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74-449: CSF may refer to: Biology and medicine [ edit ] Cerebrospinal fluid , clear colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spine Colony-stimulating factor , secreted glycoproteins Macrophage colony-stimulating factor , "CSF-1" Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor , "CSF-2" Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor , "CSF-3" Cancer slope factor , estimate

148-509: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as acetazolamide , repeated drainage via lumbar puncture, or the insertion of a shunt such as a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. CSF can leak from the dura as a result of different causes such as physical trauma or a lumbar puncture, or from no known cause when it is termed a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak . It is usually associated with intracranial hypotension : low CSF pressure. It can cause headaches, made worse by standing, moving and coughing, as

222-403: A CSF volume of 4 mL/kg, children have a CSF volume of 3 mL/kg, and adults have a CSF volume of 1.5–2 mL/kg. A high CSF volume is why a larger dose of local anesthetic, on a mL/kg basis, is needed in infants. Additionally, the larger CSF volume may be one reason as to why children have lower rates of postdural puncture headache. Most (about two-thirds to 80%) of CSF is produced by

296-599: A Chinese quasi-central bank for brokerage firms Community-supported fishery Configuration state function Critical success factor Crowd-sourced funding Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CSF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSF&oldid=1169249281 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

370-684: A Christian campus ministry at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky Curriculum and Standards Framework Computing [ edit ] Connected Services Framework , a service aggregation SOA platform from Microsoft NIST Cybersecurity Framework Sport [ edit ] CONMEBOL or CSF (Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol) CSF CFR Timișoara , a Romanian amateur association football club CSF Group-Navigare , an Irish professional cycling team Other uses [ edit ] Caesium fluoride (cesium fluoride),

444-409: A Swiss physician and physiologist, made note in his 1747 book on physiology that the "water" in the brain was secreted into the ventricles and absorbed in the veins, and when secreted in excess, could lead to hydrocephalus. François Magendie studied the properties of CSF by vivisection. He discovered the foramen Magendie, the opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle, but mistakenly believed that CSF

518-429: A chemical compound Capsize screening formula Catholic Secular Forum of Mumbai, India Commercial Spaceflight Federation , a non-profit trade association of businesses and organizations working to make commercial human spaceflight a reality Community of St. Francis . an Anglican Order of nuns Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil , a French telecommunications company China Securities Finance ,

592-636: A much lower concentration of chloride anions than sodium cations. CSF contains a similar concentration of sodium ions to blood plasma but fewer protein cations and therefore a smaller imbalance between sodium and chloride resulting in a higher concentration of chloride ions than plasma. This creates an osmotic pressure difference with the plasma. CSF has less potassium, calcium, glucose and protein. Choroid plexuses also secrete growth factors, iodine , vitamins B 1 , B 12 , C , folate , beta-2 microglobulin , arginine vasopressin and nitric oxide into CSF. A Na-K-Cl cotransporter and Na/K ATPase found on

666-435: A neurologist William Mestrezat gave the first accurate description of the chemical composition of CSF. In 1914, Harvey W. Cushing published conclusive evidence that CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus . During phylogenesis , CSF is present within the neuraxis before it circulates. The CSF of Teleostei fish, which do not have a subarachnoid space, is contained within the ventricles of their brains. In mammals, where

740-598: A new direct marketing strategy to increase demand for local seafood in Carteret County, North Carolina. This led to the design of the nation's first-ever research project on community-supported fisheries and a 2007 pilot CSF for Carteret County shrimp. While this pilot CSF did not take off with consumers, it did garner the attention of the Gulf of Maine Research Institute and the Island Institute, who invited

814-585: A number of methods designed to administer therapeutic agents directly into the CSF, bypassing the BBB to achieve higher drug concentrations in the CNS. This technique is particularly beneficial for treating neurological disorders such as brain tumors, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. Intrathecal injection, where drugs are injected directly into the CSF via the lumbar region, and intracerebroventricular injection, targeting

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888-570: A particular drug delivery method where the therapeutic agent is introduced into a reservoir connected to the intrathecal space, rather than being released into the CSF and distributed throughout the CNS. In this approach, the drug interacts with its target within the reservoir, allowing for changing the composition of the CSF without systemic release. This method can be advantageous for maximizing efficacy and minimizing systemic side effects. Various comments by ancient physicians have been read as referring to CSF. Hippocrates discussed "water" surrounding

962-401: A pressure difference between the arachnoid mater and venous sinuses. CSF has also been seen to drain into lymphatic vessels, particularly those surrounding the nose via drainage along the olfactory nerve through the cribriform plate . The pathway and extent are currently not known, but may involve CSF flow along some cranial nerves and be more prominent in the neonate . CSF turns over at

1036-440: A rate of 3–5 times a day. Problems with CSF circulation, leading to hydrocephalus, can occur in other animals as well as humans. Community-supported fishery In a CSF, consumers sign up as members and pay in advance for a "share" of seafood, to be delivered weekly. Generally, each share is measured by weight but the size of shares offered varies among programs. Many programs offer multiple levels of membership, depending on

1110-436: A rate of three to four times a day. CSF has also been seen to be reabsorbed through the sheathes of cranial and spinal nerve sheathes, and through the ependyma. The composition and rate of CSF generation are influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF. For example, when CSF pressure is higher, there is less of a pressure difference between the capillary blood in choroid plexuses and CSF, decreasing

1184-403: A small price premium for their catch, which allowed them to be more flexible in their fishing practices. Further, by paying in advance, consumers are participating in a form of risk sharing with fishermen, who are assured of a buyer for their catch before they leave the harbor. In creating a program that provides a direct connection between fishermen and consumers, CSF programs aim to rebuild

1258-464: A subarachnoid space is present, CSF is present in it. Absorption of CSF is seen in amniotes and more complex species, and as species become progressively more complex, the system of absorption becomes progressively more enhanced, and the role of spinal epidural veins in absorption plays a progressively smaller and smaller role. The amount of cerebrospinal fluid varies by size and species. In humans and other mammals , cerebrospinal fluid turns over at

1332-721: A university in Southern California Collège de la Sainte Famille , a Jesuit school in Cairo, Egypt Colorado Shakespeare Festival , a Shakespeare Festival each summer at the University of Colorado at Boulder College of Santa Fe , a private art centric college in Santa Fe New Mexico Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique , a public school board in British Columbia, Canada Christian Student Fellowship ,

1406-467: Is carried out under sterile conditions by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae . CSF is extracted through the needle, and tested. About one third of people experience a headache after lumbar puncture, and pain or discomfort at the needle entry site is common. Rarer complications may include bruising, meningitis or ongoing post lumbar-puncture leakage of CSF. Testing often includes observing

1480-413: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates . CSF is produced by specialised ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in

1554-417: Is identified. Caffeine , given either orally or intravenously , often offers symptomatic relief. Treatment of an identified leak may include injection of a person's blood into the epidural space (an epidural blood patch ), spinal surgery , or fibrin glue . CSF can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of neurological diseases , usually obtained by a procedure called lumbar puncture. Lumbar puncture

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1628-489: Is intricately tied to the success of other two, creating a balance that benefits the fishermen, the consumers, and the health of the environment. CSFs began primarily with economic stability as a goal. Due to increased regulatory pressures, many small fishing communities were on the verge of disappearing. By creating a local market for seafood that bypassed the traditionally lengthy seafood supply chain , fishermen were able to continue working. Fishermen were also able to obtain

1702-627: Is one of the original community-supported fishery programs, and is headquartered in the commercial fishing port of Montauk, NY. Founded in 2012, Dock to Dish co-founders also established the first restaurant supported fishery program in the world, a model which has since proliferated across North and Central America. Over the past five years, Dock to Dish co-founders have worked to create new systems for providing reliable access to fresh, locally-harvested and traceable artisanal seafood directly to their cooperative membership from regional fishing wharfs and commercial docks. The seafood they source and distribute

1776-458: Is produced, CSF has a lower chloride level than plasma, and a higher sodium level. CSF contains approximately 0.59% plasma proteins, or approximately 15 to 40 mg/dL, depending on sampling site. In general, globular proteins and albumin are in lower concentration in ventricular CSF compared to lumbar or cisternal fluid. This continuous flow into the venous system dilutes the concentration of larger, lipid-insoluble molecules penetrating

1850-403: Is pulsatile, driven by the cardiac cycle . The flow of CSF through perivascular spaces in the brain (surrounding the cerebral arteries ) is obtained through the pumping movements of the walls of the arteries. CSF is derived from blood plasma and is largely similar to it, except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has some different electrolyte levels. Due to the way it

1924-420: Is suspected due to certain situations such as a tumour, because it can lead to fatal brain herniation . Some anaesthetics and chemotherapy are injected intrathecally into the subarachnoid space, where they spread around CSF, meaning substances that cannot cross the blood–brain barrier can still be active throughout the central nervous system. Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to

1998-578: Is traceable back to the vessel, and often the actual fisherman; never travels by air (the highest carbon producing mode of transport), and never leaves a 150-mile radius from the port that it was originally landed in. Dock to Dish now serves a broad spectrum of restaurants, resorts and institutional-level members, such as the Google Corporation, in restaurant-supported fishery programs while providing limited local seafood shares to families through its community-supported fishery program. In June 2017,

2072-554: The Na-K-Cl cotransporter ) have the potential to impact membrane channels. CSF pressure , as measured by lumbar puncture , is 10–18  cmH 2 O (8–15  mmHg or 1.1–2  kPa ) with the patient lying on the side and 20–30 cmH 2 O (16–24 mmHg or 2.1–3.2 kPa) with the patient sitting up. In newborns, CSF pressure ranges from 8 to 10 cmH 2 O (4.4–7.3 mmHg or 0.78–0.98 kPa). Most variations are due to coughing or internal compression of jugular veins in

2146-418: The arachnoid granulations . In humans, there is about 125 mL of CSF at any one time, and about 500 mL is generated every day. CSF acts as a shock absorber, cushion or buffer, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull . CSF also serves a vital function in the cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow . CSF occupies the subarachnoid space (between

2220-400: The arachnoid mater and the pia mater ) and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It fills the ventricles of the brain, cisterns , and sulci , as well as the central canal of the spinal cord. There is also a connection from the subarachnoid space to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear via the perilymphatic duct where the perilymph is continuous with

2294-430: The choroid plexus . The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels present within sections of the four ventricles of the brain. It is present throughout the ventricular system except for the cerebral aqueduct , and the frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricles . CSF is mostly produced by the lateral ventricles . CSF is also produced by the single layer of column-shaped ependymal cells which line

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2368-404: The microorganism that has caused the infection, or PCR may be used to identify a viral cause. Investigations to the total type and nature of proteins reveal point to specific diseases, including multiple sclerosis , paraneoplastic syndromes , systemic lupus erythematosus , neurosarcoidosis , cerebral angiitis ; and specific antibodies such as aquaporin-4 may be tested for to assist in

2442-425: The 32nd day of development near the rhombencephalon; circulation is visible from the 41st day. At this time, the first choroid plexus can be seen, found in the fourth ventricle, although the time at which they first secrete CSF is not yet known. The developing forebrain surrounds the neural cord. As the forebrain develops, the neural cord within it becomes a ventricle, ultimately forming the lateral ventricles. Along

2516-601: The Dock to Dish model was presented at the United Nations World Oceans Conference as an important initiative in achieving The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 14 aimed to: "conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources." Sitka Salmon Shares was co-founded in 2011 and 2012 by Nic Mink, then a professor as Knox College, and fisherman Marsh Skeele, as a small project selling boxes of Skeele's high-quality salmon in

2590-552: The UK called Catchbox, funded by Defra and established by SeaWeb , was piloted in 2013. The pilot operated in Brighton and Chichester for 12 weeks, running from April to July 2013. Each week in the pilot season, a specified amount of fresh fish was delivered to a pickup point in each location for members to collect and take home. Catchbox used a cooperative model in an attempt to bring fishers and members closer together and to ensure that

2664-644: The United States in 2011. It aims to connect consumers to CSF programs and foster a community of practice amongst CSFs and other values-based seafood businesses. Local Catch acts as an "online network seeking to increase the visibility of CSFs". The site provides a list of current CSF programs in operation as well as a locator tool to help consumers find a program in their area. As of October 2019, Local Catch listed about 100 programs in operation and over 400 pickup locations in North America. Dock to Dish

2738-411: The adjacent part of the lateral recess), the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (roof and median opening), and the superior cerebellar artery . CSF returns to the vascular system by entering the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulations . These are outpouchings of the arachnoid mater into the venous sinuses around the brain, with valves to ensure one-way drainage. This occurs because of

2812-401: The blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid. This fluid then needs to pass through the epithelium cells lining the choroid plexus into the ventricles, an active process requiring the transport of sodium , potassium and chloride that draws water into CSF by creating osmotic pressure . Unlike blood passing from the capillaries into the choroid plexus, the epithelial cells lining

2886-442: The body. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition of unknown cause characterized by a rise in CSF pressure. It is associated with headaches, double vision , difficulties seeing, and a swollen optic disc . It can occur in association with the use of vitamin A and tetracycline antibiotics, or without any identifiable cause at all, particularly in younger obese women. Management may include ceasing any known causes,

2960-461: The bones of the skull have not yet fused, seizures, irritability and drowsiness. A CT scan or MRI scan may reveal enlargement of one or both lateral ventricles, or causative masses or lesions, and lumbar puncture may be used to demonstrate and in some circumstances relieve high intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus is usually treated through the insertion of a shunt , such as a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt , which diverts fluid to another part of

3034-420: The brain and CSF. CSF is normally free of red blood cells and at most contains fewer than 5 white blood cells per mm (if the white cell count is higher than this it constitutes pleocytosis and can indicate inflammation or infection). At around the fifth week of its development , the embryo is a three-layered disc , covered with ectoderm , mesoderm and endoderm . A tube-like formation develops in

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3108-403: The brain was examined. The modern rediscovery of CSF is credited to Emanuel Swedenborg . In a manuscript written between 1741 and 1744, unpublished in his lifetime, Swedenborg referred to CSF as "spirituous lymph" secreted from the roof of the fourth ventricle down to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. This manuscript was eventually published in translation in 1887. Albrecht von Haller ,

3182-423: The brain when describing congenital hydrocephalus , and Galen referred to "excremental liquid" in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose. But for some 16 intervening centuries of ongoing anatomical study, CSF remained unmentioned in the literature. This is perhaps because of the prevailing autopsy technique, which involved cutting off the head, thereby removing evidence of CSF before

3256-416: The brain's ventricles, are common approaches. These methods ensure that drugs can reach the CNS more effectively than systemic administration, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic side effects. Advances in this field are driven by ongoing research into novel delivery systems and drug formulations, enhancing the precision and efficacy of treatments. Intrathecal pseudodelivery refers to

3330-455: The cell surface facing the interstitium. Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and potassium are then actively secreted into the ventricular lumen. This creates osmotic pressure and draws water into CSF, facilitated by aquaporins . CSF contains many fewer protein anions than blood plasma. Protein in the blood is primarily composed of anions where each anion has many negative charges on it. As a result, to maintain electroneutrality blood plasma has

3404-460: The cerebral aqueduct. It is present in early intrauterine life but disappears during early development. CSF serves several purposes: The brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day at a rate of about 20 mL an hour. This transcellular fluid is constantly reabsorbed, so that only 125–150 mL is present at any one time. CSF volume is higher on a mL per kg body weight basis in children compared to adults. Infants have

3478-440: The cerebrospinal fluid. The ependymal cells of the choroid plexus have multiple motile cilia on their apical surfaces that beat to move the CSF through the ventricles. A sample of CSF can be taken from around the spinal cord via lumbar puncture . This can be used to test the intracranial pressure , as well as indicate diseases including infections of the brain or the surrounding meninges . Although noted by Hippocrates , it

3552-455: The choroid plexus contain tight junctions between cells, which act to prevent most substances flowing freely into CSF. Cilia on the apical surfaces of the ependymal cells beat to help transport the CSF. Water and carbon dioxide from the interstitial fluid diffuse into the epithelial cells. Within these cells, carbonic anhydrase converts the substances into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions . These are exchanged for sodium and chloride on

3626-429: The colour of the fluid, measuring CSF pressure, and counting and identifying white and red blood cells within the fluid; measuring protein and glucose levels; and culturing the fluid. The presence of red blood cells and xanthochromia may indicate subarachnoid hemorrhage ; whereas central nervous system infections such as meningitis , may be indicated by elevated white blood cell levels. A CSF culture may yield

3700-433: The density of human cerebrospinal fluid and is used in regional anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space. Liquorpheresis is the process of filtering the CSF in order to clear it from endogen or exogen pathogens. It can be achieved by means of fully implantable or extracorporeal devices, though the technique remains experimental today. CSF drug delivery refers to

3774-452: The diagnosis of autoimmune conditions. A lumbar puncture that drains CSF may also be used as part of treatment for some conditions, including idiopathic intracranial hypertension and normal pressure hydrocephalus . Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the intracranial pressure , which might be increased in certain types of hydrocephalus . However, a lumbar puncture should never be performed if increased intracranial pressure

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3848-460: The doorstep of is members of an array of seafood species harvested by its network of fishing families from southeast as well as other region's of Alaska. Salmon Shares is active in the Local Catch and Slow Fish movements, and is invested in building connections between fish harvesters, its members, and supporting healthy food systems and communities in the places the company operates. A CSF in

3922-431: The fish populations they target. Specifically, many fishermen are able to alter their target species based on what is abundant, not what is in high demand by the larger supply chain. This allows fishermen to get a price that is closer to the cost of harvesting, gives more exploited fish a break, and provides members with more diversity in product. Often the fishermen know what the least destructive method of fishing is, but in

3996-426: The fourth week of embryonic development the brain has begun to develop . Three swellings ( primary brain vesicles ), have formed within the embryo around the canal, near to where the head will develop. These swellings represent different components of the central nervous system : the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). Subarachnoid spaces are first evident around

4070-460: The inner surface of both ventricles, the ventricular wall remains thin, and a choroid plexus develops, producing and releasing CSF. CSF quickly fills the neural canal. Arachnoid villi are formed around the 35th week of development, with arachnoid granulations noted around the 39th, and continuing developing until 18 months of age. The subcommissural organ secretes SCO-spondin , which forms Reissner's fiber within CSF assisting movement through

4144-409: The low CSF pressure causes the brain to "sag" downwards and put pressure on its lower structures. If a leak is identified, a beta-2 transferrin test of the leaking fluid, when positive, is highly specific and sensitive for the detection for CSF leakage. Medical imaging such as CT scans and MRI scans can be used to investigate for a presumed CSF leak when no obvious leak is found but low CSF pressure

4218-422: The mechanisms not fully understood, but potentially relating to differences in the activation of the autonomic nervous system over the course of the day. Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle produces CSF from the arterial blood provided by the anterior choroidal artery . In the fourth ventricle, CSF is produced from the arterial blood from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (cerebellopontine angle and

4292-401: The midline, called the notochord . The notochord releases extracellular molecules that affect the transformation of the overlying ectoderm into nervous tissue. The neural tube , forming from the ectoderm, contains CSF prior to the development of the choroid plexuses. The open neuropores of the neural tube close after the first month of development, and CSF pressure gradually increases. By

4366-640: The midwest to benefit Sitka Conservation Society. Since that time, Sitka Salmon Shares has grown to one of the largest community supported fisheries in the U.S. This CSF had a unique, integrated supply chain that includes fishermen owners and the company's own fish processing plant in Sitka, Alaska, as well as a large warehouse in Galesburg, Illinois. However, Sitka closed their processing plant in June 2022, and now use other processors. The company now offers delivery to

4440-646: The neck. When lying down, the CSF pressure as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the intracranial pressure . Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain. Hydrocephalus can occur because of obstruction of the passage of CSF, such as from an infection, injury, mass, or congenital abnormality . Hydrocephalus without obstruction associated with normal CSF pressure may also occur. Symptoms can include problems with gait and coordination , urinary incontinence , nausea and vomiting , and progressively impaired cognition . In infants, hydrocephalus can cause an enlarged head, as

4514-415: The organization Local Catch , there are 5 main elements that unite all CSF programs: Combined, these elements are often considered the basis for conducting the program on a triple bottom line. Community-supported fishery programs operate on a triple bottom line , which incorporates environmental stewardship, economic stability, and social improvements as goals of their business. The success of each aspect

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4588-465: The past have been pressured by market demands to go after only the highest priced fish (which are generally those most at risk for exploitation). Besides being able to focus on more abundant fish species, CSF fisheries can also supply all fish species that are caught to their consumers, as they can select a range of fish. This effectively eliminates by-catch . A 2006 study administered by North Carolina Sea Grant identified community-supported fisheries as

4662-406: The rate at which fluids move into the choroid plexus and CSF generation. The autonomic nervous system influences choroid plexus CSF secretion, with activation of the sympathetic nervous system decreasing secretion and the parasympathetic nervous system increasing it. Changes in the pH of the blood can affect the activity of carbonic anhydrase , and some drugs (such as furosemide , acting on

4736-508: The relationship between people and the food they eat. This relationship was lost with the rise of commercial fishing practices. Building a local food community is good for not only for community relations, but also for supporting local economies: people will be more inclined to support their neighbors only if they actually know their neighbors. In creating economic and social benefits, fishermen are then able to become stewards of marine ecosystem health, by utilizing practices that better support

4810-686: The researchers to present the CSF idea to local fishermen, including some belonging to the Midcoast Fishermen's Cooperative. The first successful community-supported fishery program began in 2007 as a pilot project out of Port Clyde, when the Mid-Coast Fishermen's Cooperative teamed up with the First Universalist Church in Rockland, Maine, to deliver fresh shrimp . The pilot proved so successful that in

4884-525: The risk of cancer Classical swine fever , contagious disease of pigs Contrast sensitivity function , relationship of contrast threshold vs angular frequency for an observer Military [ edit ] Central Security Forces (CSF), an Egyptian paramilitary force Comprehensive Soldier Fitness Coalition Support Fund , US military aid to countries Thomson-CSF of Thales Group Education [ edit ] California Scholarship Federation California State University, Fullerton ,

4958-426: The size of a share a member wants (i.e., individual share or family share). Each CSF offers a different variety of seafood to its members, based on local regulations, catch size, season, and location. Some CSFs may specialize in a specific species of seafood, while others may offer a variety of species based on what is currently available. Though many aspects of CSF programs are unique to specific programs, according to

5032-472: The spring of 2008, the Port Clyde community expanded beyond shrimp and Port Clyde Fresh Catch became a viable business. Today, this program delivers fresh, Maine caught shrimp and groundfish to several different locations throughout their local community. In addition, the Midcoast Fishermen's Coop has opened a processing center where they pick shrimp and fillet fish. Local Catch is a network started in

5106-451: The subarachnoid space, which covers the brain and spinal cord, and stretches below the end of the spinal cord to the sacrum . There is a connection from the subarachnoid space to the bony labyrinth of the inner ear making the cerebrospinal fluid continuous with the perilymph in 93% of people. CSF moves in a single outward direction from the ventricles, but multidirectionally in the subarachnoid space. The flow of cerebrospinal fluid

5180-461: The surface of the choroid endothelium, appears to play a role in regulating CSF secretion and composition. It has been hypothesised that CSF is not primarily produced by the choroid plexus, but is being permanently produced inside the entire CSF system, as a consequence of water filtration through the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid of the surrounding brain tissue, regulated by AQP-4 . There are circadian variations in CSF secretion, with

5254-405: The two lateral ventricles . From here, CSF passes through the interventricular foramina to the third ventricle , then the cerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle . From the fourth ventricle, the fluid passes into the subarachnoid space through four openings – the central canal of the spinal cord, the median aperture , and the two lateral apertures . CSF is present within

5328-399: The ventricles; by the lining surrounding the subarachnoid space ; and a small amount directly from the tiny spaces surrounding blood vessels around the brain. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in two steps. Firstly, a filtered form of plasma moves from fenestrated capillaries in the choroid plexus into an interstitial space, with movement guided by a difference in pressure between

5402-419: Was forgotten for centuries, though later was described in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg . In 1914, Harvey Cushing demonstrated that CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus. In humans, there is about 125–150 mL of CSF at any one time. This CSF circulates within the ventricular system of the brain. The ventricles are a series of cavities filled with CSF. The majority of CSF is produced from within

5476-515: Was secreted by the pia mater . Thomas Willis (noted as the discoverer of the circle of Willis ) made note of the fact that the consistency of CSF is altered in meningitis. In 1869 Gustav Schwalbe proposed that CSF drainage could occur via lymphatic vessels. In 1891, W. Essex Wynter began treating tubercular meningitis by removing CSF from the subarachnoid space, and Heinrich Quincke began to popularize lumbar puncture, which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In 1912,

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