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88-398: Formed in 1952 (some sources say 1954), with the name Constructora Nacional de Carros de Ferrocarril SA (English: National Railway Car Manufacturing Company ), known as Concarril , or less commonly as CNCF , was a government-owned major rail vehicle manufacturer. From the 1950s through 1991, it manufactured a wide variety of passenger and freight cars, as well as locomotives . It

176-405: A bicycle rack , which is located inside the vehicles by the third set of doors from the front and can store two standard-sized bicycles. The rack also has a retractable pull-out strap to help hold one of the bicycles in place. The Flexity Outlook streetcars are equipped with an on-board wheel lubrication system to reduce squeal when the streetcars go around sharp curves. The TTC is also developing

264-633: A joint venture with Bombardier to manufacture freight railroad cars at the Bombardier Ciudad Sahagún plant. The partnership was named Greenbrier-Concarril LLC, and Greenbrier subsidiary Gunderson managed the U.S. company's involvement, as Gunderson-Concarril SA de CV. Production included boxcars , flatcars and gondola cars . In December 2004, Greenbrier purchased Bombardier's 50-percent interest and became sole owner of Greenbrier-Concarril LLC and Gunderson-Concarril SA, manufacturing freight cars only. Bombardier retained ownership of

352-539: A TTC board meeting on October 24, 2019, Bombardier said it lost money on the TTC order for Flexity streetcars, as customizing the Flexity Outlook model for Toronto's environment was not as easy as Bombardier had expected. The difficulties were adapting the vehicle to the non-standard track gauge, grades and sharp curves of the system, and replacing the type of steel used in order to resist salt corrosion. Another problem

440-612: A bid. Siemens gained a great deal of attention for its Combino Plus in 2007, with newspaper advertisements and a website, but eventually decided that "it was in [their] better interest not to bid". Only Bombardier and a small British firm, Tram Power , submitted bids. Bombardier had displayed a mock-up of the Flexity Swift built for the Minneapolis project but later offered a variant of the Flexity Outlook to meet

528-567: A contactless credit or debit card was introduced in August 2023 as part of a system-wide TTC rollout. For passengers paying with exact cash (coins only, no change given), they can use one of the two onboard fare vending machines (FVM) located at the middle double doors and obtain a single-ride paper ticket, which acts as POP and to use as a transfer on other connecting TTC routes. From December 2015 until December 2018, FVMs also accepted single-fare payments by contactless credit and debit cards. At

616-424: A distinct legal structure, with financial and developmental goals, like making services more accessible while earning profit (such as a state railway). They can be considered as government-affiliated entities designed to meet commercial and state capitalist objectives. The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it

704-580: A more modern pantograph current collection system . At 30 metres (98 ft) in length, the Flexity Outlook is almost twice as long as the TTC's older streetcars, with five articulated sections. Unlike previous streetcars used in Toronto, the vehicle is low-floor and accessible with major mechanical and electrical components mounted on the roof. The Flexity Outlook streetcars are the TTC's first low-floor streetcars , and they are accessible for passengers using wheelchairs or mobility devices. Only one step

792-481: A new vehicle every three weeks, but the company stated that measures would be taken to roll out three new vehicles per month until production was back on schedule. From 2014, Bombardier had supply chain problems resulting in situations of having too many of some components and shortages of others; the shortages resulted in production delays. Each vehicle consisted of roughly 10,000 components. Flexity Outlook streetcars 4400 and 4403 entered service on August 31, 2014, on

880-661: A public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g., railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g., postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g., nuclear facilities, alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking, demerit goods (e.g., alcoholic beverages ), and merit goods (healthcare). SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from

968-531: A quicker turnaround for subsequent vehicles. Prototype 4401 had already been sent to La Pocatière in May 2018, but it was never in revenue service as Bombardier had not yet modified it to TTC requirements. Originally, the last affected streetcar was to be returned to Toronto by 2023. However, due to the decline in ridership in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic , the TTC was able to send 22 instead of 7 streetcars at

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1056-495: A regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives. In Eastern Europe and Western Europe , there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II . In the Eastern Bloc , countries adopted very similar policies and models to

1144-699: A second manufacturing plant in La Pocatière , Quebec, along with an additional assembly line in an unspecified location to help with production being completed in Thunder Bay. Bombardier hopes that the La Pocatière site will address the "dimensional issues with some parts and sub-assemblies" that delay delivery. On September 28, 2016, TTC CEO Andy Byford said that there were 22 of the new streetcars in operation, and expressed doubts that Bombardier would be able to meet its promise of 30 total deliveries by

1232-501: A time back to Bombardier for warranty repairs. The TTC expects all warranty work to be completed by the end of 2021 based on the revised schedule. On October 16, 2015, the TTC announced that it has asked its board to consider legal action against Bombardier. TTC staff is recommending that the TTC board "commence legal action, or make a claim allowed for already in the contract, of $ 50   million for late delivery" against Bombardier. Bombardier had committed to delivering 67 streetcars to

1320-470: A total of 30 vehicles to be delivered by the end of 2015. That goal was only achieved one year later at the end of 2016. According to the original plan, Bombardier was to have delivered 73 Flexity Outlook streetcars by the end of 2015. By mid-October 2015, Bombardier admitted it had another production problem at its Ciudad Sahagún plant in Mexico, the same one responsible for faulty under-frames and sides on

1408-414: A wheel-mounted noise damping ring to further reduce high-pitch squeal, and hopes to begin prototype testing in the fourth quarter of 2017. The TTC is working to install improved lubrication system units at streetcar loops that are activated by the passage of a Flexity Outlook vehicle. These provide partial solutions to the problem. Other factors affecting wheel squeal on Flexity Outlook streetcars are: With

1496-562: Is a viable argument for SOEs is debated. SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy user fees , but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets. Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over

1584-764: Is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment. In most OPEC countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi Arabian national oil company , Saudi Aramco , which the Saudi government bought in 1988, changing its name from Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates Saudi Arabian Airlines , and owns 70% of SABIC as well as many other companies. China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by

1672-475: Is based on Bombardier's standardized Flexity Outlook product, which is also used in cities like Brussels , Marseille , and Geneva , but tailored to Toronto's needs. Specific design requirements included use of TTC's unique broad track gauge rather than standard gauge, the ability to handle tight turning radii of 11 metres (36 ft) and single-point switches , climb the city's steep hills and valleys , clearance, and ability to upgrade from trolley poles to

1760-542: Is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies are considered state-owned). Next, it is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular stock , without implying any special interference). Finally,

1848-617: Is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a " Crown corporation ", and in New Zealand as a " Crown entity ". The term " government-linked company " (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in Malaysia , to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange) corporate entities in which the government acquires a stake using a holding company . The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on

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1936-400: Is needed to board at any door, making accessing the streetcar easier for older people, pregnant women, people travelling with small children, or those travelling with heavy luggage. An extendable loading ramp for riders using wheelchairs, strollers or other mobility devices is located at the second set of doors of the vehicle. A passenger can signal the operator to deploy the ramp by pressing

2024-529: Is the first modern low-floor and accessible streetcar used in the city, improving access for people with disabilities, the elderly and people travelling with small children. With a length of over 30 metres (98 ft), they are the largest single-unit streetcars ever used by the TTC. They have four sliding doors, air conditioning , seating for up to 70 passengers, and interior bicycle racks. The vehicles are equipped with two on-board fare vending machines (FVM) along with Presto card readers. The introduction of

2112-659: Is the latest model of streetcar in the rolling stock of the Toronto streetcar system owned by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). Based on the Bombardier Flexity , they were first ordered in 2009 and were built by Bombardier Transportation in Thunder Bay and Kingston, Ontario , with specific modifications for Toronto, such as unidirectional operation and the ability to operate on

2200-517: The 510 Spadina streetcar line. Streetcar 4403 was delivered on May 31, 2014. The TTC had hoped to start with six Flexity Outlook vehicles in service but had to settle for just two because of production problems including the Bombardier labour strike. In September 2014, a month after the rollout of fare service on the Spadina line, riders of other routes expressed jealousy and impatience over

2288-835: The Mexico City Metro and light rail vehicles (LRVs) for the Guadalajara light rail system , the Monterrey Metro and the Xochimilco Light Rail line of Mexico City 's STE . The company made both steel-wheeled and rubber-tired subway cars for Mexico City. It also supplied subway cars to the Santiago Metro , in Chile (specifically the NS-88 trainset as a replacement for an NS-74 train that

2376-661: The Siemens Avenio ) were on display at the 2007 Canadian National Exhibition in front of the Enercare Centre , then known as the Direct Energy Centre. On September 19, 2007, the TTC published their specifications for the "LF LRV", as they called the proposed new streetcars. The specifications required that the vehicle would be compatible with the TTC's existing tracks, with tight turning radii (11 metres (36 ft)), good hill-climbing ability given

2464-715: The State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) . China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017 , China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies. China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer interior and western provinces, and aiding

2552-592: The Toronto Transit Commission , and MetroLinx , a regional transit authority in the Greater Toronto Area . Bombardier split construction of these vehicles between its Ciudad Sahagún factory and one of its factories in Thunder Bay . Welding the basic chassis was to take place in the Ciudad Sahagún factory, before shipping them to its facility in Thunder Bay for final assembly.. Bombardier fell years behind in delivery of these vehicles. Reports in

2640-404: The city's topography , and compatibility with single-leaf switches. The tender requested a streetcar of 27 to 30 metres (89 to 98 ft), with multiple points of articulation, and three powered bogies. Though the document stated that the TTC would accept a well-designed 70 percent low-floor streetcar, it decided to seek a 100-percent low-floor design, with folding ramps that could be fitted at

2728-572: The 100-percent low-floor requirement, promoting it with a website called "The Streetcar Redefined". Tram Power's product was the Citytram , a prototype of which was being tested on the Blackpool Tramway until it caught fire on January 24, 2007. On July 18, 2008, the TTC announced that both bids had been rejected – according to TTC chair Adam Giambrone , Bombardier's entry "would have derailed on Toronto streets", while TRAM Power's

Bombardier Transportation México - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-421: The 204-vehicle order. On October 12, 2017, Bombardier stated that it would deliver 35 Flexity Outlook streetcars by the end of 2017 instead of the planned 40. The company cited supply chain problems and that, to address these problems, it was setting up a second production site in addition to Thunder Bay, seeking additional suppliers and asking existing suppliers to increase their production. On January 1, 2018,

2904-573: The CLRV and ALRV streetcars had their horns installed in the late 1990s. Despite the Flexity Outlook vehicles being heavy-duty streetcars, their horns are similar to those used on TTC buses or regular automobiles. The gong and the horn can be heard from both ends of the vehicle. The Flexity Outlook streetcars are the TTC's first streetcars to be outfitted with amber digital LED destination and run number signs rather than manually operated roller blinds used on older vehicles. The destination signs are posted at

2992-623: The Canadian press repeated claims that the workers in the Thunder Bay plant that the work done in Ciudad Sahagún was not competently performed. Bombardier tried to speed up construction by opening up an additional production line in its plant in Kingston, Ontario . The Financial Post reported, in January 2015, that Bombardier's Thunder Bay plant blamed layoffs on Bombardier Ciudad Sahagún's delays in delivery. This in part resulted in defects to

3080-521: The Ciudad Sahagún plant had an impact on the Thunder Bay plant. Bombardier also had promised to deliver four more new streetcars in April with the commitment to have 54 streetcars running in Toronto by the end of 2016. However, Bombardier backed off this promise, saying it would only deliver 16 new streetcars in 2016, that is, 13 more than had already been delivered by April 25, 2016, an average of fewer than two deliveries per month. Bombardier says it will use

3168-528: The Flexity Outlook streetcars were tested on several routes, in a variety of weather conditions. In July 2014, a labour strike started at the Bombardier Thunder Bay plant. TTC spokesman Brad Ross said that despite the strike, the new vehicles would enter service on time even if there was only one new vehicle ready for fare service. Bombardier workers voted to accept a new contract on September 12, 2014. The Bombardier plan had been to roll out

3256-882: The Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad , Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera (the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and Permodalan Nasional Berhad . Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided

3344-606: The TTC announced that Bombardier had delivered 59 streetcars to date instead of the 65 it had predicted in October 2017 or the revised prediction of 63 from December. Thus, Bombardier delivered 29 streetcars in 2017 instead of the 35 predicted in October. In a December 21 email to the Toronto Star , Bombardier said it was still "mitigating issues in our supply chain". However, according to Bombardier's original delivery plan, there should have been 150 Flexity streetcars in Toronto at

3432-472: The TTC announced that it had chosen a customized version of the Flexity Outlook to replace the CLRV and ALRV fleet. On June 26, 2009, the Toronto City Council approved funding for 204 new vehicles and signed the contract with Bombardier. The City of Toronto committed one-third of the necessary funds, and requested funding from the provincial and federal government for the streetcars. While

3520-502: The TTC took delivery of the last of the 204 ordered from Bombardier. Streetcar 4603 was delivered by rail to the Hillcrest Complex from Thunder Bay. The last streetcar was a little over three weeks late, as Bombardier had promised to deliver the last car by the end of 2019. Just eight of the vehicles had been completed in Bombardier's Kingston plant; Bombardier had planned to have 30 vehicles manufactured there. Streetcar 4403

3608-720: The TTC would not accept them for fear they would break down on bumpy city streets. At the Thunder Bay plant, when workers went to attach the under-frame to the sidewalls, they found they were not square. To solve the problem, they wanted to rivet the two pieces together. The TTC rejected that solution, as according to Byford, rivets pop. There were still issues with loose screws, wiring and electrical connectors as of May 2015 . To address these problems, Bombardier retooled its Mexican operation in Ciudad Sahagún , Hidalgo (a former Concarril facility) and implemented new quality-assurance processes at Thunder Bay. Beginning in 2013,

Bombardier Transportation México - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-408: The TTC's chief streetcar engineer, each Flexity streetcar deploys its ramp four times a day on average. Inside the vehicle, there are two dedicated areas for passengers with wheelchairs or mobility scooters , as well as priority seating for disabled people, older people, and pregnant women. In the Flexity Outlook streetcars, a proof-of-payment (POP) system is used at all times. This is because

3784-591: The TTC's existing streetcar fleet nearing the end of its service life, the Commission began looking for a manufacturer to build new streetcars. In June 2007, the TTC launched a public consultation on the design of its new streetcars, including an online survey, and displays at Finch and Scarborough Centre stations , the Albion Centre, and Yonge–Dundas Square . Mockups of the Flexity Swift (as used in Minneapolis ) and Siemens Combino Plus (predecessor to

3872-479: The Thunder Bay plant to Canadian Pacific Railway 's Lambton Yard near Runnymede Road and St. Clair Avenue West. It was loaded on a flatbed trailer and arrived at Harvey Shop at the Hillcrest Complex a few days later. Streetcar 4400 was the first of three test vehicles delivered for testing and technology verification. The carset has the same number as the wooden mockup streetcar. The new vehicle

3960-1019: The USSR. Governments in Western Europe, both left and right of centre, saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies like industry was the norm. Typical sectors included telephones , electric power , fossil fuels , iron ore , railways , airlines , media , postal services , banks , and water . Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation , Equinor , and Águas de Portugal . A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in Finland, state-run enterprises ( liikelaitos ) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt ;

4048-466: The blue accessibility button by the inside or outside of this door. The ramp has two modes: if the streetcar stop is alongside a curb or raised platform, only a short portion is extended (the operator can open the ramp either from inside the driver booth or from the outside of the vehicle); if only street level is available, the operator will exit the vehicle and a further length of the ramp would extend to allow access at that level. According to Greg Ernst,

4136-591: The country's government-owned railroad company until the 1990s, purchased large numbers of railroad cars from Concarril, including various freight and passenger cars . The latter included sleeping cars in addition to conventional coaches. Dining cars were not one of its regular products; it built its first car in 1989, for FNM. The company also built locomotives for FNM and other railroads, and undertook rebuilding (or refurbishment) work on older locomotives and coaches. Passenger railway cars built by Concarril for urban rail transit use included subway/metro cars for

4224-706: The delay before new vehicles were ready to serve their routes. Before putting a newly delivered streetcar into service, the TTC tested its components, performed 600 kilometres (370 mi) of test running on the street, and installed the Presto fare machines. If the testing went well, the TTC released the new streetcar into revenue service. In December 2014, Bombardier was behind schedule in delivering new vehicles. By mid-December, Bombardier should have delivered 43 vehicles but had only delivered three. Seven new vehicles should have been delivered in 2013. TTC CEO Andy Byford had warned Bombardier that he would insist that they meet

4312-474: The doors to allow stepless boarding where platforms were not available. The fleet replacing the CLRVs and ALRVs was to remain single-ended with doors on the right only, and to retain current collection by trolley pole , but the TTC also requested that provision be made for future conversion to pantograph , and that the option of buying a bi-directional version of the streetcar for new lines be available. Provision

4400-571: The end of 2016. In January 2017, the TTC claimed that delays in delivery of the Flexity Outlook streetcars had resulted in both streetcar and bus shortages. Because the old CLRV and ALRV streetcars required extra maintenance, only 170 of the 200 old streetcars could be put into service. This shortage led to the replacement of streetcars by buses on some routes, which in turn led to a reduction of service on some bus routes. According to its revised plan issued in May 2016, Bombardier would deliver 40 streetcars in 2017, 76 in 2018 and 58 in 2019 to complete

4488-549: The end of 2016. However, Bombardier shipped the 30th vehicle on December 14, which arrived in Toronto on December 21. With the TTC's permission, Bombardier shipped the last four Flexity Outlook streetcars of 2016 to the Hillcrest Complex in an almost-finished state and completed them at the Leslie Barns. This allowed Bombardier to meet its 2016 delivery promise. However, according to Bombardier's original delivery plan, there should have been 100 Flexity streetcars in Toronto at

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4576-509: The end of 2017. TTC interim CEO Rick Leary revealed that the TTC was working on a contingency plan in the event that Bombardier missed the 2019 deadline. In February 2018, Bombardier announced it would set up a second production line in Kingston, Ontario to complement production at its Thunder Bay plant. The Kingston production line would require at least 100 new Bombardier employees and would start production of Toronto Flexity streetcars in

4664-542: The factory facilities and leased them to Greenbrier/Gunderson. Production of passenger railroad equipment continued to be undertaken by Bombardier Transportation (as subsidiary Bombardier Transportation México , formerly known as Bombardier-Concarril), using another part of the former-Concarril factory in Ciudad Sahagún. Bombardier won contracts for two of the largest rail vehicle contracts in North America, 204 Flexity Outlook and 182 Flexity Freedom streetcars, for

4752-598: The final schedule of all vehicles in time for new streetcars to replace the old fleet by 2019, or he would impose the penalty clauses in the delivery contract. One additional vehicle was expected to be delivered before the end of the year. In January 2015, the Leslie Barns facility for the new vehicles was expected to be almost empty when it opened in 2015, as Bombardier had fallen so far behind in delivery. In February 2015, TTC chair Josh Colle said Bombardier had agreed to deliver vehicles more frequently, and he expected

4840-507: The form of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). The Malaysian government launched a GLC Transformation Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the Prime Minister , and membership included

4928-447: The front, rear, and sides of the vehicle, which identify the route number, name, and destination. Older vehicles only displayed the route number and destination for brevity. The Flexity streetcars also display two blue bullseye lights on the front to indicate that they are accessible vehicles. As with all TTC vehicles, the Flexity Outlook streetcars have on-board automated audible and visual next stop announcements, which are broadcast over

5016-412: The leading application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If

5104-592: The negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of public-private partnerships . SOEs are common with natural monopolies , because they allow capturing economies of scale while they can simultaneously achieve

5192-406: The new streetcars. The new problem is the "crimping of electrical connectors" causing new production and delivery delays. To correct the crimping issue, Bombardier has to effectively check 20,000 wires per vehicle requiring about 13 to 16 extra shifts per vehicle. Bombardier hopes to make up for the delay in 2016, when it would produce one streetcar every five days. Welding at the Ciudad Sahagún plant

5280-599: The operator is not responsible for fare collection since the operator sits inside a closed cab. Under the POP system, passengers are required to carry proof that they have paid their fares, such as a paper transfer receipt or a tapped-in Presto card or contactless credit and debit card . The Flexity streetcars have six Presto fare readers on them, where customers can tap their Presto card or contactless credit and debit card upon boarding to pay their fares. The ability to pay with

5368-399: The private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when spillover effects exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this

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5456-428: The proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC. The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called corporatization . In economic theory ,

5544-565: The provincial government agreed to fund one-third of the project, the federal government was unwilling to provide any money before the June 27, 2009, deadline approached to finalize the contract with Bombardier. Finally, Toronto City Council voted on June 26, 2009, to commit the other one-third of the funding by deferring other capital projects, such that the funding formula became two-thirds municipal and one-third provincial funding. The official contributions were announced by TTC Chair Karen Stintz at

5632-451: The question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of incomplete contracts developed by Oliver Hart and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed

5720-593: The rail vehicles in Mexico. [REDACTED] Media related to Concarril at Wikimedia Commons Government-owned corporation A state-owned enterprise ( SOE ) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goods at lower prices, implement government policies, or serve remote areas where private businesses are scarce. The government typically holds full or majority ownership and oversees operations. SOEs have

5808-438: The railway flatcar and down the ramp. Prototype vehicles 4401 and 4402 underwent almost a year of extensive testing in Toronto. That testing triggered a change to the design of the loading ramps, over which a wheelchair used to tilt. The vehicles would only become TTC property when their ramps are retrofitted to the new design. According to CEO Andy Byford in 2015, the first Flexity streetcars were so poorly manufactured that

5896-551: The same year. For some types of vehicles, Bombardier initially maintained use of the same designs as had been used by Concarril, such as for light rail cars for the Monterrey Metro, where a batch of 23 built in 1990 by Concarril and a batch of 25 built in 1992–93 by Bombardier were described by one writer as being "almost identical". In 1998, the Greenbrier Companies , of Lake Oswego, Oregon , entered into

5984-515: The secretariat to the PCG and managed the implementation of the programme, which was completed in 2015. As of 2024, Philippines Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) is the most profitable state-owned enterprise in the Philippines. It is the third largest contributor to government revenues, following taxes and customs. Bombardier Flexity Outlook (Toronto) The Flexity Outlook

6072-469: The service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase transaction costs (such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives. Compared to

6160-465: The state answers for the liabilities. Stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government-approved, as they are government liabilities. State-owned enterprises are a major component of the economy of Belarus . The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises

6248-497: The state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability. China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the Belt and Road Initiative . As of at least 2024, an Ethiopian SOE is Africa's largest and most profitable airline, as well as Ethiopia's largest earner of foreign exchange. In India , government enterprises exist in

6336-657: The term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so the term "corporations" is frequently used instead. Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation, government-sponsored enterprise , commercial government agency, state-privatised industry public sector undertaking, or parastatal, among others. In some Commonwealth realms , ownership by The Crown

6424-593: The third quarter of 2018. With two production lines, Bombardier plans to deliver 65 streetcars in 2018, and 77 in 2019. By December 2018, the TTC had 117 Flexity streetcars available for revenue service with four more approved for delivery. Bombardier had promised to deliver 121 streetcars by the end of 2018. Bombardier had invested $ 20   million to increase production capacity and began to produce Flexity streetcars at its Kingston facility in December 2018 (three months later than planned) as well as at Thunder Bay. At

6512-548: The time, the Flexity streetcars were the only surface vehicles in the TTC network where this form of payment was accepted; however, this feature was removed because it caused FVMs to malfunction. The Flexity streetcars have both a gong and a horn. Instead of the mechanical gongs used on older vehicles, the Flexity Outlook vehicles use an amplified digital recording of a gong. They are also the first vehicles to have built-in electronic horns fleet-wide upon delivery, while most of

6600-603: The unique broad Toronto gauge ( 1,495 mm / 4 ft 10 + 7 ⁄ 8  in). Excluding the TTC's heritage collection of a few older streetcars, the entire active streetcar fleet consists of Flexity Outlook vehicles. They replaced the Canadian Light Rail Vehicle (CLRV) and its articulated counterpart, the Articulated Light Rail Vehicle (ALRV), which were all retired in December 2019. The Flexity Outlook

6688-592: The unveiling on November 15, 2012. The Province of Ontario contributed $ 416.3   million, the federal government indirectly contributed $ 108   million through its gas tax fund, and the City of Toronto and TTC contributed $ 662   million, for a total cost of $ 1.2   billion. A partial mockup of the new streetcar was put on display at the Hillcrest Complex for tours in November 2011. The first vehicle arrived in Toronto on September 25, 2012, by rail from

6776-481: The vehicle led to the use of a proof-of-payment (POP) system with all-door boarding and alighting. Line 5 Eglinton , a light rail line under construction, will use the similar Flexity Freedom light rail vehicle once it opens for revenue service, which—like the Flexity Outlook—is also a low-floor accessible vehicle. The two models are not compatible for several reasons , including track gauge . The vehicle

6864-439: The vehicle's interior public address (PA) system and on overhead signs. They were also the first vehicles – when they were introduced in 2014 – to be outfitted with external PA systems that announce the vehicle's route and destination, and – unlike other TTC vehicles – it can be used for live operator-based public service announcements. The Flexity Outlook streetcars have

6952-418: The vehicle, such as on the bogie and the articulated portals. Bombardier will do the corrective work at its plant in La Pocatière, Quebec, with each vehicle requiring 19 weeks to repair. On September 7, 2018, Flexity Outlook 4400 was the first to be pulled from service and sent by rail to La Pocatière. Bombardier expects to return it in June 2019. After fixing the first four or five vehicles, Bombardier expects

7040-470: The vehicles and delays in final delivery, leading to a C$ 50 million lawsuit filed by the Toronto Transit Commission , the purchaser of the vehicles. The plant built a series of Electro-Motive Diesel locomotives . The plant has built over 100 light rail vehicles for rapid transit systems in Mexico 's three largest cities, Guadalajara , Monterrey , and Mexico City . The plant has built 70 percent of

7128-472: Was also causing production problems. There was an inadequate knowledge transfer from German staff. Until 2016, there was also a high turnover of Mexican welders because of better-paying jobs elsewhere. To address the problem, Bombardier had to hire more expertise and strive to retain plant staff. Six welding techniques were originally used to build Flexity Outlook components, but this was later reduced to two to simplify production. The earlier welding problems at

7216-459: Was delivered as a prototype and was sent back to Bombardier in May 2018 for conversion to TTC requirements; the modified streetcar was delivered on May 11, 2020. In early July 2018, Bombardier announced it was recalling 67 of the 89 Flexity streetcars already delivered in order to correct a welding defect. The work is needed to allow the streetcars to last 30 years, their contractual service life. Some welds were not properly fused in several areas of

7304-512: Was destroyed during a terrorist attack in 1986); that was part of an effort by the Mexican government in 1990 to boost exports of manufactured goods, which also encompassed a planned sale of 200 Concarril-built freight cars to Venezuela. In spring 1992, the company was acquired from the Mexican government by Bombardier of Canada, becoming part of Bombardier Transportation , as a subsidiary named Bombardier-Concarril SA . Production resumed later

7392-431: Was not "commercially compliant" – and reopened the contract. Bombardier actively disputed this claim, adding that it could either supply a compliant vehicle or pay for CA$ 10.4   million of construction to make the TTC's track network compliant. The TTC entered into direct negotiations with three companies ( Alstom , Siemens, and Bombardier) following its August 27, 2008, commission meeting. On April 24, 2009,

7480-476: Was owned by the Mexican government . After accumulating too much debt , it ceased operating in December 1991 and was sold to Bombardier Transportation in April 1992 for around US$ 68 million. At that time, it was the largest manufacturer of railway rolling stock in Mexico. Production resumed at the Ciudad Sahagún facilities after Bombardier took over. The Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (FNM, or NdeM),

7568-420: Was the inadequate knowledge transfer of skills from Germany to the Bombardier plant in Mexico. At the time of this announcement, Bombardier had shipped 188 streetcars to Toronto and expected to ship the remaining 16 by the end of the year. However, Bombardier admitted that one of its suppliers, that produced doors and braking systems among other components, was having production difficulties. On January 24, 2020,

7656-493: Was to be made for ticket-vending machines on board, rather than have the driver take fares. Bombardier , Siemens , AnsaldoBreda , Mytram, Vossloh Kiepe , and Kinki Sharyo all expressed interest in competing to supply the new streetcars, but most dropped out of the bidding at various stages. While the TTC expressed interest in the vehicles built by Škoda for the Portland Streetcar , that company did not submit

7744-401: Was unveiled to the public at the TTC's Hillcrest complex during a media conference on November 15, 2012. The TTC added a railway siding with an unloading ramp at the Hillcrest Complex for the unloading of Flexity Outlook streetcars shipped by Bombardier. (The ramp was not finished in time for the arrival of 4400.) A CLRV streetcar was used as a tractor to pull a new Flexity Outlook off of

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