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85-573: Currently the CIG has 4,480 labour delegates (28.28% of the total) and more than 80,000 members, being the largest union in Galicia both in membership and delegates. This article related to a European trade union is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organisation based in Spain is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to Galicia

170-763: A Briton colony and bishopric (see Mailoc ) was established in Northern Galicia ( Britonia ), probably as foederati and allies of the Suebi. In 585, the Visigothic King Leovigild invaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it, bringing it under Visigoth control. Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which

255-595: A separatist coup attempt in 1846 against the authoritarian regime of Ramón María Narváez . Solís and his forces were defeated at the Battle of Cacheiras , 23 April 1846, and the survivors, including Solís himself, were shot. They have taken their place in Galician memory as the Martyrs of Carral or simply the Martyrs of Liberty. Defeated on the military front, Galicians turned to culture. The Rexurdimento focused on

340-486: A Galician from Ferrol – ruled as dictator from the civil war until he died in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by José Castro Veiga ("O Piloto") and Benigno Andrade ("Foucellas"), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed. In

425-772: A day-to-day basis, while 48% most often used Spanish. The name Galicia derives from the Latin toponym Callaecia, later Gallaecia , related to the name of an ancient Celtic tribe that resided north of the Douro river, the Gallaeci or Callaeci in Latin , or Καλλαϊκoί ( Kallaïkoí ) in Greek . These Callaeci were the first tribe in the area to help the Lusitanians against the invading Romans. The Romans applied their name to all

510-697: A general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bolaño, Diego de Andrade, or Lope Sánchez de Moscoso, among others. The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500—a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor - Captain General as a direct representative of the King—implied initially

595-520: A lesser degree of Romanization . In the 3rd century, it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias , and a large section of what today is known as Castile and León . In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe ( Suebi , Vandals and Alani ) to cross the Rhine and penetrate

680-696: A major part of the Roman province known as Gallaecia prior to 409. It consists of the provinces of A Coruña , Lugo , Ourense and Pontevedra . It is bounded on the north by the Cantabrian Sea , to the south by Portugal, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east by principality of Asturias and the community of Castile and León . The archipelago of the Cíes Islands , the Ons archipelago,

765-454: A new language: Latin . The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps ( castra ) as Aquis Querquennis , Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti ( Lugo ), roads ( viae ) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules , in Corunna , but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century AD, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to

850-666: A pastoral letter that was not well received by the Franco regime, about a demonstration in Bazán (Ferrol) where two workers died. As part of the transition to democracy upon the death of Franco in 1975, Galicia regained its status as an autonomous region within Spain with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, which begins, "Galicia, historical nationality, is constituted as an Autonomous Community to access to its self-government, in agreement with

935-587: A process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call the Xunta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia , an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws. The modern period of the Kingdom of Galicia began with

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1020-407: A route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors . During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings , while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes ) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as

1105-496: A system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela. In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia . In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of León ; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized

1190-485: A total area of 29,574 km (11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands and islets, among them Cíes Islands , Ons , Sálvora , Cortegada Island , which together form the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park , and the largest and most populated, A Illa de Arousa . The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during

1275-624: Is Galicia . Due to Galicia's history and culture with mythology, the land has been called " Terra Meiga " (land of the witches/witch(ing) land). The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela , which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic . The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces

1360-487: Is Santiago de Compostela , in the province of A Coruña . Vigo , in the province of Pontevedra , is the largest municipality and A Coruña the most populated city in Galicia. Two languages are official and widely used today in Galicia: the native Galician ; and Spanish , usually called Castilian . While most Galicians are bilingual, a 2013 survey reported that 51% of the Galician population spoke Galician most often on

1445-422: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Galicia (Spain) Galicia ( / ɡ ə ˈ l ɪ ʃ ( i ) ə / gə- LISH -(ee-)ə ; Galician : Galicia [ɡaˈliθjɐ] (officially) or Galiza [ɡaˈliθɐ] ; Spanish : Galicia [ɡaˈliθja] ) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in

1530-503: Is a ski resort. Galicia is poetically known as the "country of the thousand rivers " ("o país dos mil ríos"). The largest and most important of these rivers is the Miño , poetically known as O Pai Miño (Father Miño), which is 307.5 km (191.1 mi) long and discharges 419 m (548 cu yd) per second, with its affluent the Sil , which has created a spectacular canyon. Most of

1615-566: Is commonly understood as Spanish landscape. Nevertheless, Galicia has some important environmental problems. Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management. Massive eucalyptus plantation, especially of Eucalyptus globulus , began in

1700-633: Is the Megalithic culture, which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras. Thousands of Megalithic tumuli are distributed throughout the country, mostly along the coastal areas. Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally as anta ( dolmen ), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later influenced by the Bell Beaker culture . Its rich mineral deposits of tin and gold led to

1785-537: The Francisco Franco era, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de España (ENCE) in Pontevedra , which wanted it for its pulp. Galician photographer Delmi Álvarez began documenting the fires in Galicia in 2006 in a project called Queiman Galiza (Burn Galicia) . Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations, Galicia is also notable for

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1870-694: The Middle Paleolithic period, and takes its name from the Gallaeci , the Celtic people living north of the Douro River during the last millennium BC. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, and was made a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga ; this kingdom

1955-576: The Partido Galeguista (PG) was the most important of a shifting collection of Galician nationalist parties. Following a referendum on a Galician Statute of Autonomy , Galicia was granted the status of an autonomous region. Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war: it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful, and it remained in Nationalist hands (Franco's army) throughout

2040-579: The Romans , along with Finistère in Brittany and Land's End in Cornwall , to be the end of the known world. All along the Galician coast are various archipelagos near the mouths of the rías . These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks. Among

2125-490: The Serra dos Ancares (on the border with León and Asturias ), O Courel (on the border with León), O Eixe (the border between Ourense and Zamora ), Serra de Queixa (in the center of Ourense province), O Faro (the border between Lugo and Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (border of Lugo and A Coruña), Montemaior (A Coruña), Montes do Testeiro , Serra do Suído , and Faro de Avión (between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to

2210-488: The Spanish Constitution and with the present Statute (…)". Varying degrees of nationalist or independentist sentiment are evident at the political level. The Bloque Nacionalista Galego or BNG, is a conglomerate of left-wing parties and individuals that claims Galician political status as a nation. From 1990 to 2005, Manuel Fraga, former minister and ambassador in the Franco dictatorship, presided over

2295-459: The Statute of Autonomy of 1936 , soon frustrated by Franco's coup d'état and subsequent long dictatorship. After democracy was restored the legislature passed the Statute of Autonomy of 1981 , approved in referendum and currently in force, providing Galicia with self-government. The interior of Galicia is characterized by a hilly landscape; mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in

2380-562: The Suebi , founded by king Hermeric in 409. By the 6th century the kingdom of the Suebi was already known as the Kingdom of Galicia, Gregory of Tours being the first chronicler to use this denomination. First Royal Dynasty (409–456) Kings during a Suebic Civil War (457–469) Note: the civil war split the kingdom, and multiple kings ruled smaller regions of Galicia. Dark Period (469–550) Final Suevic Period (550–585) The Visigoth kings took control of Galicia in 585, which became

2465-601: The Sálvora archipelago and other island such as Cortegada , Arousa , the Sisargas Islands and the Malveiras Islands are also part of Galicia. Galicia has about 2,795,422 inhabitants which mainly combines the coastal strip between Ferrol and A Coruña in the northwest and between Vilagarcía de Arousa and Vigo in the southwest. The medieval and modern Kingdom of Galicia derived of the kingdom of

2550-561: The 'People's Party' lost its absolute majority, though remaining (barely) the largest party in the parliament, with 43% of the total votes. As a result, power passed to a coalition of the Partido dos Socialistas de Galicia (PSdeG) ('Galician Socialists ' Party'), a federal sister-party of Spain's main social-democratic party, the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, 'Spanish Socialist Workers Party') and

2635-522: The 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an Adiantado-mór , whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century. The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia , a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom

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2720-606: The 16th century through to the mid-18th century, when written Galician almost completely disappeared except for private or occasional uses but the spoken language remained the common language of the people in the villages and even the cities. From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of the Spanish Empire , found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against

2805-461: The 1960s, ministers such as Manuel Fraga Iribarne introduced some reforms allowing technocrats affiliated with Opus Dei to modernize administration in a way that facilitated capitalist economic development. However, for decades Galicia was largely confined to the role of a supplier of raw materials and energy to the rest of Spain, causing environmental havoc and leading to a wave of migration to Venezuela and to various parts of Europe. Fenosa ,

2890-526: The 2000–2010 decade has degraded it partially. Galicia is quite mountainous , a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico ( Serra do Eixe , Serra da Lastra , Serra do Courel ), also known as Macizo Galaico-Leonés , located in the eastern parts, bordering with Castile and León . Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral (northern Lugo ),

2975-561: The A Nave Cape in Fisterra (also known as Finisterre), and Cape Touriñán, both in the province of A Coruña. The interior of Galicia is a hilly landscape, composed of relatively low mountain ranges, usually below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, without sharp peaks, rising to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the eastern mountains. There are many rivers, most (though not all) running down relatively gentle slopes in narrow river valleys, though at times their courses become far more rugged, as in

3060-621: The Castilian language (i.e. Spanish) and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature . During the 14th and 15th centuries, the progressive distancing of the kings from Galician affairs left the kingdom in the hands of the local knights, counts, and bishops, who frequently fought each other to increase their fiefs, or simply to plunder

3145-696: The French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whose privateers attacked the coastal areas, but major assaults were not common as the coastline was difficult and the harbors easily defended. The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589, and the siege of A Coruña in 1589 by the English Armada . Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids by Barbary pirates , but not as frequently as

3230-533: The Galician autonomous government, the Xunta de Galicia . Fraga was associated with the Partido Popular ('People's Party', Spain's main national conservative party) since its founding. In 2002, when the oil tanker Prestige sank and covered the Galician coast in oil, Fraga was accused by the grassroots movement Nunca Mais ("Never again") of having been unwilling to react. In the 2005 Galician elections,

3315-467: The Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement. Vicente Risco and Ramón Otero Pedrayo were outstanding cultural figures of this movement, and the magazine Nós ('Us'), founded in 1920, its most notable cultural institution, Lois Peña Novo the outstanding political figure. The Second Spanish Republic was declared in 1931. During the republic,

3400-523: The Mediterranean coastal areas. The most famous Barbary attack was the bloody sack of the town of Cangas in 1617. At the time, the king's petitions for money and troops became more frequent, due to the human and economic exhaustion of Castile; the Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia (the local Cortes or representative assembly ) was initially receptive to these petitions, raising large sums, accepting

3485-538: The Middle Ages from Gallaecia , sometimes written Galletia , to Gallicia . In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language, Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form, Galicia , which is also the spelling of the name in Spanish . The historical denomination Galiza became popular again during

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3570-534: The Netherlands, France, and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine. In the late years of the 15th century the written form of the Galician language began a slow decline as it was increasingly replaced by Spanish, which would culminate in the Séculos Escuros "the Dark Centuries" of the language, roughly from

3655-601: The Romans called Gallaeci , which were composed of a large series of nations or tribes, among them the Artabri , Bracari , Limici , Celtici , Albiones and Lemavi . They were capable fighters: Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania , while Appian mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According to Pomponius Mela all

3740-648: The Rías Baixas regions, at places such as Tourón and Campo Lameiro . The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age , and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people

3825-500: The area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137–136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC – 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be – sometimes forcibly – abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and

3910-732: The canyons of the Sil river, Galicia's second most important river after the Miño . Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of many firth -like inlets along the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age . These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas ("High Rías"), and the larger Rías Baixas ("Low Rías"). The Rías Altas include Ribadeo, Foz, Viveiro, O Barqueiro, Ortigueira, Cedeira, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coruña, Corme e Laxe and Camariñas. The Rías Baixas, found south of Fisterra, include Corcubión, Muros e Noia, Arousa , Pontevedra and Vigo. The Rías Altas can sometimes refer only to those east of Estaca de Bares , with

3995-523: The chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as "doma del Reino de Galicia": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia ), and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as

4080-628: The civil governors of all four Galician provinces; Juana Capdevielle , the wife of the governor of A Coruña; mayors such as Ánxel Casal of Santiago de Compostela, of the Partido Galeguista; prominent socialists such as Jaime Quintanilla in Ferrol and Emilio Martínez Garrido in Vigo ; Popular Front deputies Antonio Bilbatúa , José Miñones , Díaz Villamil , Ignacio Seoane , and former deputy Heraclio Botana ); soldiers who had not joined

4165-449: The conscription of the men of the kingdom, and even commissioning a new naval squadron which was sustained with the incomes of the Kingdom. After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia , the Junta changed its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and

4250-412: The defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga , and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile , considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, defeated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing

4335-526: The development of Bronze Age metallurgy , and the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic coast of Western Europe. A shared elite culture evolved in this region during the Atlantic Bronze Age . Dating from the end of the Megalithic era, and up to the Bronze Age , numerous stone carvings ( petroglyphs ) are found in open air. They usually represent cup and ring marks , labyrinths , deer , Bronze Age weapons, and riding and hunting scenes. Large numbers of these stone carvings can be found in

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4420-463: The east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of rias and beaches. The climate of Galicia is usually temperate and rainy, with markedly drier summers; it is usually classified as Oceanic . Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history, allowing for a relatively high density of population. Except shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia

4505-402: The end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century and is still used with some frequency today. The Xunta de Galicia , the local devolved government , uses Galicia . The Royal Galician Academy , the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language, whilst recognizing Galiza as a legitimate current denomination, has stated that the only official name of the country

4590-402: The extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especially cattle , an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades. Kings of Galicia Galicia is an autonomous community and historical nationality in modern-day northwestern Spain on the Iberian Peninsula , which was

4675-708: The inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people . Gallaeci lived in castros . These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located on hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well known castros can be found on the seashore at: Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baroña, and O Neixón; and inland at: San Cibrao de Lás , Borneiro, Castromao, and Viladonga. Some other distinctive features, such as temples, baths, reservoirs, warrior statues, and decorative carvings have been found associated with this culture, together with rich gold and metalworking traditions. The Roman legions first entered

4760-466: The invaders. The 1833 territorial division of Spain put a formal end to the Kingdom of Galicia, unifying Spain into a single centralized monarchy. Instead of seven provinces and a regional administration, Galicia was reorganized into the current four provinces. Although it was recognized as a "historical region", that status was strictly honorific. In reaction, nationalist and federalist movements arose. The liberal General Miguel Solís Cuetos led

4845-445: The lands of others. At the same time, the deputies of the Kingdom in the Cortes stopped being called. The Kingdom of Galicia, slipping away from the control of the King, responded with a century of fiscal insubordination. On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandiñas ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with

4930-429: The lower portion of the Miño and the portions of various rivers that have been dammed into reservoirs. Some rivers are navigable by small boats in their lower reaches: this is taken great advantage of in several semi-aquatic festivals and pilgrimages. Galicia has preserved some of its dense forests. It is relatively unpolluted, and its landscapes composed of green hills, cliffs, and rias are generally different from what

5015-470: The monopolistic supplier of electricity, built hydroelectric dams, flooding many Galician river valleys. The Galician economy finally began to modernize with a French Citroën factory in Vigo, the modernization of the canning industry and the fishing fleet, and eventually a modernization of small peasant farming practices, especially in the production of cows' milk. In the province of Ourense, businessman and politician Eulogio Gómez Franqueira gave impetus to

5100-488: The most important of these are the archipelagos of Cíes , Ons , and Sálvora . Together with Cortegada Island , these make up the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park . Other significant islands are Islas Malveiras, Islas Sisargas, and, the largest and holding the largest population, Arousa Island . The coast of this 'green corner' of the Iberian Peninsula, some 1,500 km (930 mi) in length, attracts great numbers of tourists, although real estate development in

5185-491: The most votes. Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi). Its northernmost point, at 43°47′N, is Estaca de Bares (also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41°49′N, is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xurés Natural Park . The easternmost longitude is at 6°42′W on the border between the province of Ourense and the Castilian-Leonese province of Zamora ) its westernmost at 9°18′W reached in two places:

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5270-473: The name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kl(H)-no- 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, also attested in Celtiberian , so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia , being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói , means 'the land of the Galicians'. Another recent proposal comes from linguist Francesco Benozzo after identifying

5355-419: The nationalist Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG). As the senior partner in the new coalition, the PSdeG nominated its leader, Emilio Pérez Touriño , to serve as Galicia's new president, with Anxo Quintana , the leader of BNG, as its vice president. In 2009, the PSdG-BNG coalition lost the elections, and the government went back to the People's Party (conservative), even though the PSdG-BNG coalition obtained

5440-404: The northwest Iberian Peninsula , it includes the provinces of A Coruña , Lugo , Ourense , and Pontevedra . Galicia is located in Atlantic Europe . It is bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Cantabrian Sea to the north. It had a population of 2,701,743 in 2018 and

5525-446: The other tribes in the northwest who spoke the same language and lived the same life. The toponymy of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors such as Isidore of Seville , who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk. (See the etymology of the word galaxy .) In the 21st century, some scholars (J.J. Moralejo, Carlos Búa) have derived

5610-432: The others being called Rías Medias ("Intermediate Rías"). Erosion by the Atlantic Ocean has contributed to the great number of capes . Besides the aforementioned Estaca de Bares in the far north, separating the Atlantic Ocean from the Cantabrian Sea, other notable capes are Cape Ortegal , Cape Prior, Punta Santo Adrao, Cape Vilán, Cape Touriñán (westernmost point in Galicia), Cape Finisterre or Fisterra, considered by

5695-453: The political capital Santiago de Compostela and the industrial cities Vigo and Ferrol . The population is largely concentrated in two main areas: from Ferrol to A Coruña on the northern coast, and in the Rías Baixas region in the southwest, including the cities of Vigo , Pontevedra , and the interior city of Santiago de Compostela . There are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo and Ourense . The political capital

5780-451: The raising of livestock and poultry by establishing the Cooperativa Orensana S.A. (Coren). During the last decade of Franco's rule, there was a renewal of nationalist feeling in Galicia. The early 1970s were a time of unrest among university students, workers, and farmers. In 1972, general strikes in Vigo and Ferrol cost the lives of Amador Rey and Daniel Niebla. Later, the bishop of Mondoñedo - Ferrol , Miguel Anxo Araúxo Iglesias , wrote

5865-491: The rebellion, such as Generals Rogelio Caridad Pita and Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo and Admiral Antonio Azarola ; and the founders of the PG, Alexandre Bóveda and Víctor Casas , as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists, as the journalist Manuel Lustres Rivas or physician Luis Poza Pastrana . Many others were forced to escape into exile, or were victims of other reprisals and removed from their jobs and positions. General Francisco Franco – himself

5950-470: The recovery of the Galician language as a vehicle of social and cultural expression. Among the writers associated with this movement are Rosalía de Castro , Manuel Murguía , Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro , and Eduardo Pondal . In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega (1907–1912) modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia . Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhood of

6035-515: The rivers in the inland are tributaries of this river system, which drains some 17,027 km (6,574 sq mi). Other rivers run directly into the Atlantic Ocean or the Cantabrian Sea , most of them having short courses. Only the Navia , Ulla , Tambre , and Limia have courses longer than 100 km (62 mi). Galicia's many hydroelectric dams take advantage of the steep, deep, narrow rivers and their canyons. Due to their steep course, few of Galicia's rivers are navigable, other than

6120-488: The root gall- / kall- in a number of Celtic words with the meaning "stone" or "rock", as follows: gall (old Irish), gal (Middle Welsh), gailleichan (Scottish Gaelic), kailhoù (Breton), galagh (Manx) and gall (Gaulish). Hence, Benozzo explains the ethnonym Callaeci as being "the stone people" or "the people of the stone" ("those who work with stones"), about the builders of the ancient megaliths and stone formations so common in Galicia. The name evolved during

6205-642: The rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty ( foedus ) by which the Suebi would settle peacefully and govern Galicia as imperial allies. So, from 409 Galicia was taken by the Suebi, forming the first medieval kingdom to be created in Europe, in 411, even before the fall of the Roman Empire, being also the first Germanic kingdom to mint coinage in Roman lands. During this period

6290-573: The sixth province of the Kingdom of Toledo. Galicia maintained a distinguishable administrative and legal identity up to the collapse of the Visigothic monarchy. In 740, Alfonso I of Asturias captured Galicia from the Muslims. In 910, Alfonso III the Great was forced to abdicate in favor of his sons, Ordoño, Fruela and Garcia, who partitioned the kingdom amongst them. Ordoño was the first to adopt

6375-615: The south, A Peneda , O Xurés and O Larouco , all on the border of Ourense and Portugal . The highest point in Galicia is Trevinca or Pena Trevinca (2,124 metres or 6,969 feet), located in the Serra do Eixe, at the border between Ourense and León and Zamora provinces. Other tall peaks are Pena Survia (2,112 metres or 6,929 feet) in the Serra do Eixe, O Mustallar (1,935 metres or 6,348 feet) in Os Ancares , and Cabeza de Manzaneda (1,782 metres or 5,846 feet) in Serra de Queixa, where there

6460-563: The submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille , including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with

6545-536: The successful uprising of the local people against the new French authorities, together with the support of the British Army , limited the occupation to six months in 1808–1809. During the pre-war period the Supreme Council of the Kingdom of Galicia ( Junta Suprema del Reino de Galicia ), auto-proclaimed interim sovereign in 1808, was the sole government of the country and mobilized near 40,000 men against

6630-456: The support of several knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja , part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which

6715-683: The war. While there were no pitched battles, there was repression and death: all political parties were abolished, as were all labor unions and Galician nationalist organizations as the Seminario de Estudos Galegos . Galicia's statute of autonomy was annulled (as were those of Catalonia and the Basque provinces once those were conquered). According to Carlos Fernández Santander , at least 4,200 people were killed either extrajudicially or after summary trials, among them republicans, communists, Galician nationalists, socialists, and anarchists. Victims included

6800-471: Was based on a farming and fishing economy until after the mid-20th century, when it began to industrialize. In 2018, the nominal gross domestic product was €62.900 billion, with a nominal GDP per capita of €23,300. Galicia is characterised, unlike other Spanish regions, by the absence of a metropolis dominating the territory. Indeed, the urban network is made up of 7 main cities: the four provincial capitals A Coruña , Pontevedra , Ourense and Lugo ,

6885-639: Was considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia. In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista . As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Camiño de Santiago) a major pilgrim road,

6970-536: Was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce. So, in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch, and though the tension did not rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia, there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia. During the Peninsular War

7055-470: Was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia . This institution was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the culture of Galicia. This resulted in

7140-898: Was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate invaded the Iberian Peninsula conquering the Visigoth kingdom of Hispania by 718, but soon Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias by 740. During the Middle Ages , the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings , but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile , while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and culture. From

7225-410: Was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias , usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia ( Yillīqiya and Galīsiya ) by Muslim chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language . During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what

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