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70-610: To date (as of December 2017), CTIRU is linked to the removal of 300,000 pieces of "illegal terrorist material" from the internet. The December 2013 report of the Prime Minister's Extremism Taskforce said that it would "work with internet companies to restrict access to terrorist material online which is hosted overseas but illegal under UK law" and "work with the internet industry to help them in their continuing efforts to identify extremist content to include in family-friendly filters " which would likely involve lobbying ISPs to add

140-416: A "UK code of practice for the self-regulation of new forms of content on mobiles". This provided a means of classifying mobile Internet content to enable consistency in filtering. All major UK operators now voluntarily filter content by default. When users try to access blocked content they are redirected to a warning page. This tells them that they are not able to access an 'over 18 status' Internet site and

210-657: A "pornwall", "porn filter", "Hadrian's Firewall", "Great Firewall of Britain" and the "Great Firewall of Cameron". However the programmes are usually referred to interchangeable or individually rather than collectively. Inciting racial hatred was removed from the IWF's remit on the setting up of a police website for the purpose in April 2011. The technical measures used to block sites include DNS hijacking , DNS blocking , IP address blocking , and Deep packet inspection , making consistent verification problematic. One known method

280-553: A "publisher" of the content for the purposes of future legal action if the notice is not complied with. Web blocking in the United Kingdom The precise number of websites blocked in the United Kingdom is unknown. Blocking techniques vary from one Internet service provider (ISP) to another with some sites or specific URLs blocked by some ISPs and not others. Websites and services are blocked using

350-470: A combination of data feeds from private content-control technology companies, government agencies, NGOs , court orders in conjunction with the service administrators who may or may not have the power to unblock, additionally block, appeal or recategorise blocked content. There are a number of different web blocking programmes in the UK. The high-profile default ISP filters and IWF filters have been referred to as

420-529: A filtering mechanism has restricted their access. Categories that are listed as blocked include: adult / sexually explicit, chat, criminal skills, drugs , alcohol and tobacco, gambling, hacking , hate, personal and dating, violence, and weapons. Users who are adults may have the block lifted on request. Guidelines published by the Independent Mobile Classification Body were used by mobile operators to classify sites until

490-496: A free service for streaming licensed independent movies and series. As of July 2016, site redirects to viewster.com, site providing access to limited number of licensed content, including Anime and movies. It is owned by Polish company Red-Sky . The name and logo of the website are in the style of the video-sharing website YouTube . While the old logo looked almost identical to the YouTube logo (with "Files" replacing "You" and

560-475: A platform would no longer be able to rely upon the defence available as part of the E-Commerce Directive that they are an intermediary "hosting" content without an awareness of it. Therefore, although a notice sent by CTIRU to a platform - requesting the removal of content - may request compliance on a voluntary basis, such a notice may also act to ensure that a platform is able to be considered as

630-476: A report into filter implementation and effectiveness across the fixed-line ISPs. At that point the Big 4 major fixed-line ISPs comprised 93% of the broadband market. They were all mandating filters be enabled as default for new customers, but overall take-up figures were low, with BT (5%), Sky (8%) and Virgin (4%). The figure was higher for TalkTalk (36%) as there had already been significant take-up of its system during

700-552: A site which provided a search service for UseNet content, indexing downloads of copyrighted content including movies and other material shared without permission. The application was lodged against BT, the largest Internet service provider in the United Kingdom with around six million customers. It required BT to use Cleanfeed to block its customers' access to the site. In July 2011 the High Court of Justice granted

770-467: A variety of material. Many students often use proxy servers to bypass this. Schools often censor pupils' Internet access in order to offer some protection against various perceived threats such as cyber-bullying and the perceived risk of grooming by paedophiles; as well as to maintain pupil attention during IT lessons. Examples of overblocking exist in the school context. For instance, in February 2014

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840-425: A whitelist of the charity-run educational sites for children that had been overblocked. The intention was to provide the list to ISPs to allow unblocking. Examples of overblocked categories reported include: The identification of overblocked sites is made particularly difficult by the fact that ISPs do not provide checking tools to allow website owners to determine whether their site is being blocked. In July 2014

910-461: Is ISP scraping DNS of domains subject to blocking orders to produce a list of IPs to block. The Open Rights Group has proposed adding the new HTTP status code ' 451 ' to help streamline and add transparency to the process of determining when a site is blocked. It is an established procedure in the UK for rights-holders to use 'Section 97' court orders to require ISPs to block copyright-infringing sites. For instance, court orders obtained by

980-496: Is a problem reported with public Wi-Fi filters. Research in September 2013 indicated that poorly programmed filters blocked sites when a prohibited tag appeared coincidentally within an unrelated word. Religious sites were blocked by nearly half of public Wi-Fi filters and sex education sites were blocked by one third. In November 2013, there were complaints about the blocking of Gay websites that were not related to sex or nudity on

1050-483: Is one of the strategies employed by the Government as part of its drive to implement the "Prevent" legislation. As of September 2016, all Schools, childcare facilities or organisations that provide care or facilities for children under the age of 18 in the UK, have a statutory duty to ensure their systems cannot be used to access any of these websites by using firewall technology or service providers that are members of

1120-539: Is to minimise the availability of indecent images of children on the Internet, however, on this occasion our efforts have had the opposite effect." The vast majority of the Internet access provided by Wi-Fi systems in public places in the UK is filtered with many sites being blocked. The filtering is done voluntarily by the six largest providers of public Wi-Fi: Arqiva, BT, Sky, Nomad Digital, Virgin and O2, who together are responsible for 90% public Wi-Fi. The filtering

1190-646: The Radio Times , Crystal Palace F.C. , Taylor Swift and over 100 other websites in August 2013. The practice originated as a result of a court order applied against an incidence of copyright infringement that was taken out by the Motion Picture Association in December 2010 at the request of Hollywood studios . The Association applied for an injunction to block access to NewzBin 2,

1260-572: The Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications . It was thought that the rules might restrict the legality of ISP filtering after 2016. In May 2014 the government suggested it would veto European net neutrality legislation due to its conflict with web blocking programmes. In May 2015, a leaked Council of the European Union document on the topic of net neutrality suggested users would have to opt into blocks, rather than opt out as per

1330-521: The European Commission 's Safer Internet Programme which tested parental control tools showed that underblocking for adult content ranged from 5-35%. Proponents of internet filtering primarily refer to the need to combat the early sexualisation of children. The government believes that "broadband providers should consider automatically blocking sex sites, with individuals being required to opt in to receive them, rather than opt out and use

1400-797: The Home Secretary , would meet with executives of the Web companies Facebook and Twitter, as well as Research In Motion , maker of the BlackBerry smartphone, to discuss possible measures to prevent troublemakers from using social media and other digital communications tools. During a special debate on the riots, Cameron told Parliament: Everyone watching these horrific actions will be struck by how they were organised via social media. Free flow of information can be used for good. But it can also be used for ill. And when people are using social media for violence we need to stop them. So we are working with

1470-788: The House of Lords in May 2012 by Baroness Howe of Idlicote . The Online Safety Bill was criticised for its potential to block any service that appears to provide adult material unless it is on an Ofcom-approved list. The original bill did not succeed due to a lack of Government support. It was re-introduced in May 2015 and failed a second time. FilesTube FilesTube was a metasearch engine established in 2007, which specialized in searching files in various file sharing and uploading services , such as Mega . It also included sections for videos, games, lyrics and software. In December 2014, FilesTube discontinued its file-search service and became

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1540-575: The NSPCC and the Police . An additional opt-in whitelist service aimed at users under 12 years is provided by O2. The service only allows access to websites on a list of categories deemed suitable for that age group. Between 2004 and 2006, BT Group introduced its Cleanfeed content blocking system technology to implement 'section 97A' orders. BT spokesman Jon Carter described Cleanfeed's function as "to block access to illegal Web sites that are listed by

1610-517: The Open Rights Group highlighted the widespread nature of unjustified site blocking. In 2011 the group set up blocked.org.uk , a website allowing the reporting of sites and services that are 'blocked' on their mobile network. The website received hundreds of reports of the blocking of sites covering blogs , business, internet privacy and internet forums across multiple networks. The Open Rights Group also demonstrated that correcting

1680-641: The Terrorism Act 2006 . This list is passed to the public estate institutions so that access to the sites can be blocked. ISPs BT, Sky, TalkTalk and Virgin Media incorporate the CTIRU block list into their filters. The CTIRU also issues removal requests if the Internet content is hosted in the UK. The UK is the only country in the world with such a unit. Home Office proposals in 2006 requiring ISPs to block access to articles "glorifying terrorism" were rejected and

1750-430: The 2010-15 Parliament. Prior to the 2015 United Kingdom general election both the opposition Labour Party and the governing Conservative Party said that, if elected, they would legislate on the issue. Labour said that it would introduce mandatory filters based on BBFC ratings if it believed that voluntary filtering by ISPs had failed. The Conservatives said that they would give an independent regulator such as ATVOD

1820-529: The BPI in October 2013 resulted in the blocking of 21 file-sharing sites including FilesTube and Torrentz . There is a private agreement in principle between leading ISPs and rights holders, made with encouragement from government, to quickly restrict access to websites when presented with court orders. The court orders are not made public and "overblocking" is sometimes reported, such as the accidental blocking of

1890-507: The British Board of Film Classification took over responsibility in 2013. Classification determines whether content is suitable for customers under 18 years old. The default assumption is that a user is under 18. The following content types must be blocked from under 18's: Significant overblocking of Internet sites by mobile operators is reported, including the blocking of political satire , feminism and gay content. Research by

1960-557: The CTIRU list to their filters without the need for additional legislation. CTIRU hold responsibility for the implementation of aspects of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015, and are the custodians of the CTIRU list - a continuously updated proscribed list of websites that is considered under the act to be illegal to access or attempt to access. The CTIRU list details URLs that, for one reason or another, cannot or will not be removed from ISP's or search engines. The list

2030-420: The IWF (Internet Watch Foundation) and ensuring that the technology prevents access to sites featured on the CTIRU list. CTIRU makes an assessment of the legality of material before referring it on to platforms to consider it for removal: CTIRU appear to assess content on the basis of UK terror legislation: Such a notice and assessment would provide "actual knowledge" of criminality by a platform, meaning that

2100-520: The IWF system blacklisted a Misplaced Pages article on the Scorpions album Virgin Killer . A statement by the organisation's spokesman alleged that the album cover, displayed in the article, contained "a potentially illegal indecent image of a child under the age of 18". Users of major ISPs, including Virgin Media, Be/O2/Telefónica, EasyNet/UK Online, Demon and Opal, were unable to access the content, despite

2170-491: The Internet Watch Foundation", and described it as essentially a server hosting a filter that checked requested URLs for Web sites on the IWF list, and returning an error message of "Web site not found" for positive matches. Cleanfeed is a silent content filtering system, which means that Internet users cannot ascertain whether they are being regulated by Cleanfeed, experiencing connection failures, or if

Counter-Terrorism Internet Referral Unit - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-483: The Internet Watch Foundation. However, no safeguards exist to stop the secret list of blocked sites being extended to include sites unrelated to child pornography . This had led to criticism of Cleanfeed's lack of transparency which gives it considerable potential for broad censorship. Further, Cleanfeed has been used to block access to copyright-infringing websites after a court order in 2011 required BT to block access to NewzBin2. This has led some to describe Cleanfeed as

2310-546: The Open Rights Group and digital privacy site Top10VPN.com found that thousands of websites were being incorrectly blocked. These included relatively harmless example from industries such as wedding planning and photography, to more damaging and dangerous mistakes like official websites for charities, schools and mental health support. Significant underblocking has also been discovered, with ISPs failing to block up to 7% of adult sites tested. A study commissioned by

2380-479: The Open Rights Group launched an independent checking tool blocked.org.uk , a revamp of their mobile blocking site to report details of blocking on different fixed line ISPs and mobile providers. The tool revealed that 19% of 100,000 popularly visited websites were being blocked (with significant variation between ISPs) although the percentage of sites hosting legal pornographic material is thought to be around 4%. In 2019 an in-depth investigation into overblocking by

2450-875: The UK such as the British Library and local authority public libraries apply filters to Internet access. According to research conducted by the Radical Librarians Collective, at least 98% of public libraries apply filters; including categories such as "LGBT interest", "abortion" and "questionable". Some public libraries block Payday loan websites and Lambeth Council has called for other public Wi-fi providers to block these sites too. The majority of schools and colleges use filters to block access to sites which contain adult material, gambling and sites which contain malware. YouTube , Facebook and Twitter are often filtered by schools. Some universities also block access to sites containing

2520-507: The UK, and that 29% of all downloads are of content which violates copyright. In October 2014 the first blocking order against trademark infringing consumer goods was passed against the major UK ISPs by Richemont , Cartier International and Montblanc to block several domains. Internet customers in the UK are prohibited from accessing a range of web sites by default, because they have their Internet access filtered by their ISPs. The filtering programme has applied to new ISP customers since

2590-458: The West for restricting the Internet and curbing free speech, offered to "send a human rights delegation to Britain to study human rights violations in the country". On 25 August 2011 British officials and representatives of Twitter, Facebook and BlackBerry met privately to discuss voluntary ways to limit or restrict the use of social media to combat crime and periods of civil unrest. The government

2660-440: The album cover being available unfiltered on other major sites including Amazon.co.uk , and available for sale in the UK. The system also started proxying users, who accessed any Misplaced Pages article, via a minimal number of servers, which resulted in site administrators having to block them from editing Misplaced Pages or creating accounts. On 9 December, the IWF removed the article from its blacklist, stating: "IWF's overriding objective

2730-526: The available computer parental controls." In 2010 communications minister Ed Vaizey was quoted as saying, "This is a very serious matter. I think it is very important that it's the ISPs that come up with solutions to protect children." The Washington Post described the UK's ISP filtering systems as creating "some of the strictest curbs on pornography in the Western world". There is no public scrutiny of

2800-487: The ban had boosted traffic to the party's website. In December 2012, the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) threatened legal action against The Pirate Party after the party refused demands sent at the end of November to remove their proxy to The Pirate Bay. In September 2013 an Ofcom survey revealed that 2% of Internet users are responsible for 74% of all copyright-infringing downloads in

2870-433: The categories listed by the ISPs apart from ' anorexia and eating disorder websites' and ' esoteric material '. More information was gained following the launch of blocked.org.uk by the Open Rights Group, when TalkTalk gave additional detail about their default blocked categories and BT identified their default filtering level (light). UK mobile phone operators began filtering Internet content in 2004 when Ofcom published

Counter-Terrorism Internet Referral Unit - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-565: The censorship of content that is “extremist” but not illegal. Indeed, the United Kingdom security minister James Brokenshire said in March 2014 that the government should also deal with material "that may not be illegal but certainly is unsavoury and may not be the sort of material that people would want to see or receive". On 11 August 2011, following the widespread riots in England , British Prime Minister David Cameron said that Theresa May ,

3010-698: The censorship rules at a London conference sponsored by Virgin Media. The discussion was titled "Switched on Families: Does the Online World Make Good Things Happen?". The panel included government representatives such as Member of Parliament Claire Perry, members of the press, and supporters of an open Internet such representatives from the UK Council for Child Internet Safety, the Family Online Safety Institute , and Big Brother Watch . A report on

3080-498: The current UK government's plans. John Carr of the UK Council for Child Internet Safety said of the proposals: "a major plank of the UK’s approach to online child protection will be destroyed at a stroke". However, the requirement that a UK government adheres to EU rules on net neutrality may have disappeared when the United Kingdom left the European Union . Wide-scale inadvertent " overblocking " has been observed since ISP default filtering

3150-468: The dark." The Open Rights Group has been highly critical of the blocking programmes, especially mobile blocking and ISP default blocking. New Statesman magazine observed that overblocking means “the most vulnerable people in society are the most likely to be cut off from the help they need”. In July 2013 the Open Rights Group discovered from the ISPs that a wide range of content categories would be blocked. Blocking has subsequently been detected in all

3220-711: The end of 2013, and has been extended to existing users on a rolling basis. A voluntary code of practice agreed by all four major ISPs means that customers have to 'opt out' of the ISP filtering to gain access to the blocked content. However, the complex nature of the active monitoring systems means that users cannot usually opt out of the monitoring and re-routing of their data traffic, something which may render their data security vulnerable. The range of content blocked by ISPs can be varied over time. The idea for default filtering originated from manifesto commitments concerning "the commercialisation and sexualisation of childhood" given by

3290-410: The erroneous blocking of innocent sites can be difficult. No UK mobile operator provides an on-line tool for identifying blocked websites. The O2 Website status checker was available until the end of 2013 but was suspended in December after it had been widely used to determine the extent of overblocking by O2. Not only were civil liberties and computing sites being blocked, but also Childline ,

3360-420: The existence of Cleanfeed software. Moreover, nearly two thirds of the participants did not trust British Telecommunications or the IWF to be responsible for a silent censorship system in the UK. A majority would prefer to see a message stating that a given site was blocked and to have access to a form for unblocking a given site. Cleanfeed originally targeted only alleged child sexual abuse content identified by

3430-709: The filter on. Those customers who ignore the email have the filter turned on automatically. The initial legal status of ISP web blocking was voluntary, although there were a number of attempts to introduce legislation to move it onto a mandatory footing. David Cameron first announced such legislation in July 2013 but default filtering was rejected at the September 2013 conference of the Liberal Democrats (the Coalition Government's minor partner) and no Government legislation to this effect occurred during

3500-556: The filtering lists. This creates the potential for them to be expanded to stifle dissent for political ends, as has happened in some other countries. The British Prime Minister of the time David Cameron stated that Internet users will have the option to turn the filters off, but no legislation exists to ensure that option will remain available. In March 2014, president Diane Duke of the United States-based Free Speech Coalition argued against

3570-413: The government opted for a takedown approach at that time. However, in December 2013 the Prime Minister's extremism task force proposed that where such material is hosted overseas, ISPs should block the websites, and David Cameron gave orders that the CTIRU list be extended to UK ISPs. The UK government has defined extremism as: "Vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy,

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3640-525: The government stated: "We expect the smaller ISPs to follow the lead being set by the larger providers". Cameron said ISPs should choose their own preferred technical solution, but would be monitored to ensure filtering was done correctly. Nevertheless, the ISP Andrews & Arnold does not censor any of its Internet connection all its broadband packages guarantee a 12-month notice should it start to censor any of its traffic. In July 2014 Ofcom released

3710-407: The injunction and in October 2011 BT was ordered to block access to the website within fourteen days, the first ruling of its kind under UK copyright law . The precedent set was described by the Open Rights Group as "dangerous". BT did not appeal against the ruling and put the required block in place on 2 November 2011. Subsequent attempts to access the site from a BT IP address were met with

3780-603: The legal power to compel internet service providers to block sites which failed to include effective age verification. The Digital Economy Act 2017 placed the requirement for ISP filtering into law and introduced a requirement for ISPs to block pornographic sites with inadequate age verification. Proposals to create a single digital market for European Union (EU) member states include rules for net neutrality . These rules require that all internet traffic has to be treated equally, without blocking or slowing down certain data. Net neutrality guidelines were announced in August 2016 by

3850-529: The meeting was printed in The Guardian on 5 March 2014. Duke was quoted as saying, "The filters Prime Minister Cameron supports block sexual health sites, they block domestic violence sites, they block gay and lesbian sites, they block information about eating disorders and a lot of information to which it's crucial young people have access. Rather than protect children from things like bullying and online predators , these filters leave children in

3920-547: The message "Error – site blocked". Newzbin released client software to circumvent the BT blocking, using encryption and the Tor network. Newzbin claimed that over 90% of its active UK users had downloaded its workaround software making the BT block ineffective. However, further court orders resulted in Sky blocking access to Newzbin in December 2011 and Virgin Media blocking access to

3990-403: The most perfectly invisible censorship mechanism ever invented and to liken its powers of censorship to those employed currently by China. There are risks that increasing Internet regulation will lead the Internet to be even more restricted in the future. Non-BT ISPs now implement the child abuse image content list with their in-house technologies to implement IWF blocking. On 5 December 2008

4060-465: The page really does not exist. The proportion of Internet service providers using Cleanfeed by the beginning of 2006 was 80% and this rose to 95% by the middle of 2008. In February 2009, the Government said that it was looking at ways to cover the final 5%. According to a small-sample survey conducted in 2008 by Nikolaos Koumartzis, an MA researcher at London College of Communication , the vast majority of UK based Internet users (90.21%) were unaware of

4130-865: The parties forming the Cameron–Clegg coalition government in 2010. This was followed by a review (the Bailey Review ) and a consultation by the UK Council for Child Internet Safety (UKCCIS). Campaigning by Claire Perry MP and the Daily Mail newspaper resulted in significant public support for the idea of Internet filtering for the purposes of child protection. By 2013 there had already been considerable adoption of in-home filtering, with 43% of homes with children aged 5–15 having filters installed on their family computer. Nevertheless, Prime Minister David Cameron made it clear in July 2013 that his aim

4200-501: The police, the intelligence services and industry to look at whether it would be right to stop people communicating via these Web sites and services when we know they are plotting violence, disorder and criminality”. Critics said that the British government was considering policies similar to those it has criticised in totalitarian and one-party states. And in the immediate aftermath of the 2011 England riots , Iran, often criticised by

4270-519: The preceding three years. The industry average was 13%. In January 2015 Sky went further, blocking all material deemed unsuitable for children under the age of 13 for any of its five million customers who had not already opted out. In the same month Talk Talk announced that customers who had not chosen whether to activate the company's filtering system would have to opt out if they wished it to be turned off. In January 2016 Sky began sending all new and existing customers an email asking if they want to turn

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4340-482: The public Wi-Fi provided by train operating companies . The filtering was done by third party organisations and these were criticised for being both unidentified and unaccountable. Such blocking may breach the Equality Act 2010 . The government arranged for the UK Council for Child Internet Safety to investigate whether filters were blocking advice to young people in areas such as sex education. Many libraries in

4410-411: The rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs." This approach to web blocking has been criticised for being extra-parliamentary and extrajudicial and for being a proactive process where authorities actively seek out material to ban. Additionally, concerns have been expressed by ISPs and freedom of speech advocates that these measures could lead to

4480-466: The site in August 2012. On 28 November 2012 Newzbin announced the closure of its indexing service. Meanwhile, in May 2012 the High Court ordered the blocking of The Pirate Bay by UK ISPs to prevent further copyright infringing movie and music downloads from the website. The blocks were said to be quickly bypassed and a spokesman for The Pirate Party said public interest in the service following

4550-712: The system applied to 95% of all households by the end of the year. TalkTalk already had content-control software available to comply with government requirements. Their HomeSafe internet filtering system was introduced in May 2011 as an opt-in product and was used for default filtering of new customers from March 2012. HomeSafe was praised by Cameron and is controlled and operated by the Chinese company Huawei . After initial resistance other ISPs had to commission new filtering systems to fulfil Government demands. Some smaller ISPs expressed their reluctance to take part in filtering, citing concerns over costs and civil liberties but

4620-650: The website of the Yes Scotland pro-independence campaign was blocked in a Glasgow school while the rival Better Together pro-union website was not blocked. The Counter Terrorism Internet Referral Unit (CTIRU), which was set up in 2010 by the Association of Chief Police Officers and run by the Metropolitan Police Service , maintains a list of sites and content that in their opinion incites or glorifies terrorist acts under Section 3 of

4690-598: Was introduced as a result of an agreement put in place in November 2013 between the Government and the Wi-Fi providers. Pressure from the Government and the UK Council for Child Internet Safety had already led Virgin and O2 to install filtering on the Wi-Fi systems on the London Underground and McDonald's restaurants, but half of all public Wi-Fi networks remained unfiltered in September 2013. "Overblocking"

4760-451: Was introduced at the end of 2013. Legitimate sites are regularly blocked by the filters of some UK ISPs and mobile operators. In December 2013 the UK Council for Child Internet Safety met with ISPs, charities, representatives from government, the BBFC and mobile phone operators to seek ways to reduce the blocking of educational advice for young people. In January 2014 UKCCIS began constructing

4830-401: Was seeking ways to crack down on networks being used for criminal behavior, but was not seeking any additional powers and had no intention of restricting Internet services. It was not clear what new measures, if any, would be taken as a result of the meeting. A private members bill requiring ISPs, mobile phone operators and equipment manufacturers to filter adult content was introduced into

4900-403: Was to ensure that by the end of 2013 all ISPs would have a filtering system in place. As a result, three of the Big 4 major ISPs ( TalkTalk , Sky and BT ) began applying default filtering to new customers in 2013 with the fourth major ISP, Virgin , doing so in February 2014. Default filtering of existing customers was implemented by all four major ISPs during 2014 with the aim of ensuring that

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