1265-513: The IRR of the base case (10.3%). Likewise, the production of ethanol, lactic acid or methanol and ethanol-lactic acid from sugarcane bagasse have been studied; lactic acid demonstrated to be economically attractive by showing the greatest net present value (M$ 476–1278); in the same way; the production of ethanol and lactic acid as co-product was found to be a favorable scenario (net present value between M$ 165 and M$ 718) since this acid has applications in

1320-579: The September equinox to the March equinox. Sunrises occur approximately due east on the March and September equinoxes for all viewers on Earth. Exact calculations of the azimuths of sunrise on other dates are complex, but they can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using the analemma . The figure on the right is calculated using the solar geometry routine in Ref. as follows: An interesting feature in

1375-496: The Sun appears tangent to the horizon. However, the term sunrise commonly refers to periods of time both before and after this point: The stage of sunrise known as false sunrise actually occurs before the Sun truly reaches the horizon because Earth's atmosphere refracts the Sun's image. At the horizon, the average amount of refraction is 34 arcminutes , though this amount varies based on atmospheric conditions. Also, unlike most other solar measurements, sunrise occurs when

1430-455: The Sun's upper limb , rather than its center, appears to cross the horizon. The apparent radius of the Sun at the horizon is 16 arcminutes. These two angles combine to define sunrise to occur when the Sun's center is 50 arcminutes below the horizon, or 90.83° from the zenith . The timing of sunrise varies throughout the year and is also affected by the viewer's latitude and longitude , altitude , and time zone . These changes are driven by

1485-416: The beam. At sunrise and sunset, when the path through the atmosphere is longer, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer-wavelength orange and red hues seen at those times. The remaining reddened sunlight can then be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles to light up the horizon red and orange. The removal of the shorter wavelengths of light

1540-507: The biorefinery concept can be implemented since sugarcane bagasse is a feasible feedstock to produce fuels and chemicals; lignocellulosic bioethanol (2G) is produced in Brazil in two plants with capacities of 40 and 84 Ml/y (about 0.4% of the production capacity in Brazil). TEA of ethanol production using mild liquefaction of bagasse plus simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation shows

1595-410: The biorefinery concept is a promissory alternative since is possible to obtain biogas and other co-products including ethanol, xylitol, syngas, and electricity; this process also provides high profitability for high production scales. The economic assessment of the integration of organic waste anaerobic digestion with other mixed culture anaerobic fermentation technologies was studied; the highest profit

1650-444: The categories with the highest values. The pulp and paper industry is considered as the first industrialized biorefinery system; in this industrial process other co-products are produced including tall oil, rosin, vanillin, and lignosulfonates. Apart from these co-products; the system includes energy generation (in for of steam and electricity) to cover its internal energy demand; and it has the potential to feed heat and electricity to

1705-646: The coast, with a relatively large archipelago . Norway 's longest river, the Glomma , flows through the county and out into the Oslo Fjord in Fredrikstad . Most of the county's population is located in the coastal area. The cities of Moss , Sarpsborg , Fredrikstad , and Halden are situated here, along with some relatively highly populated rural municipalities. Including these coastal cities, Østfold also has another two cities, Askim and Mysen . Østfold

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1760-758: The county). 59°20′00″N 11°20′00″E  /  59.33333°N 11.33333°E  / 59.33333; 11.33333 Biorefinery A biorefinery is a refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts (such as chemicals). The International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 defined biorefining as "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (biofuels, power and/or heat)". As refineries, biorefineries can provide multiple chemicals by fractioning an initial raw material (biomass) into multiple intermediates (carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides) that can be further converted into value-added products. Each refining phase

1815-440: The dates. Variations in atmospheric refraction can alter the time of sunrise by changing its apparent position. Near the poles, the time-of-day variation is extreme, since the Sun crosses the horizon at a very shallow angle and thus rises more slowly. Accounting for atmospheric refraction and measuring from the leading edge slightly increases the average duration of day relative to night . The sunrise equation , however, which

1870-491: The environment with pesticides, or higher energy and material demand that lead to environmental burdens. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology to evaluate the environmental load of a process, from the extraction of raw materials to the end use. LCA can be used to investigate the potential benefits of biorefinery systems; multiple LCA studies has been developed to analyse whether biorefineries are more environmentally friendly compared to conventional alternatives. Feedstock

1925-403: The figure on the right is apparent hemispheric symmetry in regions where daily sunrise and sunset actually occur. This symmetry becomes clear if the hemispheric relation in to the sunrise equation is applied to the x- and y-components of the solar vector presented in Ref. Air molecules and airborne particles scatter white sunlight as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. This is done by

1980-539: The first scenario was profitable. In regard to the pulp and paper industry; lignin is a natural polymer co-generated and is generally used as boiler fuel to generate heat or steam to cover the energy demand in the process. Since lignin accounts for 10–30 wt% of the available lignocellulosic biomass and is equivalent to ~40% of its energy contents; the economics of biorefineries depend on the cost-effective processes to transform lignin into value-added fuels and chemicals. The conversion of an existing Swedish kraft pulp mill to

2035-525: The following method: Some examples of classifications are: Techno-economic assessment (TEA) is a methodology to evaluate whether a technology or process is economically attractive. TEA research has been developed to provide information about the performance of the biorefinery concept in diverse production systems as sugarcane mills, biodiesel production, pulp and paper mills, and the treatment of industrial and municipal solid waste . Bioethanol plants and sugarcane mills are well-established processes where

2090-680: The grid. This industry has consolidated as the highest consumer of biomass; and uses not only wood as feedstock, it is capable of processing agricultural waste as bagasse, rice straw and corn stover . Other important features of this industry are a well-established logistic for biomass production, avoiding competition with food production for fertile land, and presenting higher biomass yields. The fully operational Blue Marble Energy company has multiple biorefineries located in Odessa, WA and Missoula, MT. Canada's first Integrated Biorefinery, developed on anaerobic digestion technology by Himark BioGas

2145-419: The impact for climate change and fossil fuel depletion compared to the traditional biodiesel production; but the benefits for toxicity and eutrophication are limited. Propionic acid produced by fermentation of glycerol leads to significant reduction of GHG emissions compared to fossil fuel alternatives; however the energy input is double and the contribution to eutrophication is significantly higher The LCA for

2200-458: The integration of butanol from prehydrolysate in a Canadian Kraft dissolving pulp mill shows that the carbon footprint of this butanol may be 5% lower compare to gasoline; but is not as low as corn butanol (23% lower than that of gasoline). The majority of the LCA studies for the valorization of food waste have been focused on the environmental impacts on biogas or energy production, with only few on

2255-403: The light scattered by clouds, and also for the daytime halo of white light around the Sun ( forward scattering of white light). Sunset colors are typically more brilliant than sunrise colors, because the evening air contains more particles than morning air. Ash from volcanic eruptions , trapped within the troposphere , tends to mute sunset and sunrise colors, while volcanic ejecta that

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2310-401: The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical and food industry. As for biodiesel production, this industry also has the potential to integrate biorefinery systems to convert residual biomasses and wastes into biofuel, heat, electricity and bio-based green products. Glycerol is the main co-product in biodiesel production and can be transformed into valuable products through chemocatalytic technologies;

2365-461: The population of the area. Hospitals, clinics or health stations are located in all municipalities of the county. Østfold have 17 (former 18) municipalities: The coat of arms is from modern times (1958). The lines represent sunrays at sunrise in the east . (See above under the name.) They also represent the worship of the Sun in the Bronze Age (depicted in several rock carvings found in

2420-584: The production of catechol from lignin was performed to determine its feasibility; the results showed that the total capital investment was 4.9 M$ based on the plant capacity of 2,544 kg/d of feedstock; besides, the catechol price was estimated to be 1,100 $ /t and the valorization ratio was found to be 3.02. The high generation of waste biomass is an attractive source for conversion to valuable products , several biorefinery routes has been proposed to upgrade waste streams in valuable products. The production of biogas from banana peel ( Musa x paradisiaca ) under

2475-402: The production of dissolving pulp, electricity, lignin, and hemicellulose has been studied; self-sufficiency in terms of steam and the production of excess steam was a key factor for the integration of a lignin separation plant; in this case; the digester has to be upgraded for preserving the same production level and represents 70% of the total investment cost of conversion. The potential of using

2530-764: The production of fertilizer and biogas. Other seaweed biorefinery projects include MacroAlgaeBiorefinery (MAB4), SeaRefinery and SEAFARM. FUMI Ingredients produces foaming agents, heat-set gels and emulsifiers from micro-algae with the help of micro-organisms such as brewer's yeast and baker's yeast . The BIOCON platform is researching the processing of wood into various products. More precisely, their researchers are looking at transforming lignin and cellulose into various products. Lignin for example can be transformed into phenolic components which can be used to make glue, plastics and agricultural products (e.g. crop protection). Cellulose can be transformed into clothes and packaging. In South Africa, Numbitrax LLC bought

2585-401: The scenarios under study shown reduced economic benefits, although their implementation represented a reduction in the environmental impact (climate change and fossil fuel depletion) compared to the traditional biodiesel production. The economic feasibility for bio-oil production from EFB via fast pyrolysis using the fluidized-bed was studied, crude bio-oil can potentially be produced from EFB at

2640-423: The sugar syrups also have high cost competitiveness with relatively low net production costs and minimum selling prices. The valorization of municipal solid waste through integrated mechanical biological chemical treatment (MBCT) systems for the production of levulinic acid has been studied, the revenue from resource recovery and product generation (without the inclusion of gate fees) is more than enough to out- weigh

2695-571: The synthesis of high value-added chemicals; hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been listed as one of the top 10 bio-based chemicals by the US Department of Energy; the LCA of eight food waste valorization routes for the production of HMF shows that the most environmentally favorable option uses less polluting catalyst (AlCl3) and co-solvent (acetone), and provides the highest yield of HMF (27.9 Cmol%), metal depletion and toxicity impacts (marine ecotoxicity, freshwater toxicity, and human toxicity) were

2750-519: The valorization of glycerol for the production of lactic acid, acrylic acid , allyl alcohol, propanediols, and glycerol carbonate has been evaluated; all glycerol valorization routes shown to be profitable, being the most attractive the manufacture of glycerol carbonate. Palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are an abundant lignocellulosic residues from the palm oil /biodiesel industry, the conversion of this residue into ethanol, heat and power, and cattle feed were evaluated according to techno-economic principles,

2805-411: The waste collection fees, annual capital and operating costs. One of the main goals of biorefineries is to contribute to a more sustainable industry by the conservation of resources and by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. Nevertheless, other environmental impacts may be associated to the production of biobased products; as land use change, eutrophication of water, the pollution of

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2860-635: Was Fold ; Østfold means 'the region east of the Fold' (see also Vestfold ). The name was first recorded in 1543; in the Middle Ages the name of the county was Borgarsysla 'the county/sýsla of the city Borg (now Sarpsborg )'. Later, when Norway was under Danish rule , the Danish king divided the area into many baronies. These were merged into one county ( amt ) in 1662 - and it was then named Smaalenenes Amt 'the amt consisting of small len '. The name

2915-487: Was changed back to Østfold in 1919. Østfold is among the nation's oldest inhabited regions, with petroglyphs (rock drawings) and burial mounds throughout the area. In the Viking Age , the area was part of Vingulmark , which in turn was part of Viken and included Båhuslen (which is now the Swedish province called Bohuslän ). It was partly under Danish rule until the time of Harald Fairhair . Later, when Norway

2970-494: Was discovered using ground-penetrating radar. Archaeologists also revealed at least seven other previously unknown burial mounds and the remnants of five longhouses with the help of the radar survey. Østfold sits between the Oslo Fjord and Sweden . It is dominated by flat landscape with a lot of woodland in the north and along the Swedish border, a major lake system in the central part, and densely populated lowland area along

3025-502: Was under Danish rule , the Danish king divided the area into many baronies. The barony of Heggen og Frøland , consisting of the municipalities Askim , Eidsberg and Trøgstad , originally belonged to Akershus - but it was transferred to Østfold in 1768. In October 2018, Norwegian archaeologists headed by the archaeologist Lars Gustavsen announced the discovery of a buried 20 m (66 ft) long Gjellestad Viking ship. An ancient well-preserved Viking cemetery for more than 1000 years

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