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81-650: On 28 May 2018 he was designated Prime Minister of Italy by President Sergio Mattarella , to lead a caretaker government that would bring Italy toward new elections. However, after few days, the Five Star Movement and the League reached an agreement and a new government, led by Giuseppe Conte , was formed. Carlo Cottarelli was born in Cremona , Lombardy , in 1954. He graduated in Economics and Banking at

162-581: A noisy conversion of objective evidence into subjective estimates, where noise is defined as the mixing of memories during the observing and remembering process. Dominic D. P. Johnson and James H. Fowler write that "overconfidence maximizes individual fitness and populations tend to become overconfident, as long as benefits from contested resources are sufficiently large compared with the cost of competition". In studies of implicit self-esteem , researchers have found that people may consciously overreport their levels of self-esteem. Inaccurate self-evaluation

243-574: A self-fulfilling prophecy , as those without it may fail because they lack it, and those with it may succeed because they have it rather than because of an innate ability or skill. Ideas about the causes and effects of self-confidence have appeared in English-language publications describing characteristics of a sacrilegious attitude toward God, the character of the British empire, and the culture of colonial-era American society. In 1890,

324-473: A "belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task". Various factors within and beyond an individual's control may affect their self-confidence. An individual's self-confidence can vary in different environments, such as at home or at school, and concerning different types of relationships and situations. When people attribute their success to a matter under their control, they are less likely to be confident about being successful in

405-459: A bellicose authoritarian prime minister, ally and admirer of Bismarck. His career ended amid controversy and failure due to becoming involved in a major banking scandal and subsequently fell from power in 1896 after a devastating colonial defeat in Ethiopia. He is often seen as a precursor of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini . In 1892, Giovanni Giolitti , a leftist lawyer and politician,

486-544: A better job candidate than both men and women who behaved modestly. Male common stock investors trade 45% more than their female counterparts, which they attribute to greater recklessness (though also self-confidence) of men, reducing men's net returns by 2.65 percentage points per year versus women's 1.72 percentage points. Women report lower self-confidence levels than men in supervising subordinates. One study found that women who viewed commercials with women in traditional gender roles appeared less self-confident in giving

567-677: A cognitive component. Other researchers have used body language proxies, rather than self-reports, to measure self-confidence by having examiners measure on a scale of 1   to   5 the subject's body language such as eye contact , fidgeting , posture , facial expressions , and gestures . Some methods measure self-esteem and self-confidence in various aspects or activities, such as speaking in public spaces, academic performance, physical appearance, romantic relationships, social interactions, and athletic ability. In sports, researchers have measured athletes' confidence about winning upcoming matches and how sensitive respondents' self-confidence

648-601: A competitive environment. A person can possess self-confidence in their ability to complete a specific task (self-efficacy)—e.g. cook a good meal or write a good novel—even though they may lack general self-confidence, or conversely be self-confident though they lack the self-efficacy to achieve a particular task. These two types of self-confidence are, however, correlated with each other, and for this reason, can be easily conflated. Social psychologists have found self-confidence to be correlated with other psychological variables including saving money, influencing others, and being

729-421: A competitive tournament scheme, while risk and feedback aversion played a negligible role. Some scholars partly attribute the fact of women being less likely to persist in engineering college than men to women's diminished sense of self-confidence. More self-confident women may receive high-performance evaluations but not be as well-liked as men who engage in the same behaviour. Confident women may be considered

810-838: A decision, seeks out additional sources of information depends on their level of self-confidence specific to that area. As the complexity of a decision increases, a person is more likely to be influenced by another person and seek out additional information. Several psychologists suggest that self-confident people are more willing to examine evidence that both supports and contradicts their attitudes. Meanwhile, people who are less self-confident and more defensive may prefer attitudinal information over information that challenges their perspectives. When individuals with low self-confidence receive feedback from others, they are averse to receiving information about their relative ability and negative informative feedback, and not averse to receiving positive feedback. If new information about an individual's performance

891-424: A desire for " self-actualization ". As material standards of most people rapidly rose in developed countries after World War II and fulfilled their material needs, a plethora of widely cited academic research about confidence and related concepts like self-esteem and self-efficacy emerged. One of the earliest measures of self-confidence used a 12-point scale , ranging from a minimum score characterizing someone who

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972-506: A lack of self-confidence during the recovery period. This is commonly referred to as DSF or defectum sui fiducia from the Latin for lack of self-confidence. This can be the case after a stroke , when the patient refrains from using a weaker lower limb due to fear of it not being strong enough. On the overconfidence effect , Martin Hilbert argues that confidence bias can be explained by

1053-656: A loss of a job, could lead to decreased self-confidence, but more commonly if the jobless person believes the fault of his unemployment is his. They also noted how if individuals do not have a job long enough, they become apathetic and lose all self-confidence. In 1943, American psychologist Abraham Maslow argued in his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" that an individual is only motivated to acquire self-confidence (one component of "esteem") after achieving what they need for physiological survival, safety, and love and belonging. He claimed that satisfaction with self-esteem led to feelings of self-confidence that, once attained, led to

1134-403: A person or thing is reliable. Self-confidence is trust in oneself. Self-confidence involves a positive belief that one can generally accomplish what one wishes to do in the future. Self-confidence is not the same as self-esteem , which is an evaluation of one's worth. Self-confidence is related to self-efficacy —belief in one's ability to accomplish a specific task or goal. Confidence can be

1215-461: A person's perceived confidence indicates capability. If people do not believe that they are capable of coping, they experience disruption which lowers their confidence about their performance. Salespeople who are high in self-confidence tend to set higher goals for themselves, which makes them more likely to stay employed, yield higher revenues, and generate higher customer service satisfaction. In certain fields of medical practice, patients experience

1296-1091: A phenomenon known as stereotype threat , African American students perform more poorly on exams (relative to White American students) if they must reveal their racial identities before the exam. A similar phenomenon has been found in female students' performance (relative to male students) on math tests. The opposite has been observed in Asian Americans, whose confidence becomes tied up in expectations that they will succeed by both parents and teachers and who claim others perceive them as excelling academically more than they are. Male university students may be more confident than their female counterparts. In regards to inter-ethnic interaction and language learning, those who engage more with people of different ethnicity and language become more self-confident in interacting with them. Women who are either high or low in general self-confidence are more likely to be persuaded to change their opinion than women with medium self-confidence. However, when specific high confidence (self-efficacy)

1377-534: A responsible student. Self-confidence affects interest, enthusiasm, and self-regulation. Self-confidence is important for accomplishing goals and improving performance. Marketing researchers have found that the general self-confidence of a person is negatively correlated with their level of anxiety. Self-confidence increases a person's general well-being and one's motivation which often increases performance. It also increases one's ability to deal with stress and mental health. The more self-confident an individual is,

1458-543: A series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship . Within five years, he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. In 1925 the title of "President of the Council of Ministers" was changed into "Head of the Government, Prime Minister Secretary of State", symbolizing the new dictatorial powers of Mussolini. The convention that

1539-543: A speech than those who viewed commercials with women taking on more masculine roles. Such self-confidence may also be related to body image , as one study found a sample of overweight people in Australia and the US are less self-confident about their body's performance than people of average weight, and the difference is even greater for women than for men. Others found that if a newborn is separated from its mother upon delivery,

1620-489: A strong and healthy body would also acquire greater self-confidence while fighting. At the height of the temperance movement of the 1920s, psychologists associated self-confidence in men with remaining at home and taking care of the family when they were not working. During the Great Depression , academics Philip Eisenberg and Paul Lazarsfeld wrote that a sudden negative change in one's circumstances, especially

1701-738: A very unstable political system as in its first sixty years of existence (1861–1921) Italy changed its head of the government 37 times. Regarding this situation, the first goal of Benito Mussolini , appointed in 1922 , was to abolish the Parliament's ability to put him to a vote of no confidence , basing his power on the will of the King and the National Fascist Party alone. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his Fascist followers consolidated their power through

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1782-407: Is "timid and self-distrustful, shy, never makes decisions, self-effacing" to a maximum score characterizing someone who is "able to make decisions, absolutely confident and sure of his own decisions and opinions". Some researchers have measured self-confidence as a simple construct divided into affective and cognitive components: anxiety as an affective aspect and self-evaluations of proficiency as

1863-400: Is commonly observed in healthy populations. In the extreme, large differences between one's self-perception and one's actual behaviour are a hallmark of several disorders that have important implications for understanding treatment-seeking and compliance. Overconfidence supports delusional thinking, such as frequently occurs in individuals with schizophrenia . Whether a person, in making

1944-751: Is established by articles 92–96 of the Constitution of Italy ; the president of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the president of the Republic and must have the confidence of the Parliament to stay in office. Prior to the establishment of the Italian Republic, the position was called President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Italy ( Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri del Regno d'Italia ). From 1925 to 1943 during

2025-480: Is high, generalized confidence plays less of a role. Men who have low generalized self-confidence are more easily persuaded than men of high generalized self-confidence. Women tend to respond less to negative feedback and be more averse to negative feedback than men. In experiments conducted by economists Muriel Niederle and Lise Vesterlund , the researchers found that male overconfidence and male preference for competition contributed to higher male participation in

2106-489: Is negative feedback, this may interact with a negative affective state (low self-confidence) causing the individual to become demoralized, which in turn induces a self-defeating attitude that increases the likelihood of failure in the future more than if they did not lack self-confidence. People may be more self-confident about what they believe if they consult sources of information that agree with their world views. People may deceive themselves about their positive qualities and

2187-464: Is one of the most influential factors in how well an athlete performs in a competition. In particular, "robust self-confidence beliefs" are correlated with aspects of mental toughness —the ability to cope better than one's opponents and remain focused under pressure. These traits enable athletes to "bounce back from adversity". When athletes confront stress while playing sports, their self-confidence decreases. However, feedback from their team members in

2268-478: Is only correlated with years of supervisory experience and self-perceptions of power. Social scientists have discovered that self-confidence operates differently in different categories of people. In children, self-confidence emerges differently than in adults. For example, only children as a group may be more self-confident than other children. If children are self-confident, they may be more likely to sacrifice immediate recreational time for possible rewards in

2349-461: Is required by the Constitution to have the supreme confidence of the majority of the voting members of the Parliament . In addition to powers inherent in being a member of the Cabinet, the prime minister holds specific powers, most notably being able to nominate a list of Cabinet ministers to be appointed by the president of the Republic and the countersigning of all legislative instruments having

2430-424: Is to performance and negative feedback. Abraham Maslow and others have emphasized the need to distinguish between self-confidence as a generalized personality characteristic and self-confidence concerning a specific task, ability, or challenge (i.e., self-efficacy). The term "self-confidence" typically refers to a general personality trait— in contrast, "self-efficacy" is defined by psychologist Albert Bandura as

2511-514: The 2018 Italian general election where the anti-establishment Five Star Movement become the largest party in Parliament, Giuseppe Conte (leader of Five Star) was sworn in as prime minister, at the head of a populist coalition of Five Star Movement and the League . After the 2019 European Parliament election in Italy , where the League exceeded Five Star Movement, Matteo Salvini (leader of

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2592-563: The Democratic Party (PD) announced that it would abstain from voting the confidence to Cottarelli, while the Five Star Movement and the center-right parties Forza Italia (FI), Brothers of Italy (FdI) and the League announced their vote against. Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. However, on 29 May and 30 May he held only informal consultations with

2673-498: The European Central Bank , Prime Minister. His new cabinet was supported by most Italian parties, including the League, M5S, PD, and FI. In October 2022, President Mattarella appointed Giorgia Meloni as Italy's first female prime minister, following the resignation of Mario Draghi amidst a government crisis and a general election . Confidence Confidence is the feeling of belief or trust that

2754-536: The Fascist regime , the position was transformed into the dictatorial position of Head of the Government, Prime Minister, Secretary of State ( Capo del Governo, Primo Ministro, Segretario di Stato ) held by Benito Mussolini , Duce of Fascism, who officially governed on the behalf of the king of Italy . King Victor Emmanuel III removed Mussolini from office in 1943 and the position was restored with Marshal Pietro Badoglio becoming prime minister in 1943, although

2835-650: The Italian Communist Party (PCI), the largest one in Western Europe. In the first years of the Republic, the governments were led by De Gasperi, who is also considered a founding father of the European Union . After the death of De Gasperi, Italy returned in a period of political instability and a lot of cabinets were formed in few decades. The second part of the 20th century was dominated by De Gasperi's protégé Giulio Andreotti , who

2916-927: The University of Siena and received a master's degree in economics at the London School of Economics . From 1981 to 1987, he worked in the Research Department of the Bank of Italy and in Eni from 1987 to 1988. Starting in September 1988 he began working for the International Monetary Fund, in which he was part of several departments: the European Department (of which he was Senior Advisor responsible for supervising

2997-605: The World Bank Group . Pigato is an expert in the economy of the Sub-Saharan Africa . They have two children. Prime Minister of Italy The prime minister of Italy , officially the president of the Council of Ministers (Italian: Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri ), is the head of government of the Italian Republic . The office of president of the Council of Ministers

3078-547: The " Clean Hands " ( mani pulite ) investigation—demanded radical reforms. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. Moreover, the Communist Party was reorganised as a social-democratic force, the Democratic Party of

3159-586: The Chamber of Deputies and resigned. His successor, Mario Monti , formed a new government, composed of "technicians" and supported by both the center-left and the center-right. In April 2013, after the general election in February, the Vice Secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) Enrico Letta led a government composed by both center-left and the center-right. On 22 February 2014, after tensions in

3240-605: The Democratic Party the PD's Secretary Matteo Renzi was sworn in as the new prime minister. Renzi proposed several reforms, including a radical overhaul of the Senate and a new electoral law. However, the proposed reforms were rejected on 4 December 2016 by a referendum . Following the referendum's results, Renzi resigned and his Foreign Affairs Minister Paolo Gentiloni was appointed new prime minister. On 1 June 2018, after

3321-641: The IMF to serve as executive director for Italy and a group of other countries including Greece. During this period, Cottarelli wrote several essays on fiscal and policy, fiscal institutions. In November 2013 he was appointed by the government of Enrico Letta , Extraordinary Commissioner for the Spending Review . The tasks of the Extraordinary Commissioner regarded the expenses of public administrations , public utilities , as well as of

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3402-658: The IMF's activities in a dozen countries), the Monetary and Capital Markets Department, the Strategy, Policy, and Review Department (of which he was vice president too) and From November 2008 to 2013 he was appointed Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department of the IMF. He was also responsible for the development and publication of Fiscal Monitor, one of the three semi-annual publications on economic developments in various economic sectors. He later returned to

3483-623: The Italian Public Accounts (CPI) of the Catholic University of Milan . The March 2018 election resulted in a hung parliament, with no coalitions able to form a majority of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic . The election was seen as a backlash against the establishment with the Five Star Movement and the League becoming respectively the first and third largest parties in

3564-475: The Italian Republic and the third-longest serving in the whole history after Mussolini and Giolitti. Ousted after a few months of government, Berlusconi returned to power in 2001, lost the 2006 general election five years later to Romano Prodi and his Union coalition, but won the 2008 general election and was elected prime minister for the third time in May 2008. In November 2011, Berlusconi lost his majority in

3645-480: The League declared of having reached an agreement regarding a new cabinet, Cottarelli resigned from his position. In 2022, Cottarelli was candidate of the centre-left coalition to the Senate of the Republic , being elected in the multi-member district of Lombardy for the Democratic Party (PD). However, in May 2023, he resigned from his post due to contrasts with the new leader of the party, Elly Schlein . Cottarelli married Miria Pigato, an economist and manager of

3726-709: The League) proposed a no-confidence vote in Conte. Conte resigned, but after the consultations between the President Sergio Mattarella and the political parties, Conte was reappointed as prime minister, heading a government of the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party of Nicola Zingaretti . In January 2021, the centrist party Italia Viva , led by former prime minister Renzi, withdrew its support to Conte's government. In February 2021, President Mattarella appointed Mario Draghi , former President of

3807-451: The Left . In the midst of the mani pulite operation which shook political parties in 1994, media magnate Silvio Berlusconi , owner of three private TV channels, founded Forza Italia (Forward Italy) party and won the elections, becoming one of Italy's most important political and economic figures for the next decade. Berlusconi is also the longest-serving prime minister in the history of

3888-460: The Parliament. After weeks of political deadlock, Mattarella gave the private law professor Giuseppe Conte the task of forming a new cabinet at the head of a populist coalition formed by the Five Star Movement and the League, who had reached a substantial agreement on a government agenda. However, on 27 May 2018, Conte renounced the office due to contrasts between the League's leader Matteo Salvini and President Sergio Mattarella . Salvini proposed

3969-533: The President. According to the Italian media, he was facing difficulties due to the unwillingness of several potential candidates to serve as ministers in his cabinet and may even renounce. Meanwhile, Matteo Salvini and Luigi Di Maio announced their willingness to restart the negotiations to form a political government, and Giorgia Meloni , leader of FdI, gave her support to the initiative. On 31 May, when M5S and

4050-772: The accuracy of their claims. When people are uncertain and unknowledgeable about a topic, they are more likely to believe the testimony, and follow the advice of those that seem self-confident. However, expert psychological testimony on the factors that influence eyewitness memory appears to reduce juror reliance on self-confidence. People prefer leaders with greater self-confidence over those with less self-confidence. Self-confident leaders tend to influence others through persuasion instead of resorting to coercive means. They are more likely to resolve issues by referring them to another qualified person or calling upon bureaucratic procedures, which avoid personal involvement. Others suggest that self-confidence does not affect leadership style but

4131-556: The assassination of the Christian Democrat leader Aldo Moro in 1978 and the Bologna railway station massacre in 1980, where 85 people died. In the 1980s, for the first time since 1945 two governments were led by non-Christian Democrat prime ministers: one Republican ( Giovanni Spadolini ) and one Socialist ( Bettino Craxi ). However, the Christian Democrats remained the main government party. During Craxi's government,

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4212-466: The candidate for office was appointed by the king and presided over a very unstable political system. The first prime minister was Camillo Benso di Cavour , who was appointed on 23 March 1861, but he died on 6 June the same year. From 1861 to 1911, Historical Right and Historical Left prime ministers alternatively governed the country. According to the letter of the Statuto Albertino ,

4293-412: The companies controlled directly or indirectly by public administrations that do not issue financial instruments listed on regulated markets. This office gave him the nickname "Mr. Spending Review", with which he became quite known in Italy. He was also known by the press as "Mr. Scissors," due to his frequent habit of cutting public spending, while serving as an official in the IMF. On 1 November 2014, he

4374-611: The economy recovered and Italy became the world's fifth-largest industrial nation, gaining entry into the Group of Seven , but as a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, soon passing 100% of the GDP. In the early 1990s, Italy faced significant challenges as voters—disenchanted with political paralysis, massive public debt and the extensive corruption system (known as Tangentopoli ) uncovered by

4455-444: The enactment of several policies of government intervention. Besides putting in place several tariffs , subsidies and government projects, Giolitti also nationalized the private telephone and railroad operators. Liberal proponents of free trade criticized the "Giolittian System", although Giolitti himself saw the development of the national economy as essential in the production of wealth. The Italian prime minister presided over

4536-410: The following day, Mattarella gave Cottarelli the task of forming a new government. In the statement released after the designation, Cottarelli specified that in case of confidence by the Parliament , he would contribute to the approval of the budget law for 2019, then the Parliament would be dissolved and a new general election would be called for the beginning of 2019. In the absence of confidence,

4617-479: The force of law that are signed by the president of the Republic. Article 95 of the Italian constitution provides that the prime minister "directs and coordinates the activity of the ministers". This power has been used to a quite variable extent in the history of the Italian state as it is strongly influenced by the political strength of individual ministers and thus by the parties they represent. The prime minister's activity has often consisted of mediating between

4698-439: The form of emotional and informational support reduces the extent to which stresses in sports reduce their self-confidence. At high levels of support, performance-related stress does not affect self-confidence. Among gymnasts, those who tend to talk to themselves in an instructional format tend to be more self-confident than those who do not. In a group, members' desire for success and confidence can also be related. Groups that had

4779-508: The future, enhancing their self-regulatory capability. Successful performance of children in music increases feelings of self-confidence, increasing motivation for study. By adolescence, youth who have little contact with friends tend to have low self-confidence. In adolescents, low self-confidence may be a predictor of loneliness. In general, students who perform well have increased confidence, which likely in turn encourages them to take greater responsibility to complete tasks. Teachers affect

4860-645: The future. If someone attributes their failure to a factor beyond their control, they are more likely to be confident about succeeding in the future. If a person believes they failed to achieve a goal because of a factor that was beyond their control, they are more likely to be more self-confident that they can achieve the goal in the future. One's self-confidence often increases as one satisfactorily completes particular activities. American social psychologist Leon Festinger found that self-confidence in an individual's ability may only rise or fall when that individual can compare themselves to others who are roughly similar, in

4941-411: The government would deal only with the so-called current affairs and lead the country toward new elections after August 2018. Cottarelli also guaranteed the neutrality of the government and the commitment not to run for the next election. He ensured a prudent management of Italian national debt and the defense of national interests through a constructive dialogue with the European Union . On 28 May 2018,

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5022-430: The less likely they are to conform to the judgments of others. Higher confidence is correlated with individuals setting higher goals. When people face feelings of discontent because they do not accomplish a certain goal, people who have higher self-confidence may become even more persistent in accomplishing their goals, whereas those with low self-confidence are more prone to giving up quickly. Albert Bandura argued that

5103-472: The method of making a flexible, fluid centrist coalition in Parliament which sought to isolate the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics. Under his influence, the Italian Liberals did not develop as a structured party. They were instead a series of informal personal groupings with no formal links to political constituencies. The period between the start of the 20th century and

5184-507: The most famous and influential prime ministers of this period was Francesco Crispi , a left-wing patriot and statesman, the first head of the government from Southern Italy . He led the country for six years from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. Crispi was internationally famous and often mentioned along with world statesmen such as Otto von Bismarck , William Ewart Gladstone and Salisbury . Originally an enlightened Italian patriot and democrat liberal, Crispi went on to become

5265-461: The mother is less self-confident in her ability to raise that child than one who was not separated from her child. Furthermore, women who initially had low self-confidence are likely to experience a larger drop of self-confidence after separation from their children than women with relatively higher self-confidence. Heterosexual men who exhibit greater self-confidence relative to other men more easily attract single and partnered women. Self-confidence

5346-435: The negative qualities of others so that they can display greater self-confidence than they might otherwise feel, thereby enabling them to advance socially and materially. People with high self-confidence are more likely to impress others, as others perceive them as more knowledgeable and more likely to make correct judgments. Despite this, a negative correlation is sometimes found between the level of their self-confidence and

5427-478: The newly formed Christian Democracy ( Democrazia Cristiana , DC) political party. Following the 1946 Italian institutional referendum , the monarchy was abolished and De Gasperi became the first Prime Minister of the Italian Republic. The First Republic was dominated by the Christian Democracy which was the senior party in each government coalitions from 1946 to 1994 while the opposition was led by

5508-455: The office as being, ceremonially, the fourth-highest Italian state office after the president and the presiding officers of the two houses of parliament. In practice, the prime minister is the country's political leader and de facto chief executive. Giorgia Meloni has been the incumbent prime minister since 22 October 2022. As the president of the Council of Ministers , the prime minister

5589-450: The original denomination of President of the Council was only restored in 1944, when Ivanoe Bonomi was appointed to the post of prime minister. Alcide De Gasperi became the first prime minister of the Italian Republic in 1946. The prime minister is the president of the Council of Ministers which holds executive power and the position is similar to those in most other parliamentary systems . The formal Italian order of precedence lists

5670-457: The philosopher William James in his Principles of Psychology wrote, "Believe what is in the line of your needs, for only by such belief is the need fulfilled... Have faith that you can successfully make it, and your feet are nerved to its accomplishment". With World War I , psychologists praised self-confidence as greatly decreasing nervous tension, allaying fear, and ridding the battlefield of terror; they argued that soldiers who cultivated

5751-446: The prime minister and other ministers were politically responsible to the king and legally responsible to Parliament. With time, it became all but impossible for a king to appoint a government entirely of his own choosing or keep it in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, in practice the prime minister was now both politically and legally responsible to Parliament, and had to maintain its confidence to stay in office. One of

5832-543: The prime minister needs the support of the president, who could theoretically refuse to re-appoint them following their resignation. The office was first established in 1848 in Italy's predecessor state, the Kingdom of Sardinia —although it was not mentioned in its constitution, the Albertine Statute . After the unification of Italy and the establishment of the kingdom , the procedure did not change. In fact,

5913-489: The prime minister was responsible to Parliament had become so entrenched that Mussolini had to pass a law stating that he was not responsible to Parliament. Mussolini remained in power until he was deposed by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1943 following a vote of no confidence by the Grand Council of Fascism and replaced by General Pietro Badoglio . A few months later, Italy was invaded by Nazi Germany and Mussolini

5994-525: The self-confidence of their students depending on how they treat them. Students who perform better receive more positive evaluation reports and have greater self-confidence. Characteristically low-achieving students report less confidence, while characteristically high-performing students report higher self-confidence. Extracurricular activities in school settings can boost confidence in students at earlier ages. These include participation in games or sports, visual and performing arts, and public speaking. In

6075-522: The start of World War I , when he was prime minister and Minister of the Interior from 1901 to 1914 with only brief interruptions, is often called the Giolittian Era. A left-wing liberal with strong ethical concerns, Giolitti's periods in the office were notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms which improved the living standards of ordinary Italians, together with

6156-475: The university professor Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finances , but Mattarella strongly opposed him, as the media considered Savona too Eurosceptic and anti-German . In his speech after Conte's resignation, Mattarella declared that the two parties wanted to bring Italy out of the Eurozone , and as the guarantor of Italian Constitution and country's interest and stability he could not allow this. On

6237-441: The various parties in the majority coalition, rather than directing the activity of the Council of Ministers. The prime minister's supervisory power is further limited by the lack of any formal authority to fire ministers. In the past, in order to make a cabinet reshuffle, prime ministers have sometimes resigned so that they could be re-appointed by the president and allowed to form a new cabinet with new ministers. In order to do this

6318-409: Was appointed prime minister by King Umberto I , but after less than a year he was forced to resign and Crispi returned to power. In 1903, he was appointed again head of the government after a period of instability. Giolitti was prime minister five times between 1892 and 1921 and the second-longest serving prime minister in Italian history. Giolitti was a master in the political art of trasformismo ,

6399-484: Was appointed prime minister seven times from 1972 to 1992. From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Years of Lead , a period characterised by economic crisis (especially after the 1973 oil crisis ), widespread social conflicts and terrorist massacres carried out by opposing extremist groups, with the alleged involvement of United States and Soviet intelligence. The Years of Lead culminated in

6480-618: Was appointed, by the cabinet of Matteo Renzi , executive director of the International Monetary Fund Board. For this reason, on October 30, 2014, he left the commission of expenditure's review. In an interview released shortly before the term of the office, he spoke of the faced difficulties relating to the political and the bureaucratic system. From 30 October 2017 he is the Director of the Observatory on

6561-594: Was reinstated as head of a puppet State called Italian Social Republic , while the authorities of the Kingdom were forced to relocate in Southern Italy , which was under the control of the Allied Forces. In 1944 Badoglio resigned and Ivanoe Bonomi was appointed to the post of prime minister, restoring the old title of "President of the Council of Ministers. Bonomi was briefly succeeded by Ferruccio Parri in 1945 and then by Alcide de Gasperi , leader of

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