129-621: A coffeehouse , coffee shop , or café ( French: [kafe] ), is an establishment that serves various types of coffee, espresso , latte , americano and cappuccino . Some coffeehouses may serve cold beverages, such as iced coffee and iced tea , as well as other non-caffeinated beverages. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, sandwiches, muffins , cakes, breads, donuts or pastries . In continental Europe, some cafés also serve alcoholic beverages. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to large multinational corporations . Some coffeehouse chains operate on
258-407: A franchise business model , with numerous branches across various countries around the world. While café may refer to a coffeehouse, the term "café" can also refer to a diner , British café (also colloquially called a "caff"), " greasy spoon " (a small and inexpensive restaurant), transport café , teahouse or tea room, or other casual eating and drinking place. A coffeehouse may share some of
387-540: A 2,500 coffeehouses in Istanbul , for a population of perhaps 400,000 residents, and travelers passing through. While men were the sole patrons of coffeehouses in the Ottoman Empire, these institutions were not created to entrench gender or space-based divisions. The coffeehouses were actually very reminiscent of the household. It was tailored to be familiar and, thus, comfortable for men. The removal of footwear
516-513: A Frenchman, built a coffee machine capable of producing 2,000 cups of coffee per hour. He presented this machine, called "café express", at the Paris Exposition of 1855. However, the machine did not use steam to directly force water through the coffee but rather used steam indirectly, it brewed coffee a potful at a time and the device was too complicated to have any impact on public. In 1878, German inventor Gustav Adolf Kessel patented
645-519: A Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki on a street also named after him. However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato. Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) opened
774-688: A Viennese coffee house on the Adriatic in Trieste , then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe. From there, the Viennese Kapuziner coffee developed into today's world-famous cappuccino . This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffee houses was largely destroyed by the later National Socialism and Communism and can only be found today in
903-480: A broader coffee culture that values relationships with growers and importers and the craftsmanship involved in making specific coffee-based drinks. The mention of brands such as Synesso, La Marzocco, and Slayer, known for their top-notch equipment, highlights the differences between traditional espresso machines and super-automatic machines to achieve a complete coffee preparation. The significance of espresso machines in coffee culture today lies in their central role in
1032-731: A casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches. An out-of-print book, published by the ministry of David Wilkerson, titled, A Coffeehouse Manual , served as a guide for Christian coffeehouses, including a list of name suggestions for coffeehouses. In 2002, Brownstones Coffee of Amityville, New York opened its first location as a breakfast-oriented coffeehouse well before that business model became popular. The trend later caught on through coffeehouses such as Starbucks, which seemed to be on every street corner in several major American cities including Los Angeles and Seattle. Cafés may have an outdoor section (terrace, pavement or sidewalk café ) with seats, tables and parasols. This
1161-462: A central role in coffee shop culture and the third-wave coffee movement , which emphasizes artisanal production and high-quality beans. Some English dictionaries translate espresso as 'pressed-out', but the word also conveys the senses of expressly for you and quickly : The words express , expres and espresso each have several meanings in English, French and Italian. The first meaning
1290-413: A coffee machine called the "Revolver Coffee Machine" that featured most of the key elements of modern espresso machines. Angelo Moriondo is often erroneously credited for inventing the beverage, since he patented a steam-driven coffee beverage making device in 1884 (No. 33/256), probably the first Italian coffee machine similar to other French and English 1800s steam-driven coffee machines. The device
1419-491: A coffeehouse in Paris. In a well-known engraving of a Parisian café c. 1700, the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present presides, separated in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups. Aside from the discussion around women as guests of
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#17327762270991548-410: A coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal social club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, typically in the evening. The digital age saw
1677-440: A creamy consistency). As a result of the pressurized brewing process, the flavors and chemicals in a typical cup of espresso are very concentrated. Espresso contains more caffeine per unit volume than most coffee beverages, but as its usual serving size of 25–30 ml (1 US oz) is much smaller than other coffee drinks, the overall caffeine content of a single "serving" of espresso is generally lower than that of other coffees. While
1806-441: A culture of reading and increased literacy. These coffeehouses were a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a book shop. Today, the term café is used for most coffeehouses – this can be spelled both with and without an acute accent , but
1935-535: A dark body topped with a lighter-colored foam called crema . Espresso machines use pressure to extract a highly concentrated coffee with a complex flavor profile in a short time, usually 25–30 seconds. The result is a beverage with a higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids than regular drip coffee, giving espresso its characteristic body and intensity. Despite the stronger taste profile, espresso typically contains fewer milligrams of caffeine than an equal serving of drip-brewed coffee. Espresso serves as
2064-413: A darker roast is generally preferred. Farther north, the trend moves toward slightly lighter roasts, while outside Italy a wide range is popular. The main variables in a shot of espresso are the "size" and "length". This terminology is standardized, but the precise sizes and proportions vary substantially. Cafés may have a standardized shot (size and length), such as "triple ristretto ", only varying
2193-536: A doppio shot. In espresso-based drinks in America, particularly larger milk-based drinks, a drink with three or four shots of espresso will be called a "triple" or "quad", respectively. The length of the shot can be ristretto (or stretto ) (reduced), normale or standard (normal), or lungo (long): these may correspond to a smaller or larger drink with the same amount of ground coffee and same level of extraction or to different length of extraction. Proportions vary, and
2322-651: A few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste. The first coffeehouse in England was set up on the High Street in Oxford in 1650–1651 by "Jacob the Jew". A second competing coffee house was opened across the street in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew" ( Queen's Lane Coffee House ). In London, the earliest coffeehouse was established by Pasqua Rosée in 1652. Anthony Wood observed of
2451-567: A lively description of the Persian coffeehouse ( qahveh khaneh in Persian ) scene: People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling checkers , hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas , dervishes , and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by
2580-518: A mildly alcoholic malt beverage made with fermented cereals served in coffeehouses; Sultan Sultan Murad IV abolished coffeehouses entirely in 1633; and Abdülhamid ’s undercover agents frequented coffeehouses to eavesdrop on patrons’ conversations. The legislation was at most symbolic, which the Ottoman state had no means to enforce, and had no long-lasting effect on the consumption of coffee. Muslim legal scholars tended to worry about places where
2709-449: A particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs , wits and stockjobbers , merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the old city center . According to one French visitor, Antoine François Prévost , coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government", were the "seats of English liberty". Jonathan's Coffee House in 1698 saw
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#17327762270992838-748: A popular meeting place of the French Enlightenment ; Voltaire , Rousseau , and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie , the first modern encyclopedia. The first known cafes in Pest date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a Cafe (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner Cafe against
2967-536: A registered coffeehouse in Vienna in 1685. Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses. The culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the 18th century. Over time, a special coffee house culture developed in Habsburg Vienna. On the one hand, writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met in the coffee house, and on
3096-555: A restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as pastries such as cakes, tarts , pies , or buns . Many cafés also serve light meals such as sandwiches . European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some cafés also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine), particularly in Southern Europe. In the Netherlands and Belgium, a café is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In
3225-1030: A restaurant that usually serves coffee and snacks rather than the word coffee that describes the drink, is derived from the French café. The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660. The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in Belgrade , Ottoman Serbia in 1522 as a Kafana (Serbian coffee house). The translingual word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including Portuguese, Spanish, and French ( café ); German ( Kaffee ); Polish ( kawa ); Serbian ( кафа / kafa ); Ukrainian ( кава , 'kava'); and others. The first coffeehouses appeared in Damascus . These Ottoman coffeehouses also appeared in Mecca , in
3354-613: A small workshop in Via Parini, Milan. A detailed discussion of the spread of espresso is given in ( Morris 2007 ). In Italy, the rise of espresso consumption was associated with industrialization and urbanization , notably in Turin, Genoa, and Milan, in northwest Italy. Italians also spread espresso culture into their East African colonies, Italian Somalia and Italian Eritrea. Under the Fascist regime , coffee consumed standing up
3483-401: A time of low literacy rates. Since these specific Janissary groups functioned as a type of local police, their actions could be carried out with little to no consequences. The Ottoman government was interested in coffeehouses, and they employed spies to visit them and collect public sentiment. These spies were often locals or recruited coffeehouse owners that answered to the police. While much
3612-430: A truly dialectical process was shaping rich Ottoman culture. Over time, the coffeehouse, as a lucrative industry, gave agency to the market over religious or state authority. News updates were circulated and acts of government resistance were planned in coffeehouses. Without modern forms of communication and the limited accessibility of print news, coffeehouses enabled citizens to verbally update one another on news. News
3741-598: A variety of backgrounds gathered in these coffeehouses, illiterate or low literacy people could sit alongside educated individuals. This diverse attendance enabled what scholar John Houghton called a "penny university," a statement conveying the virtually free nature of the education men could attend by visiting the coffeehouses. For instance, the bourgeoisie that attended coffeehouses desired to prove their enlightenment to elites through academic discourse. By being proximate to these academic discussions, less educated visitors could listen and learn from these conversations. Second,
3870-646: A variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table. Coffeehouses are part of the culture of Buenos Aires and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for 'porteños' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include Confitería del Molino , Café Tortoni , El Gato Negro , Café La Biela . The first coffeehouse in America opened in Boston , in 1676. However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until
3999-544: Is "almost certainly the first Italian bar machine that controlled the supply of steam and water separately through the coffee". In 1887, the British inventors James Childs and Charles John Jones made significant improvements to espresso machine design, inventing the first portafilter and developing a system that allowed for the consecutive use of water and steam. Fourteen years later, in 1901, Italian inventor Luigi Bezzera devised and patented several improved versions of
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4128-408: Is a layer of dense foam that forms on top of the drink. It consists of emulsified oils in the ground coffee turned into a colloid , which does not occur in other brewing methods. Crema is produced when water placed under very high pressure dissolves more carbon dioxide, a gas present inside the coffee that is produced during the roasting process. Espresso is served on its own, and is also used as
4257-403: Is always pronounced as two syllables. The name café has also come to be used for a type of diners that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores. In Irish usage, the presence or absence of the acute accent does not signify the type of establishment (coffeehouse versus diner), and is purely a decision by
4386-506: Is especially the case with European cafés. Cafés offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol. One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet café or Hotspot . The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with
4515-565: Is more common for an electric pump to generate the pressure. Tamping down the coffee promotes the water's even penetration through the grounds. This process produces a thicker beverage by extracting both solid and dissolved components. The technical parameters outlined by the Italian Espresso National Institute for making a "certified Italian espresso" are: Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso. For example, in southern Italy,
4644-475: Is not used in the original Italian and is strictly incorrect, although it is common." The Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster call it a variant spelling. The Online Etymology Dictionary calls expresso a variant of espresso . The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) describes the spelling expresso as "wrong", and specifies espresso as the only correct form. The third edition of Fowler 's Modern English Usage , published by
4773-464: Is often used for a double, with solo and triplo being more rarely used for singles and triples. The single shot is the traditional shot size, being the maximum that could easily be pulled on a lever machine. Single baskets are sharply tapered or stepped down in diameter to provide comparable depth to the double baskets and, therefore, comparable resistance to water pressure. Most double baskets are gently tapered (the "Faema model"), while others, such as
4902-447: Is seen as the more formal denomination, café solo (alone, without milk) is the usual way to ask for it at an espresso bar. Some sources state that expresso is an incorrect spelling, including Garner's Modern American Usage . While the 'expresso' spelling is recognized as mainstream usage in some American dictionaries, some cooking websites call the 'x' variant illegitimate. Oxford Dictionaries online states: "The spelling expresso
5031-403: Is suspended solids, while the third is the layer of gas bubbles or foam. The dispersion of very small oil droplets is perceived in the mouth as creamy. This characteristic of espresso contributes to what is known as the body of the beverage. These oil droplets preserve some of the aromatic compounds that are lost to the air in other coffee forms, enhancing the strong flavor of espresso. The crema
5160-478: Is to do with the idea of "expressing" ("pressing out of") or squeezing the flavour from the coffee using the pressure of the steam. The second meaning is to do with speed, as in a train. Finally there is the notion of doing something "expressly" for a person ... The first Bezzera and Pavoni espresso machines in 1906 took 45 seconds to make a cup of coffee, one at a time, expressly for you. Modern espresso, using hot water under pressure, as pioneered by Gaggia in
5289-531: Is unknown about the spies, documents from the mid 19th century (1840-1845) show that the spies made weekly reports for the local police. These reports were shared with individuals as powerful as the Sultan . Spies were also assigned to surveil barber shops, mosques , private baths, and hotel rooms. But because coffeehouses were key locations for discourse and information exchange, the majority of spy reports included these types of conversations. The main objective of
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5418-584: The Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century, then spread to the Ottoman Empire 's capital of Istanbul in the 16th century and in Baghdad . Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as chess and backgammon , listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for
5547-765: The Boston Tea Party and the Revolutionary War . After the Revolutionary War, Americans momentarily went back to drinking tea until after the War of 1812 when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain. Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses served a similar purpose to that which they did in Great Britain, as places where business
5676-477: The Oxford University Press in 1996, noted that the form espresso "has entirely driven out the variant expresso (which was presumably invented under the impression that it meant 'fast, express')". The first prototype was created in France in 1822 by Louis Bernard Rabaut. Although the result remains unknown, the experiment was proven by the drawings. In 1843, Edouard Loysel de Santais,
5805-582: The Principality of Wallachia ), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania . Pasqua Rosée, an Armenian by the name Harutiun Vartian, also established the first coffeehouse in Paris in 1672 and held a citywide coffee monopoly until Procopio Cutò , his apprentice, opened the Café Procope in 1686. This coffeehouse still exists today and was
5934-453: The Qur’an cite this “gaze” and ask followers to demonstrate “modesty.” It challenged the highly regarded ideal of private life. The possibility of visually intruding on women or children in the house's interior was morally wrong. Since coffeehouses served males only, the absence of both these groups allowed for more lax norms. In the 19th century Protestant missionaries set up several schools in
6063-786: The early modern period. The activity of coffee-drinking and coffeehouses originated in Arabia , and it moved to Egypt then to Persia then to the Ottoman Empire during the sixteenth century. In the Ottoman Empire, the first coffeehouse was opened in Istanbul in 1555 during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent . It was founded by two merchants from Damascus and established in Tahtakale, Istanbul. Eventually, coffeehouses offered more than coffee; they began vending sweet beverages and candies. Coffeehouses also became more numerous and functioned as community hubs. Before their introduction,
6192-533: The orta . Non-janissaries and janissaries would come together in these coffeehouses to plan rebellions to check the power of the Sultan and prevent absolutism. As hubs of discussion on the state, coffeehouses were opposed by the Ottoman government. They believed coffeehouses were locations of vice and disorder. Despite their efforts to burn or ban coffeehouses, these establishments persisted in popularity. Within
6321-463: The 1940s, was originally called crema caffè ( lit. ' cream coffee ' ), as seen on old Gaggia machines, due to the crema. The spelling expresso is mostly considered incorrect, although some sources call it a less common variant. It is common in French and Portuguese. Italy uses the term espresso , substituting s for most x letters in Latin -root words, with the term deriving from
6450-541: The 1950s among youth, who felt more welcome in coffee shops than in pubs . Espresso was initially popular particularly within the Italian diaspora, growing in popularity as tourism to Italy exposed others to espresso, as developed by Eiscafès, established by Italians in Germany. Initially, expatriate Italian espresso bars were seen as downmarket venues, serving the working-class Italian diaspora and thus providing appeal to
6579-538: The 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like The Lost Coin (Greenwich Village), The Gathering Place (Riverside, CA), Catacomb Chapel (New York City), and Jesus For You (Buffalo, NY). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food was provided, and Bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in
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#17327762270996708-616: The 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting points for writers and artists. The traditional tale of the origins of the Viennese café begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski , who in turn gave them to one of his officers, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki ,
6837-460: The 95% of Muslim-owned coffeehouses, 42% were owned by Janissaries. The elite warriors participated in devlet sohbeti, a term meaning “state talk.” Many of these discussions spread rumors or private information amongst a highly intelligent and capable group. As the owners as well as clients of these establishments, the Janissaries controlled the flow of verbal communication and information in
6966-576: The English and French coffeehouses, Ottoman coffeehouses did not serve alcohol or meals, and were not patronized by women. Some authors have written that "when a young man gazed through the window of a coffeehouse, he was aspriring to adulthood, and his admission to the institution was a communally recognized transition to adult life". Western European coffeehouses were also "masculine spaces", but women would sometimes go to coffeehouses despite social conventions, because no formal rules prohibited their attendance. Though women's participation in coffeehouse culture
7095-648: The Greek language café music is not an independent style as much as a "branch" of what she calls "Ottoman popular music", or the music that was performed at cafés and other leisure venues. She has written that some Greek writers "tend to underestimate the Ottoman element in smyrneika", explaining that "The nationalist point of view in Greek writing on music which stresses the domestic origins of cultural, political and social factors can be called hellenocentrism ". Coffee and tobacco were common to both European and Ottoman coffeehouses, but they also had some differences. Unlike
7224-568: The Italian caffè —first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570—and in turn derived from Arabic qahwa ( قهوة ). The Arabic term qahwa originally referred to a type of wine, but after the wine ban by Islam , the name was transferred to coffee because of the similar rousing effect it induced. European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with Turkey , likely via Venetian- Ottoman trade relations. The English word café to describe
7353-724: The Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee. During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established: Caffè Florian in Venice, Antico Caffè Greco in Rome, Caffè Pedrocchi in Padua , Caffè dell'Ussero in Pisa and Caffè Fiorio in Turin . In the 18th century, Dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and
7482-617: The Janissary-operated coffeehouses, the orta , or battalion , became the chief unit of organization. The warriors expressed strong loyalty to their individual orta and the coffeehouse provided the means to become increasingly isolated from the Ottoman authorities as well as connected to undercover networks for assassinations, gossip, and wealth. During the late Ottoman Empire , these units were carefully monitored for their overreaching influence and power in society, specifically by royal and other authorities. While seemingly harmless,
7611-474: The La Marzocco, have straight sides. Triple baskets are normally straight-sided. Portafilters will often come with two spouts, usually closely spaced, and a double-size basket. Each spout can optionally dispense into a separate cup, yielding two solo -size (but doppio-brewed) shots, or into a single cup (hence the close spacing). True solo shots are rare, with a single shot in a café generally being half of
7740-512: The London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports". William III 's privy council also suppressed Jacobite sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as these were the places that they believed harbored plotters against the regimes. By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted
7869-647: The Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law"). Other coffee houses soon opened across the country, such as Café Vianna, opened in Braga , in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, which was also visited by important Portuguese writers such as Camilo Castelo Branco and Eça de Queirós . During the 1930's , a surge in coffee houses happened in Porto with the opening of several that still exist, such as Café Guarany , opened in 1933, and A Regaleira , opened in 1934. In 1761
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#17327762270997998-730: The Middle East, noted that men of all occupations, religions, or statuses could frequent coffeehouses. Thévenot recognized the “heterogeneity of coffeehouse clientele,” citing “socio-professional and confessional distinctions.” The main frequenters were artisans, shopkeepers, yet merchants from foreign countries like England , Russia , France , and Venice constituted the second largest group. Due to increased communication and interaction between distinct people, “ mimetic processes” were developed in politics, art, and, most importantly, insurrection. Bureaucrats distributed information to military officers, just as writers exchanged works with poets;
8127-514: The Netherlands a koffiehuis serves coffee, while a coffee shop (using the English term) sells "soft" drugs ( cannabis and hashish ) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when a croissant or pain au chocolat can be purchased with breakfast coffee. In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as bar . They typically serve
8256-482: The Ottoman Empire, including one in Istanbul that would later become Robert College . Cyrus Hamlin , who was president of the college until 1877 wrote: "Steam made Constantinople a commercial city and brought civilization, the arts and the vices of the West and East together in the Ottoman capital". He felt values were Christian rather than "Western" and both he and his successor George Washburn supported temperance in
8385-517: The Ottoman Empire. According to Mary Neuberger, "This inculcation of the Protestant work ethic was part of a more general assault on Balkan drunkenness and idleness." She writes that "many British and Americans writings celebrated the coffeehouse and even smoking as acceptable and regenerative forms of leisure, a sober foil to the drunken Balkan krŭchma" and that "the kafene was a presumed improvement for drunken and 'subjugated' Christian men." Once
8514-715: The Turm Kaffee, a shop for exported goods, was opened in St. Gallen . Finland's first coffee house, Kaffehus, was founded in Turku in 1778. The oldest still-in-use coffee house in Helsinki called Café Ekberg was founded 1852. The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned. Émilie du Châtelet purportedly cross-dressed to gain entrance to
8643-443: The West. Espresso Espresso ( / ɛ ˈ s p r ɛ s oʊ / , Italian: [eˈsprɛsso] ) is a concentrated form of coffee produced by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Originating in Italy, espresso has become one of the most popular coffee-brewing methods worldwide. It is characterized by its small serving size, typically 25–30 ml, and its distinctive layers:
8772-535: The alternative subculture; this can still be seen in the United States in Italian American neighborhoods, such as Boston's North End, New York's Little Italy, and San Francisco's North Beach. As specialty coffee developed in the 1980s (following earlier developments in the 1970s and even 1960s), an indigenous artisanal coffee culture developed, with espresso instead positioned as an upmarket drink. The third-wave coffee movement encompasses espresso machines as
8901-640: The base for other coffee drinks, including cappuccino , caffè latte , and americano . It can be made with various types of coffee beans and roast levels, allowing for a wide range of flavors and strengths. The quality of an espresso is influenced by factors such as the grind size, water temperature, pressure, and the barista's skill in tamping the coffee grounds. While espresso contains more caffeine per unit volume than most coffee beverages, its typical serving size results in less caffeine per serving compared to larger drinks such as drip coffee. The cultural significance of espresso extends beyond its consumption, playing
9030-429: The base for various other coffee drinks, including caffè latte , cappuccino , caffè macchiato , caffè mocha , flat white , and americano . Espresso is made by forcing very hot water under high pressure through finely ground compacted coffee. There is no universal standard defining the process of extracting espresso, but several published definitions attempt to constrain the amount and type of ground coffee used,
9159-544: The beverage was exported to the other European empires, coffee became a staple. For Protestant societies, such as in Britain, it was thought to have antierotic as well as mentally stimulating properties. The idea that coffee would spur people into work and improve the quality of such work was highly compatible with the Protestant work ethic ideology. Free of sexual distractions and instilling asceticism, people could presumably live free from sin. Risto Pekka Pennanen argues that
9288-436: The coffee houses of Oxford in his Life and Times (1674) "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffee houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news". The proprietor was Pasqua Rosée, the servant of a trader in goods from the Ottoman Empire named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there. From 1670 to 1685,
9417-478: The coffee machine, the first of which was applied for on 19 December 1901. Titled "Innovations in the machinery to prepare and immediately serve coffee beverage"; Patent No. 153/94, 61707, was granted on 5 June 1902 and was the first espresso machine. In 1903, the patent was bought by Desiderio Pavoni, who founded the La Pavoni company and began to produce the machine industrially, manufacturing one machine daily in
9546-466: The coffeehouses extended that power into civil society , allowing them to engage with others in private, secluded spaces. The transplantation of the coffeehouse to Europe provided a similar experience. For both imperial administration, the coffeehouse was a “metaphor for urban disorder, the culprit of society’s problems.” More importantly, if these coffeehouses were owned by a Janissary warrior or unit, authorities would have even greater trouble entering. Of
9675-486: The coffeehouses, focusing on day-to-day affairs. Thus, the name “coffeehouse” could have been named for their striking similarities with that of true Ottoman households of the time. A notable exception were Janissary coffeehouses which ran their business more like organized crime. At the same time, these businesses were far less private. Unlike the “visual privacy” of the home, coffeehouse windows were usually left open, so people could look both in and out. Specific references to
9804-453: The coffeehouses, it is noted that women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also managed coffeehouses as proprietors. Well known women in the coffeehouse business were Moll King (coffee house proprietor) in England, and Maja-Lisa Borgman in Sweden. In most European countries, such as Spain, Austria , Denmark , Germany, Norway , Sweden, Portugal , and others, the term café means
9933-514: The dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in Berkeley, California to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee. Starting in 1967 with the opening of the historic Last Exit on Brooklyn coffeehouse, Seattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene; the Starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar model. From
10062-435: The emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public. The interconnectivity of the coffeehouse and virtually every aspect of the print trade were evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably in the case of Dick's Coffee House , owned by Richard Pue; thus contributing to
10191-436: The exact caffeine content of any coffee drink will vary, a typical 30 millilitres (1 US fluid ounce) serving of espresso contains approximately 65 milligrams of caffeine, but a typical 240 millilitres (8 US fluid ounces) serving of drip coffee contains 150–200 mg of caffeine. The three dispersed phases in espresso are what make the beverage unique. The first dispersed phase is an emulsion of oil droplets. The second phase
10320-461: The great auction houses of Sotheby's and Christie's . In Victorian England, the temperance movement set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of alcohol , an alternative to the public house . In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of
10449-479: The highly popular hibiscus blend ( Egyptian Arabic : karkadeh or ennab ). The first ' ahwah opened around the 1850s and were originally patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. There were associated by the 1920s with clubs ( Cairo ), bursa ( Alexandria ) and gharza (rural inns). In the early 20th century, some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates. In India, coffee culture has expanded in
10578-465: The home, the mosque, and the shop were the primary sites of interpersonal interaction. Eventually, though, there existed one coffeehouse for every six or seven commercial shops. By the end of the nineteenth century, there were nearly 2,500 coffeehouses in Istanbul alone. Coffeehouses brought together men from all levels of society. Primarily masculine spaces, the tradition of the Ottoman coffeehouses
10707-705: The increased availability of convenient countertop fully automatic home espresso makers and pod-based espresso serving systems has increased the quantity of espresso consumed at home. The popularity of home espresso making parallels the increase of home coffee roasting . Some amateurs pursue both home roasting coffee and making espresso. In addition to being served alone, espresso is frequently blended, notably with milk , either steamed (without significant foam ), wet foamed ( microfoam ) and dry foamed, or with hot water. Other variants: Ottoman coffeehouse The Ottoman coffeehouse ( Ottoman Turkish : قهوهخانه , romanized : kahvehane ), or Ottoman café ,
10836-533: The late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment, most commonly folk performers during the American folk music revival . Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the Beats , who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made
10965-528: The listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the London Stock Exchange . Lloyd's Coffee House provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals, leading to the establishment of Lloyd's of London insurance market, the Lloyd's Register classification society , and other related businesses. Auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for
11094-443: The lower and middle classes, for whom the price of constructing separate entertainment spaces within the home was prohibitively expensive, had to go out to socialize. By the middle of the 17th century, Ottoman towns were full of coffeehouses, and it was here that a large number of ordinary Ottoman men spent many hours of their non-working lives. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, according to tax documents, there were well over
11223-417: The lower orders congregate, and–while there were certainly a rough side and unsavory types –the reality of the normal coffeehouse was tamer than its reputation. For coffeehouses were not just drinking dens but an essential part of everyday life for those who lacked social spaces elsewhere in their city. The Ottoman rich, with their expansive homes and multiple dining rooms, entertained and socialized at home;
11352-479: The mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at
11481-413: The more literate society members would hold public readings of the news, allowing the illiterate to stay informed. Even professional readers would sometimes visit coffeehouses to read the main news of the day. These readings were especially helpful for those who could not afford newspaper subscriptions. Ottoman coffeehouses allowed the members of lower society to receive informal education, instruction that
11610-434: The music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers like Joan Baez and Bob Dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses. Blues singer Lightnin' Hopkins bemoaned his woman's inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues". In 1966, Alfred Peet began applying
11739-643: The name of 'Penny Universities' . Though Charles II later tried to suppress London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public still flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration , the wits gathered around John Dryden at Will's Coffee House , in Russell Street, Covent Garden . As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread, Queen Mary and
11868-503: The number of London coffeehouses began to increase, and they also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate. English coffeehouses were significant meeting places, particularly in London. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England. The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. Coffeehouses boosted
11997-477: The number of shots in espresso-based drinks such as lattes, but not changing the extraction . Changing between a double and a triple requires changing the filter basket size, while changing between ristretto, normale , and lungo may require changing the grind. The size can be a single, double, or triple, using a proportional amount of ground coffee, roughly 7, 14, and 21 grams; correspondingly sized filter baskets are used. The Italian multiplier term doppio
12126-411: The occasional debt collector. And writing later, in the seventeenth century, one Ottoman historian complained that the ‘lowest’ sort of person spent the whole day in coffeehouses, which provided the setting for immoral and seditious behavior. There are also records of repeated attempts to impose legal restrictions or taxes on coffeehouses . Sultan Murad III , for example, banned the sale of boza ,
12255-501: The oldest café still functioning, having opened in 1782), Café Tavares , Botequim Parras, among others . Of these several became famous for harbouring poets and artists, such as Manuel du Bocage with his visits to Café Nicola, which opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and Fernando Pessoa with his visits to A Brasileira , which opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous of these coffee houses
12384-538: The opening of the first coffeehouse ( kiva han ) in Istanbul : Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople , as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee. The 17th-century French traveler and writer Jean Chardin gave
12513-721: The other hand, new coffee varieties were always served. In the coffee house, people played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. A lot of information was also obtained in the coffee house, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all guests. This form of coffee house culture spread throughout the Habsburg Empire in the 19th century. Scientific theories, political plans but also artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffee houses all over Central Europe. James Joyce even enjoyed his coffee in
12642-662: The owner: for instance, the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and " Bewley's Café " – i.e., one written without, and one with, the acute accent. The history of coffee in Portugal is usually told to have begun during the reign of king John V , when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the Dutch East India Company and introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee
12771-739: The past participle of the Italian verb esprimere , itself derived from the Latin exprimere , which means 'to express', and refers to the process by which hot water is forced under pressure through ground coffee; x is not considered part of the standard Italian alphabet . Italians commonly refer to espresso simply as caffè ( lit. ' coffee ' ), espresso being the ordinary coffee to order. The same happens in Portugal ( café ), with some regional variations ( bica in Lisbon and cimbalino traditionally in Porto ). In Spain, while café expreso
12900-400: The past twenty years. Chains like Indian Coffee House , Café Coffee Day , Barista Lavazza have become very popular. Cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet. In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption , with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in
13029-410: The popularity of print news culture and helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance, stocks, and auctions. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them
13158-406: The preparation of espresso-based drinks. Espresso machines are not merely tools for brewing coffee; they are symbols of craftsmanship, quality, and dedication to coffee making. Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, with a viscosity similar to that of warm honey. This is due to the higher concentration of suspended and dissolved solids and the crema on top (a foam with
13287-420: The private sphere to allow many social conversations and experiences in public settings. Before the rise of the coffeehouse, men were found at work, the mosque , or at home. The necessities of Ottoman life could be fulfilled by rotating through these three places. Referred to as the “Fourth Place,” the coffeehouse introduced a “neutral meeting ground” with “ social leveling .” This was specifically prevalent in
13416-431: The rest of the population got up to when they were not working. Their keenness for wine and smoking was one thing, but even worse were the coffeehouses where ordinary men tended to congregate. Lurid images were conjured up of the types of people who frequented them. Nacîmâ, for example, pictures a seedy coffeehouses at the port of Istanbul patronized, he claims, by unsavory types, thieves and runaway slaves, hangmen and
13545-533: The rise of the Internet café along similar principles. The most common English spelling of café is the French word for both coffee and coffeehouse; it was adopted by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century. The Italian spelling, caffè , is also sometimes used in English. In Southern England , especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to / k æ f / and spelt caff . The English word coffee and French word café (coffeehouse) both derive from
13674-559: The rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced. Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called ' ahwah /ʔhwa/ , which is the dialectal pronunciation of قَهْوة qahwah (literally "coffee") ( see also Arabic phonology#Local variations ). Also commonly served in ' ahwah are tea ( shāy ) and herbal teas , especially
13803-571: The same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. Many coffeehouses in West Asia offer shisha (actually called nargile in Levantine Arabic , Greek , and Turkish ), flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah . An espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. From a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction:
13932-740: The same coffeehouses. Coffeehouses differed in scale, with some serving as neighborhood establishments and others as large community centers. As a result, sometimes different people would visit different shops. Coffeehouse patrons shared some commonalities. For one, coffeehouses were restricted to the male populations; women and children were not allowed in these spaces. Coffeehouses were also principally Muslim gathering spots, though followers of other religions like Christianity were known to attend occasionally. These establishments broke down social barriers and allowed for socialization and information exchange. Ottoman era coffeehouses democratized education across all stratums of society. Because individuals from
14061-400: The same shot stopped at different times (which could result in an under- or over-extracted shot), but have the grind adjusted (finer for ristretto, coarser for lungo) to achieve the target volume. A significantly longer shot is the caffè crema , which is longer than a lungo, ranging in size from 120–240 ml (4.2–8.4 imp fl oz; 4.1–8.1 US fl oz), and brewed in
14190-479: The same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller. In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire , and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in Livorno , founded by a Jewish merchant, or later in 1640, in Venice . In
14319-423: The same way, with a coarser grind. Passing too much water through the ground coffee can add other, potentially unpleasant flavors to the espresso. Home espresso machines have increased in popularity with the general rise of interest in espresso. Today, a wide range of home espresso equipment can be found in kitchen and appliance stores, online vendors, and department stores. The first espresso machine for home use
14448-437: The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, especially as urban Ottoman citizens longed for tight-knit, local, and familial society amid urbanization. The unit of organization was being further drowned out by the rise of the centralized state. Furthermore, the home-based host-guest binary was not present at the coffeehouse, creating greater levels of social equality. Similar to the master-slave model, hierarchy, while still important,
14577-412: The spies was to collect public opinion, including everything from neighborhood gossip to planned political riots. These reports were not used to persecute individuals or accuse them of crimes. Instead, the reports constituted a form of micro surveillance where the government could quickly gather a range of public opinion on different topics. Elite Ottomans were often dismissive–and anxious–about what
14706-401: The temperature and pressure of the water, and the rate of extraction. Generally, one uses an espresso machine to make espresso. The act of producing a shot of espresso is often called "pulling" a shot, originating from lever espresso machines, with which a barista pulls down a handle attached to a spring-loaded piston, which forces hot water through the coffee at high pressure. However, it
14835-506: The type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse. Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of imams who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524. However, these bans could not be maintained, due to coffee becoming ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples. The Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Peçevi reports in his writings (1642–49) about
14964-471: The volume (and low density) of crema makes volume-based comparisons difficult (precise measurement uses the mass of the drink). Typically, ristretto is half the volume of normale , and lungo is double to triple the normale volume. For a double shot (14 grams of dry coffee), a normale uses about 60 ml of water. A double ristretto, a common form associated with espresso, uses half the amount of water, about 30 ml. Ristretto, normale , and lungo may not simply be
15093-513: Was a distinctive part of the culture of the Ottoman Empire . These coffeehouses , started in the mid-sixteenth century, brought together citizens across society for educational, social, and political activity as well as general information exchange. The popularity of these coffeehouses attracted government interest and were attended by government spies to gather public opinion. Ottoman coffeehouses also had religious and musical ties. Europeans adopted coffeehouses and other Ottoman leisure customs during
15222-590: Was an "error of the Armenian" that led to the establishment of a coffeehouse in Paris called Le Procope which introduced what Percy calls "ices". Eminegül Karababa and Guliz Ger note that "rather than merely providing a place to drink coffee, the coffeehouse created a pleasant site for patrons to interact in". Coffeehouses drew together distinct groups, including academics, idlers, business men, and government officials. Despite this variety, not all citizens attended
15351-597: Was commonplace at home, and coffeehouses, specifically Anatolian , required the same etiquette. The front-room reception of these businesses also resembled that of the living room at home. Open late into the night, men would leave the home, which allowed women to establish a space for their own community. It was a mirroring institution that focused equally on socialization and discourse but for women only. The guests at these functions could “discuss neighbourhood affairs, conduct business, gossip and relax with one another.” Their male counterparts engaged in parallel conversations at
15480-663: Was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House located on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the Bank of New York and the New York Chamber of Commerce . Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the espresso - and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably New York City's Little Italy and Greenwich Village , Boston's North End , and San Francisco's North Beach . From
15609-460: Was exported to the other European empires where coffee became a staple. In Protestant-majority countries, such as in Britain, coffee was thought to have antierotic as well as mentally stimulating properties. The idea that coffee would spur people into work and improve the quality of such work was highly compatible with the Protestant work ethic ideology. Free of sexual distractions and instilling asceticism, people could presumably live free from sin. It
15738-511: Was often broken in these shops and political rumors started. Speculative conversations discussed cabinet changes, corruption scandals, and possibly initiations of war. In addition to information exchange, mutinies, coups, and other acts of political resistance were planned in coffeehouses. In particular, impassioned janissaries made coffeehouses their headquarters for meetings and discussions about political acts. Some janissaries even had their own coffeehouses which they marked with their insignia,
15867-410: Was replaced with other identities in the space. Poets, politicians, scholars, dervishes , and, later, janissaries could meet in groups with similar interests to express their passions and thoughts. Verbal communication was a crucial commonality for all guests. After all, it was the chief means by which debates, plays, narrations, and even rebellions were organized. Jean de Thévenot , a French traveler in
15996-613: Was seen as a positive alternative to alcohol, and Protestant visitors to the Ottoman Empire saw it as consistent was the Christian (Protestant) values of temperance and the Protestant work ethic. According to The Reuben Percy Anecdotes compiled by journalist Thomas Byerley , an Armenian opened a coffee shop in Europe in 1674, at a time when coffee was first becoming fashionable in the West. Though Percy described these first European coffee houses as "imperfect" establishments where liquor and cigarettes were still consumed, he notes that it
16125-553: Was subject to price controls , encouraging the "stand at a bar" culture. In the English-speaking world, espresso became popular, particularly in the form of cappuccino , owing to the tradition of drinking coffee with milk and the exotic appeal of the foam; in the United States, this was more often in the form of lattes, with or without flavored syrups added. In the United Kingdom, espresso grew in popularity in
16254-493: Was taken to Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe , which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Although, coffee already existed in Angola , already introduced by Portuguese missionaries . During the 18th century, the first public cafés appeared, inspired by French gatherings from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment. Several cafes emerged in Lisbon such as: Martinho da Arcada (being
16383-573: Was the Café Marrare , opened by the napolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, frequently visited by Júlio Castilho , Raimundo de Bulhão Pato , Almeida Garrett , Alexandre Herculano and other members of the Portuguese government and the intelligentsia . It began its own saying: « Lisboa era Chiado , o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei » (English: "Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was
16512-620: Was the Gaggia Gilda. Soon afterwards, similar machines such as the Faema Faemina, FE-AR La Peppina, and VAM Caravel followed suit, with similar form factors and operational principles. These machines still have a small but dedicated share of fans. Until the advent of the first small electrical pump-based espresso machines, such as the Gaggia Baby and Quickmill 810, home espresso machines were not widely adopted. In recent years,
16641-721: Was traditionally provided by universities and churches. Coffeehouses provided a new venue for socialization to occur. Before them, hospitality events were reserved for the home. Gossip was now exchanged with coffee cups and around coffee tables. This gossip often included discussions of women, including about the chastity of known women by the community. In other cases, men would simply converse about daily ongoings or scandals. Sometimes, they would engage in entertainment activities like producing plays on everyday life satires. They would also host improvisational performances. Other times, shadow puppet shows would be produced or narrated stories would be told. The emergence of coffeehouses expanded
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