92-857: (Redirected from Colombian Defense Ministry ) Ministry of National Defense Ministerio de Defensa Nacional [REDACTED] Ministry overview Formed 24 December 1965 ( 1965-12-24 ) Preceding Ministry Ministry of War Headquarters Carrera 54 № 26–25 Bogotá , Colombia 04°38′40.83″N 74°05′44.07″W / 4.6446750°N 74.0955750°W / 4.6446750; -74.0955750 Annual budget COP$ 11,035,519,376,067 (2012) COP$ 12,645,417,534,968 (2013) COP$ 13,076,723,040,000 (2014) Ministry executive Iván Velásquez Gómez , Minister Website www .mindefensa .gov .co The Ministry of National Defence ( Spanish : Ministerio de Defensa Nacional )
184-595: A city. The Muisca , the indigenous inhabitants of the region, called the place on which the city was founded "Thybzaca" or "Old Town". The area of modern Bogotá was first populated by groups of indigenous people who migrated south based on the relation with the other Chibcha languages ; the Bogotá savanna was the southernmost Chibcha-speaking group that exists from Nicaragua to the Andes in Colombia. The civilization built by
276-429: A consequence, the official founding only occurred about eight months later, on 27 April 1539, in a site close to one of the recreational lands of the zipa , called Theusa or Theusaquillo. This official founding involved an official ceremony appointing a council and officials, and the demarcation of streets and lands, and in it fellow conquistadores Sebastián de Belalcázar and Nikolaus Federmann were present. While this
368-656: A federalist government system. Following a failed military campaign against Quito, General Simón Bolívar of the United Provinces led a campaign that led to the surrender of the Cundinamarca province in December 1814. In Spain, the war had ended and the Spanish monarchy was restored on 11 December 1813. King Ferdinand VII of Spain declared the uprisings in the colonies illegal and sent a large army to quell
460-669: A member of the Chibcha language family. Muisca means "people" or "person", making "Muisca people", how they are called, a tautology . At the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores , the Muisca population was estimated to be half a million indigenous people on the Bogotá savanna, and up to two million in the Muisca Confederation . They occupied the highland and mild climate flanks between the Sumapaz Mountains to
552-495: A modern sense, as well as precious metals and gemstones that seem valuable to us and which became abundant and were used for various purposes. The Muisca warrior elite were allowed to wear feathered crowns, from parrots and macaws whose habitat was to the east of the Andes; the Arawakan -speaking Guayupe , Tegua and Achagua . The Muisca cuisine consisted of a stable and varied diet of tubers , potatoes and fruits. Maize
644-567: A number of children outside of marriage. When Mariana died, he contracted marriage on 1872 to María Ignacia Arboleda Arboleda. Mosquera was 78 at the time, and reportedly when he proposed to her he said, 'Would you like to be the widow of General Mosquera?' In total he had eight children (with: Mariana Arboleda -Anibal Mosquera and Amalia Mosquera-; María Ignacia Arboleda -José Bolívar Mosquera-; Paula Luque -Clelia Mosquera, Teodulia Mosquera, Isabel Mosquera-; María Lorza -María Engracia Mosquera-; Candelaria Cervantes -Tomás Cervantes Mosquera-). Mosquera
736-633: A strategic hub for international business in Latin America. Some of the main interventions initiated looked to develop projects contained in the Plan of Territorial Ordering (POT), which aims to guide the development of the city for the next two centuries. One of the most important interventions in the city was in its transportation system. In 1967, there were 2,679 urban buses in Bogotá that transported, on average, 1,630,000 passengers per day. The city had about 1 million inhabitants and 80 km of area,
828-547: A wide coverage, have easy access by public transport and bike paths; and their projects were commissioned to distinguished architects of the city. They are those of El Tunal , in the south, projected by the architect Suely Vargas ; of El Tintal , in the west, the work of the architect Daniel Bermúdez ; and the Virgilio Barco Vargas library , located in the Simón Bolívar park in the central area, work of
920-585: Is based on agriculture, livestock raising and artisanal production. The sabana is bordered to the east by the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes mountain range. The Eastern Hills , which limit city growth, run from south to north, forming east of the downtown the Guadalupe and Monserrate mountains. The western city limit is Bogotá River . The Sumapaz Paramo ( moorland ) borders the south and to
1012-8196: Is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating directly to national security and the military forces of Colombia , similar to the defense ministries in other countries. It is composed of the National Army , Navy , Aerospace Force and the National Police . List of ministers [ edit ] War [ edit ] Minister (a) Period Gral. Pedro Briceño Méndez 1821–1825 Gral. Carlos Soublette 1825–1828 Gral. Rafael Urdaneta 1828–1829 Gral. Pedro Alcántara Herrán 1830 Gral. José Miguel Pey 1830–1831 Gral. José Marìa Obando 1831–1832 Gral. José Hilario López 1832–1833 Gral. Antonio Obando 1833–1837 Gral. José Hilario López 1837–1838 Gral. Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1838–1840 Gral. José Acevedo 1841–1845 Gral. Joaquín París Ricaurte 1845 Gral. Juan María Gómez 1845–1846 Gral. Joaquín Barriga 1846–1849 Gral. Tomás Herrera 1849–1850 Gral. Valerio Barriga 1851–1853 Cnel. Santiago Frasser 1853 Gral. Pedro Alcántara Herrán 1854–1855 Gral. José María Ortega 1856–1861 Gral. Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1861–1863 Gral. Rafael Mendoza 1864 Gral. Francisco Barriga 1864–1866 Gral. Rudesindo López 1866–1867 Gral. Sergio Camargo Pinzón 1868–1870 Gral. Santos Acosta 1871–1872 Gral. Ramón Santodomingo Vila 1873–1875 Gral. Santos Acosta 1875–1876 Gral. Fernando Ponce 1877 Gral. Ezequiel Hurtado 1878–1879 Gral. Eliseo Payan 1880–1882 Gral. Juan Mateus 1882–1884 Gral. José María Campo 1884–1886 Gral. Leopoldo Cuervo 1887–1890 Gral. Olegario Rivera 1890–1892 Gral. Antonio Cuervo 1893–1895 Gral. Pedro Rivera 1896–1898 Gral. Jorge Holguin 1899 Gral. José Santos 1900 Gral. Próspero Pinzón Romero 1900 Gral. José Domingo Ospina 1900–1901 Gral. Ramón González Valencia 1901 Gral. Pedro Nel Ospina 1901 José Vicente Concha Ferreira 1901–1902 Gral. Aristides Fernández Mora 1902–1903 Gral. Alfredo Vásquez Cobo 1903–1904 Gral. Diego Castro 1904–1905 Gral. Diego Euclides de Angulo 1905–1906 Manuel Castro 1906 Gral. Manuel María Sanclemente 1906–1908 Gral. Víctor Calderón 1908–1909 Gral. Nicolás Perdomo 1909 Gral. Alfredo Vásquez Cobo 1909 Gral. Jorge Marcelo Holguín Mallarino 1909 Gral. Diego Euclides de Angulo 1909 Gral. Luis Enrique Bonilla 1909 Gral. Pedro Rivera 1909 José Medina Calderón 1909–1910 Juan Bautista Valencia 1910 Gral. Mariano Ospina Vásquez 1910–1911 Gral. José Manuel Araújo 1911–1914 Gral. Isaías Luján 1914–1915 Guillermo Valencia Castillo 1915 Gral. Pedro Justo Berrío 1915 Antonio José Cadavid 1915–1916 Gral. Salvador Franco 1916–1918 Jorge Roa 1918–1921 Bonifacio Vélez 1921 Aristóbulo Archila 1921–1922 Carlos Vélez Daníes 1922 José Ulises Osorio 1922–1923 Gral. Alfonso Jaramillo 1923–1924 Gral. Carlos Jaramillo Isaza 1924–1925 Francisco Solórzano 1925–1926 Ignacio Rengifo 1926–1929 Alejandro Cabal Pombo 1929 Gral. José Joaquín Villamizar 1929 Gral. Agustín Morales Olaya 1929–1931 Carlos Adolfo Urueta 1931–1932 Carlos Arango Vélez 1932–1934 Cptán. Carlos Uribe Gaviria 1934 Alberto Pumarejo 1934 Marco Aurelio Auli 1934–1935 Benito Hernandez Bustos 1935–1936 Plinio Mendoza Neira 1936–1937 Alberto Pumarejo 1937–1938 José Joaquín Castro Martínez 1938–1939 Gonzalo Restrepo 1939–1942 Alejandro Galvis Galvis 1942–1943 Ramón Santodomingo 1943 Alberto Arango Tavera 1943 Gonzalo Restrepo 1943–1944 Gral. Domingo Espinel 1944–1945 Luis Tamayo 1945–1946 Carlos Sánz de Santamaría 1946–1947 Fabio Lozano y Lozano 1947–1948 Fernando Londoño y Londoño 1948 Teniente General Germán Ocampo Herrera 1948–1949 Eduardo Zuleta Àngel 1949 Gral. Rafael Sánchez Amaya 1949–1950 Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez 1950–1951 José María Bernal 1951–1953 Lucio Pabón Núñez 1953 Gral. Gustavo Berrío 1953–1954 Gral. Gabriel París Gordillo 1954–1957 Gral. Alfonso Saiz 1957–1959 Gral. Rafael Hernández 1959–1962 Gral. Alberto Ruiz Novoa 1962–1965 Gral. Gabriel Rebeiz 1965–1967 National defence [ edit ] Order Name Took Office President appointed by 1st Gabriel Rebeiz Pizarro 1 January 1966 Guillermo León Valencia 2nd Gerardo Ayerbe Chaux 2 September 1968 Carlos Lleras Restrepo 3rd Hernando Currea Cubides 7 August 1970 Misael Pastrana Borrero 4th Abraham Varón Valencia 7 August 1974 Alfonso López Michelsen 5th Luis Carlos Camacho Leyva 7 August 1978 Julio César Turbay 6th Fernando Landazábal Reyes 7 August 1982 Belisario Betancur 7th Gustavo Matamoros D'Costa 20 January 1984 8th Miguel Vega Uribe 9 January 1985 9th Rafael Samudio Molina 7 August 1986 Virgilio Barco 10th Manuel Jaime Guerrero Paz 8 November 1988 11th Oscar Botero Restrepo 7 August 1990 César Gaviria 12th Rafael Pardo Rueda 7 August 1991 13th Fernando Botero Zea 7 August 1994 Ernesto Samper 14th Juan Carlos Esguerra Portocarrero 7 August 1995 15th Guillermo Alberto González Mosquera 4 February 1997 16th Gilberto Echeverri Mejía 10 April 1997 17th Rodrigo Lloreda Caicedo 7 August 1998 Andrés Pastrana 18th Luis Fernando Ramirez Acuña 30 May 1998 19th Gustavo Bell 11 June 2001 20th Marta Lucía Ramírez 7 August 2002 Álvaro Uribe 21st Jorge Alberto Uribe Echavarría 9 November 2003 22nd Camilo Alfonso Ospina Bernal 19 July 2005 23rd Juan Manuel Santos 19 July 2006 — Freddy Padilla de León 23 May 2009 24th Gabriel Silva Luján 7 August 2009 25th Rodrigo Rivera Salazar 7 August 2010 Juan Manuel Santos 26th Juan Carlos Pinzón Bueno 5 September 2011 27th Luis Carlos Villegas Echeverri 19 May 2015 28th Guillermo Botero 7 August 2018 Iván Duque 29th Carlos Holmes Trujillo 12 November 2019 30th Diego Molano 1 February 2021 31st Iván Velásquez Gómez 7 August 2022 Gustavo Petro References [ edit ] Footnotes [ edit ] ^ Died in office, 26 January 2021 Citations [ edit ] ^ Colombia, Congress of (14 December 2011). "Ley 1485 de 2011" (PDF) . Diario Oficial (in Spanish) (48, 283). Bogotá: 7. ISSN 0122-2112 . OCLC 500057889 . Archived from
SECTION 10
#17327727365221104-458: Is the largest city in the world at its elevation; there is no urban area that is both higher and more populous than Bogotá. In the extreme south of Bogotá's District, the world's largest continuous paramo ecosystem can be found; Sumapaz Páramo in the locality Sumapaz . The Bogotá River running NE-SW crosses the sabana , forming Tequendama Falls ( Salto del Tequendama ) to the south. Tributary rivers form valleys with villages, whose economy
1196-539: Is the main political, economic, administrative, industrial, cultural, airport, technological, scientific, healthcare and educational center of the country and northern South America . Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on 6 August 1538 by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada after a harsh expedition into the Andes conquering the Muisca , the indigenous inhabitants of
1288-642: The Altiplano . Santafé (its name after 1540) became the seat of the government of the Spanish Royal Audiencia of the New Kingdom of Granada (created in 1550), and then after 1717 it was the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . After the Battle of Boyacá on 7 August 1819, Bogotá became the capital of the independent nation of Gran Colombia . It was Simón Bolívar who rebaptized
1380-576: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes . Its altitude averages 2,640 meters (8,660 ft) above sea level. Subdivided into 20 localities, Bogotá has an area of 1,587 square kilometers (613 square miles) and a cool climate that is constant through the year. The city is home to central offices of the executive branch ( Office of the President ), the legislative branch ( Congress of Colombia ) and
1472-681: The Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty with the United States. He also was influential in the suppression of remnant colonial taxes, and reinvigorated the tobacco industry. It was also during his term that the International System of Units was implemented. Mosquera also started political measures to separate the State and Catholic Church. He also hired Thomas Reed to direct the building of Capitolio Nacional . His administration
1564-523: The Muisca , who settled in the valleys and fertile highlands of and surrounding the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (modern-day departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and small parts of Santander ), was one of the great civilizations in the Americas. The name Muisca Confederation has been given to a loose egalitarian society of various chiefs ( caciques ) who lived in small settlements of maximum 100 bohíos . The agriculture and salt-based society of
1656-481: The Muzo or "Emerald People". Their knowledge of salt production from brines, a task devoted exclusively to Muisca women , gave them the name of "Salt People". Tropical fruits that did not grow on the cool highlands, as well as coca , cotton and gold were all traded at markets that took place every Muisca week; every four days. At these frequent markets, the Muisca obtained various luxury goods that appear worthless in
1748-778: The New Kingdom of Granada . Fourteen years later in 1564, the Spanish Crown designated the first Royal Audiencia chairman, Andrés Díaz Venero de Leyva . The Chapter and the Royal Audience were located on the other side of what is today the Plaza de Bolívar (then called, Plaza Mayor or Major Square). The street connecting the Major Square and the Square of Herbs— now Santander Park— was named Calle Real (Royal Street), now Carrera Séptima (or "Seventh Street"; counted from
1840-571: The South Sea , to Perú , legendary El Dorado . Such was the target of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , the Granadanian conquistador who left Santa Marta on 6 April 1536 with 800 soldiers, heading towards the interior of current Colombia . The expedition divided into two groups, one under Quesada's command to move on land, and the other commanded by Diego de Urbino would go upriver in four brigantine ships to eventually meet Quesada's troops at
1932-699: The creation of local juntas all throughout Latin America, which very soon consolidated the independentist ideas already in vogue. After the establishment of a junta in Cartagena de Indias on 22 May 1810, and in many other cities throughout the Viceroyalty, the Junta de Santa Fe was established on 20 July 1810, in what is often called the Colombian Declaration of Independence . The Junta adopted
SECTION 20
#17327727365222024-829: The diocese was established. Political unease over the Spanish monarchy and the rights of citizens born in the Americas had been felt throughout the Spanish colonies in America, and it was expressed in New Granada in many different ways, accelerating the movement to independence. One of the most transcendent was the Insurrection of the Comuneros , a riot by the locals that started in Villa del Socorro —current Department of Santander —in March 1781. Spanish authorities suppressed
2116-483: The mythical El Dorado , handles the largest cargo volume in Latin America , and is third in number of passengers. Bogotá is home to the largest number of universities and research centers in the country, and is an important cultural center, with many theaters, libraries ( Virgilio Barco , Tintal , and Tunal of BibloRed , BLAA , National Library , among more than 1000) and museums. Bogotá ranks 52nd on
2208-463: The sidereal and synodic months were represented. Their astronomical knowledge is represented in one of the few extant landmarks of the architecture of the Muisca in El Infiernito outside Villa de Leyva to the north of Bogotá. The first populations inhabiting the present-day Metropolitan Area of Bogotá were hunter-gatherers in the late Pleistocene . Dating to around 12,500 BP ,
2300-490: The 1946 liberal party division, a conservative candidate took presidential office again in 1948, after the killing of liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán , Bogotá's downtown was virtually destroyed as violence reigned. From then, Bogotá's urban, architectural and population sectors were substantially reorganized. The city began the 21st century with important changes in its urban space and public transport, looking to plan demographic and economic growth, that would position it as
2392-618: The 19th century. Due to large facial wounds received during a battle in 1824, he required the use of a metal prosthesis in his jaw. This affected his ability to speak, which was marked by blowing and whistling sounds. As a result, Mosquera was derisively nicknamed "Mascachochas" (Gaga-chew) by some of his contemporary critics. Mosquera was born in Popayán , on September 26, 1798. His parents were wealthy farm-owner José María de Mosquera-Figueroa y Arboleda and María Manuela de Arboleda y Arrachea, both from prestigious families. His brother Joaquín
2484-573: The Colombian army to victory. This would be the only international conflict to date between the two countries. At the end of his term, he traveled to Paris as ambassador to France. In 1866 Mosquera went back to Colombia, to be elected President for the fourth time, despite the opposition of radical liberals. Nevertheless, tensions with the Catholic Church led to strong intervention by Pope Pius IX , and his use of dictatorial measures (such as
2576-465: The Conservative faction. Despite some dissent, a federal and liberal constitution was proclaimed that guaranteed rights to citizens. All the signers supported this Constitution. It was decided that Mosquera should complete the first two-year term as President of the United States of Colombia, until April 1864. Mosquera's third term included war against Ecuador in 1863, and he personally commanded
2668-545: The Global Cities Index 2014, and is considered a global city type "Alpha-" by GaWC . The name of Bogotá corresponds to the Spanish pronunciation of the Chibcha Bacatá (or Muyquytá) which was the name of a neighboring settlement located between the modern towns of Funza and Cota. There are different opinions about the meaning of the word Muyquytá, the most accepted being that it means "walling of
2760-581: The Muisca were killed within 100 years. Jiménez de Quesada decided to establish a military campament in the area in 1538, in the site today known as the Chorro de Quevedo square. The foundation was performed by the construction of 12 houses of reed, referring to the Twelve Apostles , and the construction of a preliminary church, also of reed. With the celebration of the first mass in the campament, celebrated by Dominican friar Domingo de las Casas
2852-543: The Public Library, now the National Library, was enlarged and modernized with new volumes and better facilities. The National Museum was founded. Those institutions were of great importance to the new republic's cultural development. The Central University was the first State school, precursor of the current National University , founded in 1867 and domiciled in Bogotá. President Rafael Núñez declared
Ministry of National Defense (Colombia) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2944-564: The Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia , and one of the largest cities in the world . The city is administered as the Capital District , as well as the capital of, though not politically part of, the surrounding department of Cundinamarca . Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia . It
3036-473: The World") Bogotá ( / ˌ b oʊ ɡ ə ˈ t ɑː / , also UK : / ˌ b ɒ ɡ -/ , US : / ˈ b oʊ ɡ ə t ɑː / , Spanish pronunciation: [boɣoˈta] ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital , abbreviated Bogotá, D.C. , and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá ( Spanish: [ˌsanta ˈfe ðe βoɣoˈta] ; lit. ' Holy Faith of Bogotá ' ) during
3128-640: The architect Rogelio Salmona . Out of the city's 150 libraries, these three, with their outstanding architecture, provide public and open-access spaces for the educational and cultural development of the citizens of Bogotá. As for 2019, the city's distribution is composed of nine main business centers (Av. El Dorado Business Corridor, Centro Internacional, Parque de la 93, El Lago, North Point, Calle 100, Santa Barbara Business Center, Zona Industrial Montevideo & Parque Industrial Zona Franca). Grittier sides sit south and southwest, where working-class barrios continue to battle their reputations for drugs and crime. In
3220-443: The banana zone killings and conservative party division, Enrique Olaya Herrera took office in 1930. The liberal party reformed during 16 years of the so-called Liberal Republic, agricultural, social, political, labor, educational, economic and administrative sectors. Unionism strengthened and education coverage expanded. The celebration produced a large number of infrastructure works, new construction and work sources. Following
3312-679: The city limits is 30.0 °C (86 °F), and the lowest temperature recorded is −7.1 °C (19 °F), both at the Guaymaral Airport . The rainiest months are April, May, September, October, and November, in which typical days are mostly overcast , with low clouds and some winds, bringing maximum temperatures of 18 °C (64 °F) and lows of 7 °C (45 °F). Tom%C3%A1s Cipriano de Mosquera Tomás Cipriano Ignacio Maria de Mosquera y Figueroa Arboleda Salazar, Prieto de Tovar, Vergara, Silva, Hurtado de Mendoza, Urrutia y Guzmán (September 26, 1798 – October 7, 1878)
3404-446: The city was founded with the name of Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza (Our Lady of Hope) on 6 August 1538. Quesada placed his right foot on the bare earth and said simply, "I take possession of this land in the name of the most sovereign emperor, Charles V." This founding, however, was irregular as no town council was formed nor were town officials appointed, as well as lacking some other juridical requirements for an official founding. As
3496-533: The city with the name of Bogotá, as a way of honoring the Muisca people and as an emancipation act towards the Spanish crown. Hence, since the Viceroyalty of New Granada's independence from the Spanish Empire and during the formation of present-day Colombia, Bogotá has remained the capital of this territory. The city is located in the center of Colombia, on a high plateau known as the Bogotá savanna , part of
3588-513: The city's private trash collectors. Petro was reinstated weeks later after a Bogotá court ruled that Ordoñez had overstepped his authority. Although the proposal for biarticulated diesel buses called "Transmilenio" was in its early stages a success, due in part to the small numbers of passengers it transported, in the long term it became an inefficient and contaminating system, saturated for a metro population of almost ten million, guilty of environmental deterioration and air pollution. For its part,
3680-570: The closing of the ordinary sessions of Congress in 1867) led the opposition to orchestrate a coup d'état on May 23, 1867. His enemies were besides aware that Mosquera was ready to sue corrupted politicians that had taken advantage of the properties that belonged to the Catholic Church and were assigned to the poor ones. He was exiled for the three next years, during which he lived in Lima , where he wrote his book 'Cosmogonía. Estudio sobre los diversos sistemas de la creación del universo' (Cosmogony. A study of
3772-454: The country. The capital hosts the main financial market in Colombia and the Andean natural region , and is the leading destination for new foreign direct investment projects coming into Latin America and Colombia. It has the highest nominal GDP in the country, responsible for almost a quarter of the nation's total (24.7%). The city's airport, El Dorado International Airport , named after
Ministry of National Defense (Colombia) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3864-615: The creation of Granadine Confederation , Mosquera was elected president of the Cauca State , a position from which he made opposition to president Ospina, to whom he accused of disrespecting the states' autonomy. In 1860 Mosquera declared the secession of the Cauca State and declared war to the Granadine Confederation. He soon received support from the states of Santander and Tolima , which proclaimed him governor. After heavy battles Colombian Civil War , Mosquera
3956-491: The cultural equipment plan of Bogotá has yielded significant results, including the construction of three large public libraries in different sectors. These libraries have not only expanded access to existing library resources but also serve as some of the 150 hubs for BibloRed - Bogotá's Public Libraries Network , including the Bogota Digital Library The new libraries were located in sectors that allow
4048-490: The decade of the 70s, radicalism accelerated reforms and state and social institutions were substantially modified. However, during the second half of the century, the country faced permanent pronouncements, declarations of rebellions between states, and factions which resulted in civil wars: the last and bloodiest was the Thousand Days' War from 1899 to 1902. In 1823, a few years after the formation of Gran Colombia,
4140-399: The end of Federalism, and in 1886 the country became a centralist republic ruled by the constitution in force – save some amendments – up to 1991. In the middle of political and administration avatars, Bogotá continued as the capital and principal political center of the country. From a base of only 20,000 people in 1793, the city grew to approximately 117,000 people in 1912. Population growth
4232-604: The expedition went up the Opón River and found indigenous people wearing very finely painted cotton mantles. When they arrived in Muisca territories in the Andean Plateau, on 9 March 1537, of the expedition leaving Santa Marta , only 162 men were left. The zipa at the moment of Spanish conquest was Tisquesusa . His main bohío was in a small village called Bacatá with others in Funza and Cajicá , giving name to
4324-514: The farmland" in the Chibcha language. Another popular translation argues that it means "The Lady of the Andes ". Others suggest that Bacatá was the name of the Muisca cacique who governed the land before the Spaniards arrived. Jiménez de Quesada gave the settlement the name of "Our Lady of Hope" but the Spanish crown gave it the name of Santafé (Holy Faith) in 1540 when it was appointed as
4416-728: The increase of economic activities. Bogotá started deep architectural and urban transformation with significant industrial and artisan production increases. In 1910, the Industrial Exposition of the Century took place at Park of Independence. Stands built evidenced industrial, artisan work, beaux arts, electricity and machinery progress achieved. The period from 1910 to 1930 is designated conservative hegemony. Between 1924 and 1928, hard union struggles began, with oil fields and banana zone workers' strikes, leaving numerous people dead. Bogotá had practically no industry. Production
4508-571: The independence from Spain, Bogotá became capital of Gran Colombia and later the capital of the Republic of Colombia . The city mayor and the chapter formed by two councilmen, assisted by the constable and the police chief, governed the city. For better administration of these domains, in April 1550, the Audiencia of Santafé was organized. Santa Fe (or Santafé) became the seat of the government of
4600-701: The independence of the American colonies from the Spanish crown. In 1794, Nariño clandestinely translated and published in Santa Fe the Declaration of the Rights of Men and of the Citizen , and copies of his translation were distributed all over the continent and started creating a stirring in the political mentalities of the time. The Spanish government had banned the distribution of the pamphlet and soon discovered
4692-483: The judicial branch ( Supreme Court of Justice , Constitutional Court , Council of State and the Superior Council of Judicature ) of the Colombian government. Bogotá stands out for its economic strength and associated financial maturity, its attractiveness to global companies and the quality of human capital . It is the financial and commercial heart of Colombia, with the most business activity of any city in
SECTION 50
#17327727365224784-400: The last zipa , against the inheritance tradition of the Muisca . Sagipa used to be a main captain for Tisquesusa but quickly submitted to the Spanish rulers. The first encomenderos asked high prices in valuable products and agricultural production from the indigenous people. On top of that epidemics of European viruses razed through the population, of which in current Boyacá 65–85 % of
4876-451: The material and burned any copy that they could find. Nariño was arrested on 29 August 1794, and sentenced to ten years of imprisonment and to have all of his properties confiscated, and was sent to exile the year after. Those suspected of being part of Nariño's intellectual circle were also persecuted, but his ideas had become widespread. In 1807, following the French invasion of Spain and
4968-412: The mountains to the east of the city). After 1717 Santafé became the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . Formed by Europeans, mestizos , indigenous people, and slaves, from the second half of the 16th century, the population began to grow rapidly. The 1789 census recorded 18,161 inhabitants, and by 1819 the city population reached 30,000 inhabitants distributed in 195 blocks. Importance grew when
5060-483: The name of "Supreme Junta of the New Kingdom of Granada", and first swore allegiance to Viceroy Antonio José Amar y Borbón , and appointed him as president, but then he was deposed and arrested five days later. After declaring independence from Spain the different juntas attempted to establish a congress of provinces, but they were unable to do so and military conflicts soon emerged. The period between 1810 and 1816
5152-496: The nation renamed the United States of Colombia . Mosquera served twice as president of the new government. From 1861 to 1862 he served in a non-elected, interim manner, while the constitution was written. From 1862 to 1864 he served in an elected manner. He had a fourth term from 1866 to 1867. Due to the liberal reforms carried out under his leadership, he is considered one of the most important persons in Colombian history of
5244-482: The newly created New Kingdom of Granada was left to Jiménez de Quesada's brother, Hernán Pérez de Quesada . The first mayors of the city were captains Pedro de Arevalo y Jeronimo de Inzar . The city obtained the Title of Muy Noble y Muy Leal (Very Noble and Loyal) on 17 August 1575 by a decree from Phillip II . Bogotá, then called Santa Fe, later became the capital of the later Viceroyalty of New Granada . Following
5336-553: The north Bogotá extends over the plateau up to the towns of Chía and Sopó . Most of the wetlands in the Bogotá region have disappeared. They covered nearly 50,000 hectares in the 1960s, compared to only 727 in 2019, for a disappearance rate of 98%. Bogotá has a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb bordering on Csb ). The average temperature is 14.5 °C (58 °F), varying from 6 to 19 °C (43 to 66 °F) on sunny days to 10 to 18 °C (50 to 64 °F) on rainy days. Dry and rainy seasons alternate throughout
5428-521: The oldest evidence of human activity was discovered in El Abra , north of Zipaquirá . Other excavations in a rock shelter southwest of the city in Soacha provided ages of ~11,000 BP; Tequendama . Since roughly 0 AD, the local Muisca people domesticated guinea pigs as a source of dietary meat. The people inhabiting the Bogotá savanna in the late 15th century were the Muisca , speaking Muysccubun ,
5520-553: The original (PDF) on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . ^ Colombia, Congress of (10 December 2012). "Ley 1593 de 2012" (PDF) . Diario Oficial (in Spanish) (48, 640). Bogotá: 6. ISSN 0122-2112 . OCLC 500057889 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . ^ Colombia, Congress of (11 December 2013). "Ley 1687 de 2014" (PDF) . Diario Oficial (in Spanish) (49, 001). Bogotá: 11. ISSN 0122-2112 . OCLC 500057889 . Archived from
5612-1878: The original (PDF) on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . ^ "Colombia's defense minister dies from COVID-19 at age 69" . AP NEWS . 26 January 2021 . Retrieved January 26, 2021 . ^ "Diego Andrés Molano Aponte – Ministro de Defensa Nacional" . www.mindefensa.gov.co . Retrieved 2021-05-16 . ^ "Quién es Diego Molano, el nuevo ministro de Defensa de Colombia" . AS Colombia (in Spanish). 2 February 2021 . Retrieved 2021-05-16 . v t e Government Ministries of Colombia Agriculture and Rural Development Commerce, Industry and Tourism Culture Environment and Sustainable Development Equality and Equity Finance and Public Credit Foreign Affairs Health and Social Protection Housing, City and Territory Information Technologies and Communications Interior Justice and Law Labour Mines and Energy National Defence National Education Science, Technology and Innovation Transport [REDACTED] Authority control databases [REDACTED] ISNI VIAF Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Colombia)&oldid=1253381371 " Categories : Ministry of National Defense (Colombia) Defence ministries Military of Colombia Military history of Colombia Ministries established in 1965 1965 establishments in Colombia Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles containing Spanish-language text Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with hCards Bogot%C3%A1 "La Ciudad de Todos" ("The City of Everyone") "La Capital Mundial del Teatro" ("The Theater Capital of
SECTION 60
#17327727365225704-461: The people was rich in goldworking, trade and mummification . The religion of the Muisca consisted of various gods, mostly related to natural phenomena as the Sun ( Sué ) and his wife, the Moon; Chía , rain Chibchacum , rainbow Cuchavira and with building and feasting ( Nencatacoa ) and wisdom ( Bochica ). Their complex luni-solar calendar , deciphered by Manuel Izquierdo based on work by Duquesne , followed three different sets of years, where
5796-474: The present day capital of Colombia. Bacatá was actually located near to the modern location of the city of Funza . A prophecy in his life came true; he would be dying, bathing in his own blood . Defending Funza with a reduced army of guecha warriors against the heavily exhausted but heavily armed strangers, his reign fell in the hands of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his younger brother Hernán Pérez on 20 April 1537. Upon his death, his brother Sagipa became
5888-471: The problem of public transport, with limited results. It was during the mayoralty of the latter when there was talk about the possibility of establishing a mass transportation system that would help remedy the problem of mobility. Under the second administration of Antanas Mockus , Bogotá opened a 'zone of tolerancia' which legalized prostitution in a large swath of the center of the city in the Santa Fe neighborhood. Mayor Enrique Peñalosa (whose first term
5980-449: The protests. Bogotá is located in the southeastern part of the Bogotá savanna ( Sabana de Bogotá ) at an average altitude of 2,640 meters (8,660 ft) above sea level . The Bogotá savanna is popularly called " savannah " ( sabana ), but constitutes actually a high plateau in the Andes mountains, part of an extended region known as the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , which literally means "high plateau of Cundinamarca and Boyacá". Bogotá
6072-458: The rebellions and reconquer the lost colonies, for which he appointed General Pablo Morillo . Morillo led a successful military campaign that culminated in the capture of Santafé on 6 May 1816. In 1819, Bolívar initiated his campaign to liberate New Granada . Following a series of battles, the last of which was the Battle of Boyacá , the republican army led by Bolívar cleared its way to Santafé, where he arrived victorious on 10 August 1819. It
6164-498: The riot, and José Antonio Galán , the leader, was executed. He left an imprint, though. One of the soldiers witnessing his execution was an intellectually curious, noble teenager named Antonio Nariño , who was deeply impressed by both the insurrection and the execution. Nariño went on to become a politician in Santafé, and he became acquainted with the liberal ideas in vogue in Europe. He started organizing clandestine meetings with other intellectuals and politicians to discuss and promote
6256-403: The ritzier north you'll find boutique hotels, corporate offices and well-heeled locals piling into chic entertainment districts such as the Zona Rosa and Zona G. Protests against police brutality started in Bogotá following the death of Javier Ordóñez while in police custody on 9 September 2020. As of 12 September 2020 , 13 people have died and over 400 have been injured as part of
6348-423: The royalist Spanish Army under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Agustín Agualongo , during the Pasto Campaign in Barbacoas, ( Nariño ). It was in this battle that he received the shot that broke his lower jaw and impaired his speech, and that made him the object of the infamous nickname of "Mascachochas." His prowess in battle was awarded by a promotion to colonel, and he became governor of a number of provinces in
6440-402: The service was relatively reasonable. But as the city grew and reached more than five million and an area greater than 300 km , not only did the car fleet increase substantially to more than 20,000 vehicles, but traffic complexity increased, as well as pollution and the inefficiency of the only existing transportation system. By the end of the 20th century, the situation was difficult. There
6532-399: The site named Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas. When they arrived, they heard news about Indians inhabiting the south and making large salt cakes used to trade for wild cotton and fish. Jiménez de Quesada decided to abandon the route to Peru and cross the mountain in search of salt villages. They saw crops, trails, white salt cakes and then huts where they found corn, yucca and beans. From Tora,
6624-566: The southwest and Cocuy 's snowy peak to the northeast, covering an approximate area of 25,000 km (9,653 sq mi), comprising Bogotá's high plain, a large portion of the modern-day department of Boyacá department portion and a small area in the Santander region. Trade was the most important activity of the Muisca with other Chibcha-speaking neighbours, such as the Guane , Lache and U'wa and with Cariban-speaking groups such as
6716-597: The southwest of the country ( Buenaventura , Guayaquil , Cauca ), at the same time raising among the ranks, and being promoted to general in 1829. Mosquera was a diplomat in Perú between 1829 and 1830, and subsequently he was a diplomat in various countries in Europe and in the United States (1830–1833). At his return he became a congressman (1834–1837), and later Secretary of War for the conservative government of José Ignacio de Márquez . As secretary of war, Mosquera commanded and
6808-578: The subsequent abdication of the House of Bourbon in Spain, pressed by Napoleon to give the crown to his brother Joseph , resulting in the destruction of the Spanish administration, many in Spain and in the American colonies created local resistance governments called Juntas . The dissolution of the Supreme Central Junta , following a series of military defeats in the Spanish troops promoted
6900-513: The user's experience in the system. However, Peñalosa became infamous for his campaign against the poor, saying he would rather see robbers on the streets, than people selling candies. Peñalosa served a second term (2016–19). After getting elected in 2011, Gustavo Petro , clashed with the conservative political establishment after remunicipalization of the city's garbage collection system. The inspector general, Alejandro Ordoñez deposed Petro for alleged constitutional overreach when he tried to replace
6992-580: The various sacred sites of the Altiplano, music and dances , trade at special fairs with farther away trading indigenous groups of Colombia and to inaugurate the new highest regarded member of the community; zipas , zaques , caciques and the religious ruler iraca from Sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi . From 1533, a belief persisted that the Río Grande de la Magdalena was the trail to
7084-457: The year. The driest months are December, January, July and August. The warmest month is March, bringing a maximum of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F). The coolest nights occur in January, with an average of 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) in the city; fog is very usual in early morning, 220 days per year, whilst clear sky sunny full days are quite unusual. The official highest temperature recorded within
7176-569: Was Simón Bolívar who rebaptized the city with the name of Bogotá, to honor the Muisca people and to emphasize the emancipation from Spain. Bogotá then became the capital of the Gran Colombia . Between 1819 and 1849, there were no fundamental structural changes from the colonial period. By the mid-19th century, a series of fundamental reforms were enacted, some of the most important being slavery abolition and religious, teaching, print and speech industry and trade freedom, among others. During
7268-498: Was 1998–2000) included in his program as a priority a solution to public transport. Consequently, in the execution of the development plan "For the Bogotá we Want" in terms of mobility and in a mass transportation system project, the construction of special infrastructure exclusively for its operation was determined. This system would include specialized bus corridors, equipped with single-use lanes, stations, bridges, bike paths and special pedestrian access platforms, designed to facilitate
7360-433: Was President of Gran Colombia , his brother Manuel José was Archbishop of Bogotá , and his brother Manuel María was a diplomat. General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera married twice. As was the custom among bourgeoisie at the time, both times he married maternal relatives. His first marriage was to Mariana Benvenuta Arboleda Arroyo, but it has been characterized as unhappy as a result of the frequent cheating of Mosquera, who had
7452-486: Was a Colombian general, political figure , and slaveholder . He was president of Colombia four times. The first time was as president of Republic of New Granada from 1845 to 1849. During the Colombian Civil War of 1860–1862 he led liberal forces in a civil war against conservative factions. After the liberals won, a new, federalist constitution was implemented, which established a two-year presidency, and
7544-452: Was a self-taught mathematician, historian, and writer, well-versed in Latin , English, French and Italian and wrote different books about philosophy and politics that have academical recognition. Already by 1814 he was involved in the independence movement and he was under command of General Simón Bolívar . By 1824 he had already been promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and in that year he battled
7636-411: Was able to seize the power in 1861, after which he promoted the creation of the United States of Colombia . During his second term as president (1861–1863), Mosquera enacted several decrees aimed to control the power of the Catholic Church, selling many of its properties to invigorate the economy and giving them to the poor Colombian people, and banning Jesuits from the country for their open support for
7728-854: Was also first one in the history of the Country to conduct a census. Finally, he promoted steam navigation over the Magdalena River , when he authorized in 1849 that exports could pass by the port of Barranquilla . His political measures were frowned upon by the sectors that had previously supported him in his presidential election, and he was much closer to liberals. By the end of his term he moved to New York city to devote in his family business, and he created an international trade house in there which went bankrupt. While in New York, he wrote his 'Memoria sobre geografía física y política de Nueva Granada', one of his many treatises in Colombian geography. He
7820-481: Was basically artisan work grouped in specific places, similar to commercial sectors. Plaza de Bolívar and surroundings lodged hat stores, at Calle del Comercio –current Carrera Seventh– and Calle Florián –now Carrera Eight– luxurious stores selling imported products opened their doors; at Pasaje Hernández, tailor's shops provided their services, and between 1870 and 1883, four main banks opened their doors: Bogotá, Colombia, Popular and Mortgage Credit banks. Following
7912-561: Was marked by intense conflict between federalist and centralist factions over the nature of the new government of the recently emancipated juntas, a period that has become known as la Patria Boba . The Province of Santafé became the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca , which soon became embroiled in a civil war against other of the local juntas which banded together to form the United Provinces of New Granada and advocated for
8004-521: Was member of a number of scientific societies in Latin America and Europe. He went back to Colombia some years later to fight the so-called Artisans' Revolution , and to defeat the dictatorship of José María Melo in 1854. By then he had fully converted to the liberal party, and as such he was a representative and senator in the Congress, as well as a candidate to presidential reelection in 1857, which he lost to conservative Mariano Ospina Rodríguez . With
8096-462: Was no real urban public transport system that would serve as an alternative to the private vehicle – which further incentivized its use – and the city had low levels of competitiveness in Latin America, as well as an unsatisfactory quality of life for the vast majority of its inhabitants. The administrations of mayors Andrés Pastrana (1988–90) and Jaime Castro (1992–94), in addition to the first of Antanas Mockus (1995–97), formulated proposals to solve
8188-513: Was rapid after 1870, largely because of emigration from the eastern highlands. Early in the 20th century, Colombia had to face devastating consequences from the One Thousand Days War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, and the loss of Panama . Between 1904 and 1909, the lawfulness of the liberal party was re-established and President Rafael Reyes endeavored to implement a national government. Peace and state reorganization generated
8280-468: Was the main ingredient of the Muisca, cultivated on elevated and irrigated terraces . Many words exist in Muysccubun for maize , corn and the various types and forms of it . The product was also the base for chicha ; the alcoholic beverage of the people, still sold in central Bogotá today. It was the beverage used to celebrate the construction of houses, harvests and sowing, ritual practices around
8372-536: Was the official date of founding, traditionally it is the 6 August 1538 that is considered the date of the actual foundation. The village obtained the title of City by way of a decree from Charles V on 27 July 1540, which changed the name of the city from Our Lady of Hope to Santa Fe (Holy Faith), after the name of a town nearby Granada where Jiménez de Quesada grew up. Jiménez de Quesada and conquerors De Belalcázar and Federmann left for Spain in April 1539, founding Guataquí together on 6 April 1539. The rule over
8464-572: Was victorious in the War of the Supremes in 1840. He was later sent as ambassador to Perú , Chile and Bolivia , between 1842 and 1845. In 1845, the so-called ministerial sector (who later would form the Conservative Party) supported Mosquera as a candidate for Presidency, and he was victorious. During his administration he emphasized economic opening up. In 1846 his administration signed
#521478