105-621: CEB or Ceb may refer to: Verb: to add water in a mate (to ceb). See Mate . Organizations [ edit ] CEB (high school) , a chain of Mexican high schools CEB Inc. , commercial firm that provides best practices research, executive education, and decision support tools Central Electricity Board , a board set up under The Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 Ceylon Electricity Board , electricity company in Sri Lanka Commodity Exchange Bratislava ,
210-607: A natriuresis (increase in saline excretion); it is mediated via proximal tubular adenosine receptor blockade. The acute increase in urinary output may increase the risk of dehydration . However, chronic users of caffeine develop a tolerance to this effect and experience no increase in urinary output. Minor undesired symptoms from caffeine ingestion not sufficiently severe to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis are common and include mild anxiety, jitteriness, insomnia, increased sleep latency, and reduced coordination. Caffeine can have negative effects on anxiety disorders . According to
315-489: A 2011 literature review, caffeine use may induce anxiety and panic disorders in people with Parkinson's disease . At high doses, typically greater than 300 mg, caffeine can both cause and worsen anxiety. For some people, discontinuing caffeine use can significantly reduce anxiety. In moderate doses, caffeine has been associated with reduced symptoms of depression and lower suicide risk. Two reviews indicate that increased consumption of coffee and caffeine may reduce
420-596: A Residence in Chile , show a long history of maté-drinking in central Chile. Many rural Chileans drink maté, in particular in the southern regions, particularly Magallanes , Aysén and Chiloé . In Peru, maté is widespread throughout the north and south, first being introduced to Lima in the 17th century. It is widespread in rural zones , and it is prepared with coca (plant) or in a sweetened tea form with small slices of lemon or orange. In some parts of Syria, Lebanon and other Eastern Mediterranean countries, drinking maté
525-887: A commodity exchange in Slovakia Confederation of European Baseball , governing body for baseball and softball in Europe Continuing Education of the Bar , a California legal publisher Council of Elders of the Bundestag (Germany) , a joint deliberative body Council of Europe Development Bank , an international lending institution to promote social cohesion Codes [ edit ] CEB, IATA code for Mactan–Cebu International Airport , Philippines CEB, ICAO code for Cebu Pacific , Philippines Cebuano language (ISO codes) Other uses [ edit ] The Graeco-Roman spelling of
630-401: A corresponding large hole. In Argentina (especially in the capital Buenos Aires ), the gourd is small and has a small hole and people sometimes add sugar for flavor. In Uruguay, people commonly walk around the streets toting a mate and a thermos with hot water. In some parts of Argentina, gas stations sponsored by yerba-maté producers provide free hot water to travelers, specifically for
735-410: A decrease in performance on their standardized tests, and caffeine causes a significant improvement. When alcohol and caffeine are consumed jointly, the effects of the caffeine are changed, but the alcohol effects remain the same. For example, consuming additional caffeine does not reduce the effect of alcohol. However, the jitteriness and alertness given by caffeine is decreased when additional alcohol
840-542: A distinct diagnostic category, which closely mirrors the DSM-5 's proposed set of criteria for "caffeine-use disorder". Caffeine use disorder refers to dependence on caffeine characterized by failure to control caffeine consumption despite negative physiological consequences. The APA , which published the DSM-5, acknowledged that there was sufficient evidence in order to create a diagnostic model of caffeine dependence for
945-450: A high number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(a)pyrene , which are carcinogenic . It has been suggested that this may explain cancers associated with maté consumption, such as lung and bladder cancer , that cannot be attributed to its hot temperature. Instead, the hot temperature of maté (above 65°C) is specifically linked to oesophageal cancer . However, the occurrence of PAHs in yerba-maté leaves and infusion
1050-511: A higher risk of alcohol-associated injury. Smoking tobacco has been shown to increase caffeine clearance by 56% as a result of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inducing the CYP1A2 enzyme. The CYP1A2 enzyme that is induced by smoking is responsible for the metabolism of caffeine; increased enzyme activity leads to increased caffeine clearance, and is associated with greater coffee consumption for regular smokers. Birth control pills can extend
1155-433: A loud sucking noise, which is not considered rude. The ritual proceeds around the circle in this way until the maté becomes lavado (washed out), typically after the gourd has been filled about 10 times or more depending on the yerba used (well-aged yerba-maté is typically more potent, so provides a greater number of refills) and the ability of the cebador . When one has had one's fill of maté, they politely thank
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#17327659396061260-693: A major retailer of maté in San Luis Obispo, California , by 2004, maté had grown to about 5% of the overall natural tea market in North America. Loose maté is commercially available in much of North America. Bottled maté is increasingly available in the United States. Canadian bottlers have introduced a cane sugar-sweetened, carbonated variety, similar to soda pop. One brand, Sol Mate, produces 10-US-fluid-ounce (300 ml) glass bottles available at Canadian and U.S. retailers, making use of
1365-412: A marked reduction in consumption, a minimum of 3 of these signs or symptoms is required to meet withdrawal criteria: difficulty concentrating, depressed mood / irritability , flu -like symptoms, headache , and fatigue . Additionally, the signs and symptoms must disrupt important areas of functioning and are not associated with effects of another condition. The ICD-11 includes caffeine dependence as
1470-408: A maximum daily caffeine intake of no more than 2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Based on average body weights of children, this translates to the following age-based intake limits: Health Canada has not developed advice for adolescents because of insufficient data. However, they suggest that daily caffeine intake for this age group be no more than 2.5 mg/kg body weight. This is because
1575-521: A maximum daily caffeine intake of no more than 300 mg, or a little over two 8 oz (237 mL) cups of coffee. A 2017 systematic review on caffeine toxicology found evidence supporting that caffeine consumption up to 300 mg/day for pregnant women is generally not associated with adverse reproductive or developmental effect. There are conflicting reports in the scientific literature about caffeine use during pregnancy. A 2011 review found that caffeine during pregnancy does not appear to increase
1680-438: A mild form of drug dependence – associated with withdrawal symptoms such as sleepiness, headache, and irritability – when an individual stops using caffeine after repeated daily intake. Tolerance to the autonomic effects of increased blood pressure and heart rate, and increased urine output, develops with chronic use (i.e., these symptoms become less pronounced or do not occur following consistent use). Caffeine
1785-671: A person grows used to it, have a lesser effect on wakefulness. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine . Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase , increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and antagonises GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrations beyond usual human consumption. Caffeine
1890-514: A practice most common in Paraguay, where people acquire herbs from a local yuyera (herbalist) and use the mate as a base for their herbal infusions. When the gourd is adequately filled, the preparer typically grasps it with the full hand, covering and roughly sealing the opening with the palm. Then the mate is turned upside-down, and shaken vigorously, but briefly and with gradually decreasing force, in this inverted position. This causes
1995-518: A practice said to be more common in Brazil outside its southernmost state. Some people also like to add lemon or orange peel, some herbs or even coffee, but these are mostly rejected by people who like to stick to the "original" maté. Traditionally, natural gourds are used, though wood vessels, bamboo tubes, and gourd-shaped mates , made of ceramic or metal (stainless steel or even silver) are also common, as are vessels made from cattle horns. The gourd
2100-527: A standard form factor for dual processor motherboards Sébastien "Ceb" Debs , an esports player Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CEB . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CEB&oldid=1236579372 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2205-443: A straw and as a sieve . The submerged end is flared, with small holes or slots that allow the brewed liquid in, but block the chunky matter that makes up much of the mixture. A modern bombilla design uses a straight tube with holes or a spring sleeve to act as a sieve. The container the mate is served in is also known as mate . It is commonly made from calabash gourd but may also be made out of other materials. Maté
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#17327659396062310-458: A study on drug abuse liability published in an NIDA research monograph. Some state that research does not provide support for an underlying biochemical mechanism for caffeine addiction. Other research states it can affect the reward system. "Caffeine addiction" was added to the ICDM-9 and ICD-10. However, its addition was contested with claims that this diagnostic model of caffeine addiction
2415-474: A variant of mate dulce is prepared by first caramelizing refined sugar in a pot then adding milk. The mixture is heated and placed in a thermos and used in place of water. Often, chamomile ( manzanilla , in Spanish) and coconut are added to yerba in the gumpa. In the sweet version artificial sweeteners are also often added. As an alternative sweetener, natural ka'á he'é ( Stevia rebaudiana )
2520-474: A wide range of unpleasant symptoms including nervousness, irritability , restlessness, insomnia , headaches , and palpitations after caffeine use. Caffeine overdose can result in a state of central nervous system overstimulation known as caffeine intoxication, a clinically significant temporary condition that develops during, or shortly after, the consumption of caffeine. This syndrome typically occurs only after ingestion of large amounts of caffeine, well over
2625-464: Is a central nervous system stimulant that may reduce fatigue and drowsiness . At normal doses, caffeine has variable effects on learning and memory , but it generally improves reaction time , wakefulness , concentration, and motor coordination . The amount of caffeine needed to produce these effects varies from person to person, depending on body size and degree of tolerance. The desired effects arise approximately one hour after consumption, and
2730-540: Is a bitter, white crystalline purine , a methylxanthine alkaloid , and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It is found in the seeds, fruits, nuts, or leaves of a number of plants native to Africa, East Asia and South America and helps to protect them against herbivores and from competition by preventing the germination of nearby seeds, as well as encouraging consumption by select animals such as honey bees . The best-known source of caffeine
2835-519: Is also common. The custom came from Syrians and Lebanese who moved to South America during the late 19th and early parts of the 20th century, adopted the tradition, and kept it after returning to Western Asia. Syria is the biggest importer of yerba-maté in the world, importing 15,000 tons a year. Mostly, the Druze communities in Syria and Lebanon maintain the culture and practice of maté. According to
2940-478: Is associated with reduced perceived exertion. While this effect is not present during exercise-to-exhaustion exercise, performance is significantly enhanced. This is congruent with caffeine reducing perceived exertion, because exercise-to-exhaustion should end at the same point of fatigue. Caffeine also improves power output and reduces time to completion in aerobic time trials, an effect positively (but not exclusively) associated with longer duration exercise. For
3045-482: Is based on small studies with non-representative sampling. In any case, the use of maté with potentially lower PAHs content, such as unsmoked maté, has been suggested as a preventive approach. Maté is a rich source of caffeine . On average, maté tea contains 92 mg of chlorogenic acid per gram of dry leaves, and no catechins , giving it a significantly different polyphenol profile from other teas. According to Argentine culture in part promoted by marketers,
3150-514: Is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as generally recognized as safe . Toxic doses, over 10 grams per day for an adult, are much higher than the typical dose of under 500 milligrams per day. The European Food Safety Authority reported that up to 400 mg of caffeine per day (around 5.7 mg/kg of body mass per day) does not raise safety concerns for non-pregnant adults, while intakes up to 200 mg per day for pregnant and lactating women do not raise safety concerns for
3255-444: Is consumed. Alcohol consumption alone reduces both inhibitory and activational aspects of behavioral control. Caffeine antagonizes the effect of alcohol on the activational aspect of behavioral control, but has no effect on the inhibitory behavioral control. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend avoidance of concomitant consumption of alcohol and caffeine, as taking them together may lead to increased alcohol consumption, with
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3360-465: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mate (drink) Maté ( / ˈ m ɑː t eɪ / MAH-tay ; Spanish: mate [ˈmate] , Portuguese: [ˈmatʃi] ) is a traditional South American caffeine -rich infused herbal drink . It is also known as chimarrão or cimarrón , and ka’ay in Guarani . It
3465-428: Is made by soaking dried yerba-maté ( Ilex paraguariensis ) leaves in hot water and is traditionally served with a metal straw ( bombilla ) in a container typically made from a calabash gourd (also called the mate ), but also made from a cattle horn ( guampa ) in some areas. A very similar preparation, known as mate cocido , removes some of the plant material and sometimes comes in tea bags. Today, maté
3570-750: Is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that caffeine consumption, particularly in the case of energy and sports drinks, is not appropriate for children and adolescents and should be avoided. This recommendation is based on a clinical report released by American Academy of Pediatrics in 2011 with a review of 45 publications from 1994 to 2011 and includes inputs from various stakeholders (Pediatricians, Committee on nutrition, Canadian Pediatric Society, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention , Food and Drug Administration , Sports Medicine & Fitness committee, National Federations of High School Associations). For children age 12 and under, Health Canada recommends
3675-574: Is no known antidote or reversal agent for caffeine intoxication. Treatment of mild caffeine intoxication is directed toward symptom relief; severe intoxication may require peritoneal dialysis , hemodialysis , or hemofiltration . Intralipid infusion therapy is indicated in cases of imminent risk of cardiac arrest in order to scavenge the free serum caffeine. Death from caffeine ingestion appears to be rare, and most commonly caused by an intentional overdose of medications. In 2016, 3702 caffeine-related exposures were reported to Poison Control Centers in
3780-541: Is not supported by evidence. The American Psychiatric Association 's DSM-5 does not include the diagnosis of a caffeine addiction but proposes criteria for the disorder for more study. Withdrawal can cause mild to clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning. The frequency at which this occurs is self-reported at 11%, but in lab tests only half of the people who report withdrawal actually experience it, casting doubt on many claims of dependence. and most cases of caffeine withdrawal were 13% in
3885-521: Is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines . It may confer a modest protective effect against some diseases, including Parkinson's disease . Some people experience sleep disruption or anxiety if they consume caffeine, but others show little disturbance. Evidence of a risk during pregnancy is equivocal; some authorities recommend that pregnant women limit caffeine to the equivalent of two cups of coffee per day or less. Caffeine can produce
3990-427: Is poor. It appears that caffeine in low doses improves airway function in people with asthma, increasing forced expiratory volume (FEV1) by 5% to 18% for up to four hours. The addition of caffeine (100–130 mg) to commonly prescribed pain relievers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen modestly improves the proportion of people who achieve pain relief . Consumption of caffeine after abdominal surgery shortens
4095-998: Is possible but the evidence is inconclusive. Caffeine may lessen the severity of acute mountain sickness if taken a few hours prior to attaining a high altitude. One meta analysis has found that caffeine consumption is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes . Regular caffeine consumption may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease and may slow the progression of Parkinson's disease. Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. The DSM-5 also includes other caffeine-induced disorders consisting of caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, caffeine-induced sleep disorder and unspecified caffeine-related disorders. The first two disorders are classified under "Anxiety Disorder" and "Sleep-Wake Disorder" because they share similar characteristics. Other disorders that present with significant distress and impairment of daily functioning that warrant clinical attention but do not meet
4200-494: Is predominantly consumed in Central , Southern regions rather than Northern areas. Over time, maté was introduced to Lebanon and Syria, where it was brought by immigrants from Paraguay and Argentina. The metal straw is known as a bombilla or bomba and is traditionally made of silver . Modern straws are typically made of nickel silver , stainless steel , or hollow-stemmed cane . The bombilla functions both as
4305-541: Is preferred, which is an herb whose leaves are added in order to give a touch of sweetness. This is used principally in Paraguay. The gourd in which bitter maté is drunk is not used to consume sweet maté due to the idea that the taste of the sugar would be detrimental to its later use to prepare and drink bitter maté, as it is said that it ruins the flavor of the maté. Materva is a sweet, carbonated soft drink based on yerba-maté. Developed in Cuba in 1920, and produced since
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4410-522: Is pronounced with two syllables, like café (both maté and café are stressed on the first syllable in the UK), rather than like the one-syllable English word " mate ". An acute accent is not used in the Spanish spelling, because the first syllable is stressed ; " maté " with the stress on the second syllable means "I killed". In Brazil, traditionally prepared maté is known as chimarrão , although
4515-399: Is re-oriented to allow consumption. Some settling is normal, but is not desirable. The angled mound of yerba should remain, with its powdery peak still flat and mostly level with the top of the gourd. A layer of stems along its slope will slide downward and accumulate in the space opposite the yerba (though at least a portion should remain in place). All of this careful settling of
4620-408: Is reduced in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, and the half-life of caffeine during pregnancy can be increased up to 15 hours (as compared to 2.5 to 4.5 hours in non-pregnant adults). Evidence regarding the effects of caffeine on pregnancy and for breastfeeding are inconclusive. There is limited primary and secondary advice for, or against, caffeine use during pregnancy and its effects on
4725-631: Is sold commercially in tea bags and as bottled iced tea . Maté has been originally consumed by the Guaraní and Tupi peoples, native from South America. After European colonization, it was spread all over Southern Cone countries, specifically Argentina , Paraguay , Uruguay and Chile , but it is also consumed in the Bolivian Chaco and Brazil. Currently maté is declared national beverage in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. In Chile, maté
4830-529: Is the coffee bean , the seed of the Coffea plant. People may drink beverages containing caffeine to relieve or prevent drowsiness and to improve cognitive performance. To make these drinks, caffeine is extracted by steeping the plant product in water, a process called infusion . Caffeine-containing drinks, such as coffee , tea , and cola , are consumed globally in high volumes. In 2020, almost 10 million tonnes of coffee beans were consumed globally. Caffeine
4935-632: Is the largest per capita consumer, consuming around 19 liters per person per year. The English word comes from the French maté and the American Spanish mate , which means both maté and the vessel for drinking it, from the Quechua word mati for the calabash gourd used to make it. Both the spellings "maté" and "mate" are used in English. The acute accent indicates that the word
5040-516: Is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug . Unlike most other psychoactive substances, caffeine remains largely unregulated and legal in nearly all parts of the world. Caffeine is also an outlier as its use is seen as socially acceptable in most cultures with it even being encouraged. Caffeine has both positive and negative health effects . It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity . Caffeine citrate
5145-551: Is therefore not generally considered addictive. However, some diagnostic models, such as the ICDM-9 and ICD-10 , include a classification of caffeine addiction under a broader diagnostic model. Some state that certain users can become addicted and therefore unable to decrease use even though they know there are negative health effects. Caffeine does not appear to be a reinforcing stimulus, and some degree of aversion may actually occur, with people preferring placebo over caffeine in
5250-420: Is traditionally made out of the porongo or cabaça fruit shell. Gourds are commonly decorated with silver, sporting decorative or heraldic designs with floral motifs. Some gourd mates with elaborated silver ornaments and silver bombillas are true pieces of jewelry and are sought after by collectors. Traditional preparation of yerba-maté leaves involves smoking them and for this reason they contain
5355-591: Is used for both prevention and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. It may improve weight gain during therapy and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy as well as reduce language and cognitive delay. On the other hand, subtle long-term side effects are possible. Caffeine is used as a primary treatment for apnea of prematurity , but not prevention. It is also used for orthostatic hypotension treatment. Some people use caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee or tea to try to treat their asthma . Evidence to support this practice
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#17327659396065460-399: Is very common in Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil. After pouring the water, it is considered proper to "wait while the saint has a sip" before the first person takes a drink. In southern Brazil, tererê is sometimes used as a derogatory term for a not hot enough chimarrão . In Uruguay and Brazil, the traditional gourd is usually big with
5565-477: Is widely sold by beach vendors; the hot infused variation being uncommon in the area. The preparation of maté is a simple process, consisting of filling a container with yerba , pouring hot, but not boiling, water over the leaves, and drinking with a straw, the bombilla , which acts as a filter so as to draw only the liquid and not the yerba-maté leaves. The method of preparing the maté infusion varies considerably from region to region, and which method yields
5670-477: The preparador , cevador , or patrão , and in Spanish as the cebador ) assumes the task of server, which most of the time is the house owner in family gatherings. Typically, the cebador fills the gourd and drinks the maté completely to ensure that it is free of particulate matter and of good quality. In some places, passing the first brew of maté to another drinker is considered bad manners, as it may be too cold or too strong; for this reason,
5775-464: The cebador , passing the mate back at the same time. It is impolite for anyone but the cebador to move the bombilla or otherwise mess with the mate ; the cebador may take offense to this and not offer it to the offender again. When someone takes too long, others in the round ( roda in Portuguese, ronda in Spanish) will likely politely warn them by saying "bring
5880-413: The mate . Now the mate is ready to receive the straw. Wetting the yerba by gently pouring cool water into the empty space within the gourd until the water nearly reaches the top, and then allowing it to be absorbed into the yerba before adding the straw, allows the preparer to carefully shape and "pack" the yerba 's slope with the straw's filtering end, which makes the overall form of
5985-443: The yerba ensures that each sip contains as little particulate matter as possible, creating a smooth-running mate . The finest particles will then be as distant as possible from the filtering end of the straw. With each draw, the smaller particles would inevitably move toward the straw, but the larger particles and stems filter much of this out. A sloped arrangement provides consistent concentration and flavor with each filling of
6090-406: The yerba within the gourd more resilient and solid. Dry yerba , though, allows a cleaner and easier insertion of the straw, but care must be taken so as not to overly disturb the arrangement of the yerba . Such a decision is entirely a personal or cultural preference. The straw is inserted with one's thumb and index finger on the upper end of the gourd, at an angle roughly perpendicular to
6195-571: The Egyptian god Geb Čeb , old name for Čelarevo, Serbia CAAT enhancer binding , a regulatory sequence in DNA Census Enumerators' Books , books used by researchers in social science, local and family history Common English Bible , a new Bible translation, began in late 2008 Compressed earth block , a block manufactured with a mechanical press Comunidades Eclesiais de Base , sub-units of parishes SSI CEB ,
6300-676: The Southern Cone , it is considered to be a tradition taken from the Guaraní people and drank by the gauchos or vaqueros , terms commonly used to describe the old residents of the South American pampas , chacos , or Patagonian grasslands , found principally in parts of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southeastern Bolivia, southern Chile and southern Brazil. Argentina has celebrated National Maté Day every 30 November since 2015. Parque Histórico do Mate, funded by
6405-456: The 1930s, Argentina, which had long been the prime consumer, took over as the largest producer, resurrecting the economy of Misiones Province , where the Jesuits had once had most of their plantations. For years, the status of largest producer shifted between Brazil and Argentina. As of 2018, Argentina was the largest producer with 56–62%, followed by Brazil, 34–36%, and Paraguay, 5%. Uruguay
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#17327659396066510-605: The 1960s in Miami, Florida , it is a staple of the Cuban culture in Miami. Caffeine Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic ( wakefulness promoter), ergogenic (physical performance enhancing), or nootropic (cognition improving) properties. Caffeine can supposedly, after
6615-669: The DSM-5, but they noted that the clinical significance of the disorder is unclear. Due to this inconclusive evidence on clinical significance, the DSM-5 classifies caffeine-use disorder as a "condition for further study". Tolerance to the effects of caffeine occurs for caffeine-induced elevations in blood pressure and the subjective feelings of nervousness. Sensitization , the process whereby effects become more prominent with use, may occur for positive effects such as feelings of alertness and wellbeing. Tolerance varies for daily, regular caffeine users and high caffeine users. High doses of caffeine (750 to 1200 mg/day spread throughout
6720-762: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), cases of very high caffeine intake (e.g. > 5 g) may result in caffeine intoxication with symptoms including mania, depression, lapses in judgment, disorientation, disinhibition, delusions, hallucinations or psychosis, and rhabdomyolysis . High caffeine consumption in energy drinks (at least one liter or 320 mg of caffeine) was associated with short-term cardiovascular side effects including hypertension, prolonged QT interval , and heart palpitations. These cardiovascular side effects were not seen with smaller amounts of caffeine consumption in energy drinks (less than 200 mg). As of 2007 there
6825-709: The Moon and the Cloud came to visit the Earth one day. An old man saved them from a yaguareté ( jaguar ) that was going to attack them. The goddesses gave him a new kind of plant, from which he could prepare a "drink of friendship" as compensation for his actions. There various types of yerba-maté used to make the drink, depending on the processing and composition. Some key types include: Another drink can be prepared with specially cut dry leaves, very cold water, and, optionally, lemon or another fruit juice, called tereré . It
6930-602: The Paraguayan economy after independence, but development in benefit of the Paraguayan state halted after the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) that devastated the country both economically and demographically. Brazil then became the largest producer of maté. In Brazilian and Argentine projects in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the plant was domesticated once again, opening the way for plantation systems. When Brazilian entrepreneurs turned their attention to coffee in
7035-527: The Portuguese word mate and the expression " mate amargo " (bitter maté) are also used in Argentina and Uruguay. The Spanish cimarrón means "rough", "brute", or "barbarian", but is most widely understood to mean "feral", and is used in almost all of Latin America for domesticated animals that have become wild. The word was then used by the people who colonized the region of the Río de la Plata to describe
7140-638: The United States, of which 846 required treatment at a medical facility, and 16 had a major outcome; and several caffeine-related deaths are reported in case studies. The LD 50 of caffeine in rats is 192 milligrams per kilogram of body mass. The fatal dose in humans is estimated to be 150–200 milligrams per kilogram, which is 10.5–14 grams for a typical 70 kg (150 lb) adult, equivalent to about 75–100 cups of coffee. There are cases where doses as low as 57 milligrams per kilogram have been fatal. A number of fatalities have been caused by overdoses of readily available powdered caffeine supplements, for which
7245-542: The amounts found in typical caffeinated beverages and caffeine tablets (e.g., more than 400–500 mg at a time). According to the DSM-5, caffeine intoxication may be diagnosed if five (or more) of the following symptoms develop after recent consumption of caffeine: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis , gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia , periods of inexhaustibility, and psychomotor agitation . According to
7350-463: The cool water before, into the cavity opposite the yerba , until it reaches almost to the top of the gourd when the yerba is fully saturated. Care should be taken to maintain the dryness of the swollen top of the yerba beside the edge of the gourd's opening. Once the hot water has been added, the mate is ready for drinking, and it may be refilled many times before becoming lavado (washed out) and losing its flavor. When this occurs,
7455-407: The criteria to be diagnosed under any specific disorders are listed under "Unspecified Caffeine-Related Disorders". Caffeine is reputed to cause a fall in energy several hours after drinking, but this is not well researched. Consumption of 1–1.5 grams (1,000–1,500 mg) per day is associated with a condition known as caffeinism . Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with
7560-606: The day) have been shown to produce complete tolerance to some, but not all of the effects of caffeine. Doses as low as 100 mg/day, such as a 6 oz (170 g) cup of coffee or two to three 12 oz (340 g) servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances. Non-regular caffeine users have the least caffeine tolerance for sleep disruption. Some coffee drinkers develop tolerance to its undesired sleep-disrupting effects, but others apparently do not. A neuroprotective effect of caffeine against Alzheimer's disease and dementia
7665-619: The desired effects of a moderate dose usually subside after about three or four hours. Caffeine can delay or prevent sleep and improves task performance during sleep deprivation. Shift workers who use caffeine make fewer mistakes that could result from drowsiness. Caffeine in a dose dependent manner increases alertness in both fatigued and normal individuals. A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2014 found that concurrent caffeine and L -theanine use has synergistic psychoactive effects that promote alertness, attention, and task switching ; these effects are most pronounced during
7770-437: The estimated lethal amount is less than a tablespoon. The lethal dose is lower in individuals whose ability to metabolize caffeine is impaired due to genetics or chronic liver disease. A death was reported in 2013 of a man with liver cirrhosis who overdosed on caffeinated mints. Caffeine is a substrate for CYP1A2 , and interacts with many substances through this and other mechanisms. According to DSST , alcohol causes
7875-541: The fetus or newborn. The UK Food Standards Agency has recommended that pregnant women should limit their caffeine intake, out of prudence, to less than 200 mg of caffeine a day – the equivalent of two cups of instant coffee, or one and a half to two cups of fresh coffee. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) concluded in 2010 that caffeine consumption is safe up to 200 mg per day in pregnant women. For women who breastfeed, are pregnant, or may become pregnant, Health Canada recommends
7980-434: The fetus or the breast-fed infants. A cup of coffee contains 80–175 mg of caffeine, depending on what "bean" (seed) is used, how it is roasted, and how it is prepared (e.g., drip , percolation , or espresso ). Thus it requires roughly 50–100 ordinary cups of coffee to reach the toxic dose. However, pure powdered caffeine, which is available as a dietary supplement , can be lethal in tablespoon-sized amounts. Caffeine
8085-501: The finest outcome is debated. However, nearly all methods have some common elements. The beverage is traditionally prepared in a gourd vessel, also called mate in Spanish and cuia (= gourd) in Portuguese, from which it is drunk. The gourd is nearly filled with yerba , and hot water, typically at 70 to 85 °C (158 to 185 °F), never boiling, is added. The drink is so popular within countries that consume it, that several national electric kettle manufacturers just refer to
8190-413: The finest particles move toward the opening and the yerba is layered along one side. The largest stems and other bits create a partition between the empty space on one side of the gourd and the lopsided pile of yerba on the other. After arranging the yerba along one side of the gourd, the mate is carefully tilted back onto its base, minimizing further disturbances of the yerba as it
8295-403: The finest, most powdery particles of the yerba to settle toward the preparer's palm and the top of the mate . Once the yerba-maté has settled, the mate is carefully brought to a near-sideways angle, with the opening tilted just slightly upward of the base. The mate is then shaken very gently with a side-to-side motion. This further settles the yerba-maté inside the gourd so that
8400-407: The first brew is often called mate del zonzo ( fool´s maté ). The cebador possibly drinks the second filling as well, if they deem it too cold or bitter. The cebador subsequently refills the gourd and passes it to the drinker to their right, who likewise drinks it all (there is not much; the mate is full of yerba , with room for little water), and returns it without thanking
8505-801: The first hour post-dose. Caffeine is a proven ergogenic aid in humans. Caffeine improves athletic performance in aerobic (especially endurance sports ) and anaerobic conditions. Moderate doses of caffeine (around 5 mg/kg ) can improve sprint performance, cycling and running time trial performance, endurance (i.e., it delays the onset of muscle fatigue and central fatigue ), and cycling power output. Caffeine increases basal metabolic rate in adults. Caffeine ingestion prior to aerobic exercise increases fat oxidation, particularly in persons with low physical fitness. Caffeine improves muscular strength and power, and may enhance muscular endurance. Caffeine also enhances performance on anaerobic tests. Caffeine consumption before constant load exercise
8610-596: The general population of healthy adults, Health Canada advises a daily intake of no more than 400 mg. This limit was found to be safe by a 2017 systematic review on caffeine toxicology. In healthy children, moderate caffeine intake under 400 mg produces effects that are "modest and typically innocuous". As early as six months old, infants can metabolize caffeine at the same rate as that of adults. Higher doses of caffeine (>400 mg) can cause physiological, psychological and behavioral harm, particularly for children with psychiatric or cardiac conditions. There
8715-459: The maximum adult caffeine dose may not be appropriate for light-weight adolescents or for younger adolescents who are still growing. The daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight would not cause adverse health effects in the majority of adolescent caffeine consumers. This is a conservative suggestion since older and heavier-weight adolescents may be able to consume adult doses of caffeine without experiencing adverse effects. The metabolism of caffeine
8820-418: The metropolitan region of Buenos Aires , among others. In Chile, this form of maté preparation is widespread in mostly rural zones . The spoonful of sugar or honey should fall on the edge of the cavity that the straw forms in the yerba , not all over the mate . One variation is to sweeten only the first maté preparation in order to cut the bitterness of the first sip, thus softening the rest. In Paraguay,
8925-419: The moderate sense. Moderately physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms may occur upon abstinence, with greater than 100 mg caffeine per day, although these symptoms last no longer than a day. Some symptoms associated with psychological dependence may also occur during withdrawal. The diagnostic criteria for caffeine withdrawal require a previous prolonged daily use of caffeine. Following 24 hours of
9030-493: The mound of yerba can be pushed from one side of the gourd to the other, allowing water to be added along its opposite side; this revives the mate for additional refillings and is called " reformar o/el mate " (reforming the mate ). Maté is traditionally drunk in a particular social setting, such as family gatherings or with friends. The same gourd ( cuia /mate ) and straw ( bomba / bombilla ) are used by everyone drinking. One person (known in Portuguese as
9135-475: The natives' rough and sour drink, drunk with no other ingredient to sweeten the taste. Maté has a strong cultural significance for both national identity and society. Yerba-maté is the national drink of Paraguay, where it is also consumed with either hot or ice cold water (see tereré ); Argentina; and Uruguay. Drinking maté is a common social practice in all of the territory of Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, southern Chile, and eastern Bolivia. Throughout
9240-413: The pressure in various muscles, including the eyelids . Acute ingestion of caffeine in large doses (at least 250–300 mg, equivalent to the amount found in 2–3 cups of coffee or 5–8 cups of tea) results in a short-term stimulation of urine output in individuals who have been deprived of caffeine for a period of days or weeks. This increase is due to both a diuresis (increase in water excretion) and
9345-564: The purpose of drinking during the journey. Disposable maté sets with a plastic maté and straw and sets with a thermos flask and stacking containers for the yerba-maté and sugar inside a fitted case are available. In Argentina, mate cocido (boiled maté), in Brazil, chá mate , is made with a tea bag or leaves and drunk from a cup or mug, with or without sugar and milk. Companies such as Cabrales from Mar del Plata and Establecimiento Las Marías produce tea bags for export to Europe. Travel narratives, such as Maria Graham 's Journal of
9450-563: The range 70 to 85 °C on its thermostat as "mate" temperature. The most common preparation involves a careful arrangement of the yerba within the gourd before adding hot water. In this method, the gourd is first filled one-half to three-quarters of the way with yerba . Too much yerba will result in a "short" mate ; conversely, too little yerba results in a "long" mate , both being considered undesirable. After that, any additional herbs ( yuyo , in Portuguese jujo ) may be added for either health or flavor benefits,
9555-494: The results of observational studies, suggests that women who consume large amounts of caffeine (greater than 300 mg/day) prior to becoming pregnant may have a higher risk of experiencing pregnancy loss. Caffeine in coffee and other caffeinated drinks can affect gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion. In postmenopausal women, high caffeine consumption can accelerate bone loss . Caffeine, alongside other factors such as stress and fatigue, can also increase
9660-410: The risk of congenital malformations , miscarriage or growth retardation even when consumed in moderate to high amounts. Other reviews, however, concluded that there is some evidence that higher caffeine intake by pregnant women may be associated with a higher risk of giving birth to a low birth weight baby, and may be associated with a higher risk of pregnancy loss. A systematic review, analyzing
9765-450: The risk of depression. Some textbooks state that caffeine is a mild euphoriant, while others state that it is not a euphoriant. Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder is a subclass of the DSM-5 diagnosis of substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder. Whether caffeine can result in an addictive disorder depends on how addiction is defined. Compulsive caffeine consumption under any circumstances has not been observed, and caffeine
9870-405: The server; a final gracias or obrigado (thank you) implies that the drinker has had enough. The only exception to this order is if a new guest joins the group; in this case the new arrival receives the next maté, and then the cebador resumes the order of serving, and the new arrival will receive theirs depending on their placement in the group. When no more tea remains, the straw makes
9975-399: The slope of the yerba , so that its filtering end travels into the deepest part of the yerba and comes to rest near or against the opposite wall of the gourd. It is important for the thumb to form a seal over the end of the straw when it is being inserted, or the air current produced in it will draw in undesirable particulates. After the above process, the yerba may be brewed. If
10080-489: The state of Paraná (Brazil), is a park aimed to educate people on the sustainable harvesting methods needed to maintain the integrity and vitality of the oldest wild forests of yerba-maté in the world. Maté is also consumed as an iced tea in various regions of Brazil, originating both from an industrialized form, produced by Matte Leão , and from artisanal producers. It is part of the beach culture in Rio de Janeiro , where it
10185-457: The stimulant in maté is actually a substance called mateína (named after the drink). However, analysis of the active chemicals in yerba-maté has found that mateína does not exist. The Guaraní people started drinking maté in a region that currently includes Paraguay, southern Brazil, southeastern Bolivia, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay. They have a legend that the Goddesses of
10290-472: The straw is inserted into dry yerba , the mate must first be filled once with cool water as above, then be allowed to absorb it completely (which generally takes no more than two or three minutes). Treating the yerba with cool water before the addition of hot water is essential, as it protects the yerba-maté from being scalded and from the chemical breakdown of some of its desirable nutrients. Hot water may then be added by carefully pouring it, as with
10395-447: The talking gourd" ( cuia de conversar ); an Argentine equivalent, especially among young people, being no es un micrófono ("it's not a microphone"), an allusion to the drinker holding the mate for too long, as if they were using it as a microphone to deliver a lecture. Some drinkers like to add sugar or honey , creating mate dulce or mate doce (sweet maté), instead of sugarless mate amargo (bitter maté),
10500-409: The time to recovery of normal bowel function and shortens length of hospital stay. Caffeine was formerly used as a second-line treatment for ADHD . It is considered less effective than methylphenidate or amphetamine but more so than placebo for children with ADHD. Children, adolescents, and adults with ADHD are more likely to consume caffeine, perhaps as a form of self-medication . Caffeine
10605-411: The translingual pun (English 'soul mate'; Spanish/Portuguese 'sun mate') for the sake of marketing. In some parts of the Southern Cone bitter maté is preferred, especially in Paraguay, Uruguay, the south of Brazil, and parts of Argentina and Bolivia. This is referred to in Brazil and a large part of Argentina as cimarrón –which also an archaic name for wild cattle, especially, to a horse that
10710-582: The yerba-maté is Ilex paraguariensis . The consumption of yerba-maté became widespread with the European colonization in the Spanish colony of Paraguay in the late 16th century, among both Spanish settlers and indigenous Guaraní, who consumed it before the Spanish arrival. Yerba-maté consumption spread in the 17th century to the Río de la Plata and from there to Peru and Chile. This widespread consumption turned it into Paraguay's main commodity above other wares such as tobacco, cotton and beef. Aboriginal labour
10815-451: Was first consumed by the indigenous Guaraní who live in what is now Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, and was also spread by the Tupí people who lived in neighbouring areas. After, it was commercialised to part of southern Brazil and northeast Argentina, mostly some areas that were Paraguayan territory before the Paraguayan War . Therefore, the scientific name of
10920-563: Was used to harvest wild stands. In the mid-17th century, Jesuits managed to domesticate the plant and establish plantations in their Indian reductions in the Argentine province of Misiones , sparking severe competition with the Paraguayan harvesters of wild strands. After their expulsion in the 1770s, the Jesuit missions – along with the yerba-maté plantations – fell into ruins. The industry continued to be of prime importance for
11025-487: Was very attached to a cowboy – which is understood as unsweetened maté. Many people are of the opinion that maté should be drunk in this form. Unlike bitter maté, in every preparation of mate dulce , or sweet maté, sugar is incorporated according to the taste of the drinker. This form of preparation is very widespread in various regions of Argentina, like in the Santiago del Estero province, Córdoba , Cuyo , and
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