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101-591: The Connecticut River Railroad (CRRR) was formed in 1845 by the merger of the Northampton and Springfield Railroad (chartered in 1842) with the Greenfield and Northampton Railroad . The CRRR first line opened between Springfield and Northampton in 1845 and by the following summer was extended to Deerfield, Massachusetts , and then to Greenfield in November 1846. In 1849, the line was extended further north to

202-632: A "special place in American history". As Mary Rowlandson 's popular captivity narrative The Sovereignty and Goodness of God did a generation earlier, the sensational tale stressed reliance on God's mercy and "kept alive the spirit of the Puritan mission" in eighteenth century New England. Williams' account heightened tensions between English settlers and Native Americans and their French allies and led to more war preparedness among settler communities. The events at Deerfield were not commonly described as

303-529: A 300-mile (480 km) journey, in the middle of winter. Many of the captives were ill-prepared for this, and the raiders were short on provisions. The raiders consequently engaged in a common practice: they killed those captives when it was clear they were unable to keep up. Williams commented on the savage cruelty of the Indian raiders; although most killings were "not random or wanton", none of those killed would have "needed to" be killed had they not been taken in

404-410: A massacre until the 19th century. Reverend John Taylor's 1804 centennial memorial sermon first termed the events at Deerfield a "massacre". Previous eighteenth-century accounts emphasized the physical destruction and described the raid as "the assault on", "the destruction of", or "mischief at" Deerfield. Viewing the raid as a "massacre", 19th century New Englanders began to remember the attack as part of

505-554: A months-long trek to Montreal , nearly 300 miles to the north. Many died along the way; others were killed because they could not keep up. In this period, there was an active trade in ransoming captives among both the English and French. Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives, and negotiations were conducted between the colonial governments. When the Massachusetts Bay Colony released

606-627: A nation due to conflict with the aggressive Mohawk , the easternmost of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, who were located west of Albany in the Mohawk Valley and raided into New England. They also had suffered population losses due to high mortality from the new, chronic infectious disease carried by traders and colonists, to which Native Americans had no acquired immunity . In 1665, English colonists from

707-542: A new wave of Eastern European immigrants, particularly from Poland . The new people influenced Deerfield's demographics and culture. They were mostly Catholic peasants , who built their own churches. Working first as laborers, they formed a community later known as Old Polonia. Twentieth-century immigrants from Poland tended to be more educated but settled in the larger cities. Immigrants in smaller communities followed different paths, and their descendants often moved to cities for more opportunities. Today, heritage tourism

808-409: A prominent captive, Reverend John Williams , who was the principal leader of the village. He and much of his family were taken on the long overland journey to Canada . His seven-year-old daughter Eunice was adopted by a Mohawk family; she became assimilated, married a Mohawk man, and had a family with him. Williams's account, The Redeemed Captive , was published in 1707 soon after his release, and

909-742: A river that was later named the Williams River in honor of that service. A historical marker was placed near the site in 1912. According to John Williams' account of his captivity, most of the party traveled up the frozen Connecticut River, then up the Wells River and down the Winooski River to Lake Champlain . From there they made their way to Chambly, at which point most of the force dispersed. The captives accompanied their captors to their respective villages. Williams' wife Eunice, weak after having given birth just six weeks earlier,

1010-575: A site then called "Peskeompscut". It is now called " Turners Falls ", after William Turner, an English colonist who was killed in the action. Ongoing raids by the Mohawk forced many of the remaining Indians to retreat north to French-controlled Canada or to the west. Those going west joined other tribes that had formed a peace of sorts with the authorities in the eastern area of the Province of New York . During King William's War (1688–1697), Deerfield

1111-462: A target of frontier conflict between the French and English and their respective Native American allies. The colonial outpost was a traditional New England subsistence farming community. The majority of Deerfield's settlers were young families who had moved west in search of land. The labor of the wives and other women was essential to the survival of the settlement and its male inhabitants. By 1675

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1212-509: Is Deerfield's principal industry and is important to the Pioneer Valley. "Historic Deerfield" has been designated as a National Historic Landmark district, containing eleven house museums and a regional museum and visitors' center. It focuses on decorative arts, early American material culture, and history. Its eleven house museums offer interpretation through the late nineteenth century. The Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association operates

1313-642: Is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts , United States. Settled near the Connecticut River in the 17th century during the colonial era, the population was 5,090 as of the 2020 census . Deerfield is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area in western Massachusetts , lying 30 miles (48 km) north of the city of Springfield. Deerfield includes the villages of South Deerfield and Old Deerfield, which

1414-547: Is co-ed, and Eaglebrook School , which is a school for boys. For several decades during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Deerfield was the northwesternmost outpost of New England settlement. It occupies a fertile portion of the upper Connecticut River Valley now known as the Pioneer Valley . It was vulnerable to attack because of its position near the Berkshires highlands. For these reasons it

1515-533: Is home to two museums: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and Historic Deerfield, Inc. Historic Deerfield is designated as a National Historic Landmark district, and the organization operates a museum with a focus on decorative arts, early American material culture, and history. Its eleven house museums offer interpretation of society, history, and culture from the colonial era through the late nineteenth century. The Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association operates Memorial Hall Museum , which opened in 1880, as well as

1616-667: Is in Springfield; a stop in Greenfield is in operation as part of the rerouting of Amtrak's Vermonter route. Deerfield has bus service through Peter Pan Bus Lines ; the nearest small air service is in Gill and Northampton . The nearest national air service is Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut . As of the census of 2010, there were 5,125 people, 2,053 households, and 1,350 families residing in

1717-501: Is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km ), or 3.17 percent, is water. Deerfield is located in the northern Pioneer Valley and is bordered by Greenfield to the north, Montague to the northeast, Sunderland to the southeast, Whately to the south, Conway to the west, and Shelburne to the northwest. The town center is located 8 miles (13 km) south of Greenfield, 29 miles (47 km) north of Springfield , and 93 miles (150 km) west of Boston . Deerfield's northern point

1818-708: Is led by a board of selectmen . The town has its own police, fire, and public works departments. The fire department and the post office both have two branches, in South Deerfield (where most of the town offices are) and in Old Deerfield Village, near Memorial Hall and the Old Town Hall. The town's Tilton Library is connected to the regional library network and is located in South Deerfield. The nearest hospital, Franklin Medical Center,

1919-612: Is located at the confluence of the Deerfield and Connecticut rivers, with the former flowing through the northwestern corner of the town and the latter forming the eastern border of the town. Several brooks and the Mill River also flow through the town. North Sugarloaf Mountain rises above the Connecticut in the southeastern corner, providing a panoramic view of the valley and the town center. The Pocumtuck Range rises along

2020-753: Is located in Greenfield, as are many regional state offices. Deerfield is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by the First Franklin district, which includes the southeastern third of Franklin County and towns in north central Hampshire County. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by the Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes much of eastern Franklin and Hampshire Counties. The town

2121-694: Is patrolled by the Second (Shelburne Falls) Barracks of Troop B of the Massachusetts State Police . Deerfield is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district and has been represented by Jim McGovern of Worcester . Massachusetts is currently represented in the United States Senate by senators Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren . Deerfield

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2222-422: Is the central member of Frontier Regional and Union 38 School Districts , which also includes Conway, Whately, and Sunderland. Each town operates its own elementary school, with Deerfield Elementary School serving the town's students from kindergarten through sixth grades. All four towns send seventh through twelfth grade students to Frontier Regional School in the town. Frontier's athletics teams are nicknamed

2323-687: The Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad in northern Vermont, acquired in 1887. The days of independence came to an end when the Boston and Maine Railroad leased the CRRR in 1893. With a main line from Springfield, Massachusetts, north along the Connecticut River to the village of White River Junction, Vermont , the B&;M became a major route between Montreal and New York City . The line

2424-530: The Deerfield Massacre , occurred during Queen Anne's War on February 29, 1704, when French and Native American raiders under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville attacked the English colonial settlement of Deerfield , Massachusetts Bay , just before dawn. They burned parts of the town and killed 47 colonists. The raiders left with 112 colonists as captives, whom they took overland

2525-545: The Saint Lawrence River , and the French sent a significant Indian force to Quebec for its defense. The second was the detachment of some troops for operations in Maine; critically, these forces included Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville , who was intended to lead the raid on Deerfield. In addition, his raid against Wells raised the frontier alarms at Deerfield. Hertel de Rouville did not return to Montreal until

2626-521: The Dedham proprietors 8,000 acres (32 km ) in compensation. The question of how to handle the additional grant puzzled the town for some time. There were those who wanted to sell the rights to the land and take the money, while others wanted to find a suitable location and take possession. The Town sent Anthony Fisher, Jr., Nathaniel Fisher, and Sgt. Fuller to explore an area known as "Chestnut Country" in 1663. They reported back two weeks later that

2727-747: The Deerfield area. The nearest community college, Greenfield Community College , is located in Greenfield. The nearest state college is Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts in North Adams and the nearest state universities are the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Westfield State University . The nearest private colleges are Amherst College , Hampshire College , Mount Holyoke College , and Smith College . Raid on Deerfield [REDACTED]   France [REDACTED]   England The Raid on Deerfield , also known as

2828-406: The Deerfield captives. Written with assistance from prominent Boston Puritan minister Reverend Cotton Mather, the book framed the raid, captivity, and border relations with the French and Indians in terms of providential history and God's purpose for Puritans. The work was widely distributed in the 18th and 19th centuries, and continues to be published today (see Further Reading below). Williams' work

2929-563: The English had different ideas about property and land use; this, along with competition for resources, contributed to conflicts between them. Pynchon submitted a bill for £40 in 1666 but a tax on the cow commons to pay it was not imposed until 1669. By that time the bill had risen to over £96, and he was not paid in full until 1674. The drawing of lots took place on May 23, 1670, by which time many rights had been sold to people from outside of Dedham or one of her daughter towns. Before that even happened, Robert Hinsdale 's son Samuel moved into

3030-465: The Frary House. Baker was assisted by the Boston architectural firm Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge , and her project was one of the first in historic preservation in western Massachusetts. Local historian George Sheldon wrote an account of the town's early history that was published in the late nineteenth century. By this time South Deerfield and other New England villages were already absorbing

3131-439: The French and their allies. He notified Governor Dudley and Connecticut's Governor Winthrop ; they received further warnings in mid-February, although none was specific about the target. The raiders left most of their equipment and supplies 25 to 30 miles (40 to 48 kilometers) north of the village before establishing a cold camp about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Deerfield on February 28, 1704. From this vantage point, they observed

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3232-487: The French pirate Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste , Canada arranged redemption of numerous Deerfield people, among them the prominent minister John Williams . He wrote a captivity narrative about his experience, which was published in 1707 and became well known. One of those captured and ransomed was Mehuman Kellog, the first white child born in Deerfield and a descendant of Robert Hinsdale . In addition to ransoming captives, because of losses to war and disease, families of

3333-591: The Indian House Memorial Children's Museum and Bloody Brook Tavern. The site of early 18th century colonial battles including the Raid on Deerfield , the town is a center of heritage tourism in the Pioneer Valley . Deerfield has numerous schools, including Deerfield Academy , a private secondary preparatory school ; Frontier Regional High School ; Deerfield Elementary ; and two separate private junior boarding schools , Bement School, which

3434-541: The Massachusetts settlement of Dedham were given a grant in the Connecticut Valley area, and acquired land titles of uncertain legality from a variety of Pocomtuc Indians. They established a village in the early 1670s, at first called "Pocumtuck", but later, "Deerfield". Located in a relatively isolated position in the Massachusetts colony, on the edge of English colonial settlement, Deerfield became

3535-750: The Massachusetts-Vermont state line, where it met the Brattleboro line of the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad (which later became part of the Fitchburg Railroad ). This allowed the CRRR to provide rail service between Springfield, Massachusetts and Brattleboro, Vermont. For over 40 years, the CRRR operated on its own and acquired a vast network of rail lines north of Brattleboro to Canada . These included New Hampshire 's Ashuelot Railroad , which had been acquired in 1877, and

3636-636: The Memorial Hall Museum, which opened in 1880; and the Indian House Memorial Children's Museum and Bloody Brook Tavern. Deerfield is a center of heritage tourism in the Pioneer Valley near the Connecticut River . The Yankee Candle Company is an example of one of many commercial businesses associated with this history. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 33.4 square miles (86.6 km ), of which 32.4 square miles (83.9 km )

3737-464: The Mohawk and other tribes often adopted younger captives into their tribes. Such was the case with Williams's daughter Eunice , who was 8 years old when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated and at age 16 married a Mohawk man. They had a family and she stayed with the Mohawk for the rest of her life. Most of the Deerfield captives eventually returned to New England ; others remained by choice in French and Native communities, such as Kahnawake , for

3838-586: The Red Hawks, and the team colors are red and blue. There are many art programs available during and after school at Frontier. Private schools in the town include the Bement School (a coeducational boarding school for grades K–9), the Eaglebrook School (a private boys' boarding school for grades 6–9), and Deerfield Academy , a private school for grades 9–12. There are other private schools in

3939-557: The Reverend John Williams later recounted, "with horrid shouting and yelling", the raiders launched their attack "like a flood upon us". The raiders' attack probably did not go exactly as they had intended. In attacks on Schenectady, New York and Durham, New Hampshire in the 1690s (both of which included Hertel de Rouville's father), the raiders had simultaneously attacked all of the houses. They did not do so at Deerfield. Historians Haefeli and Sweeney theorize that

4040-487: The age of 18 living with them; 52.4 percent were married couples living together, 9.4 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2 percent were nonfamilies. Individuals made up 26.3 percent of all households. The average household size was 2.33, and the average family size was 2.83. As of the American Community Survey of 2015, the median income for a household was $ 74,853, and

4141-480: The alert, as they feared retaliation. In response to their own losses in the Campaign, the French planned an attack on Deerfield with their native allies. They were specifically seeking to capture a leader of high enough rank to propose a prisoner exchange. The town's palisade , constructed during King William's War, had been rehabilitated and expanded. In August of that year, the local militia commander called out

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4242-517: The area and began squatting on the land. He was eventually joined by his father and brothers. Hard feelings arose at the distance of the new settlement from Dedham and the fact that the proprietors were not strictly "a Dedham company." On May 7, 1673, the General Court separated the town of Deerfield, with additional lands, provided they establish a church and settle a minister within three years. The Pocumtuck were much reduced in number by

4343-406: The area was hilly, with few meadows, and was generally unsuitable for their purposes. After a potential location was claimed by others before Dedham could do so, a report was received about land at a place known as Pocomtuck , about 12 or 14 miles from Hadley . It was decided to claim the land before others could do so. Joshua Fisher , Ensign John Euerard, and Jonathan Danforth were assigned by

4444-450: The broader context of international war and stress the successful integration of hundreds of captives taken in similar conflicts during Queen Anne's War. Similarly, most Native American records justify the action in a larger military and cultural context and remain largely unconcerned with the particular event. A portion of the original village of Deerfield has been preserved as a living history museum, Historic Deerfield ; among its relics

4545-470: The case with Williams' daughter Eunice , who was eight years old when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated in her Mohawk family, and married a Mohawk man when she was 16. She did not see her family of origin again until much later and always returned to Kahnawake. Other captives also remained by choice in Canadian and Native communities such as Kahnawake for the rest of their lives. Negotiations for

4646-561: The command of Captain Jonathan Wells. The Connecticut River valley had been identified as a potential raiding target by authorities in New France as early as 1702. The forces for the raid had begun gathering near Montreal as early as May 1703, as reported with reasonable accuracy in English intelligence reports. However, two incidents delayed their execution of the raid. The first was a rumor that Royal Navy warships were on

4747-623: The command of Captain Thomas Lathrop before being driven off by reinforcements. Colonial casualties numbered about 60. At dawn on May 19, 1676, Captain William Turner led an army of settlers in a surprise retaliatory attack on Peskeompskut, in present-day Montague , then a traditional native gathering place. Turner and his men killed 200 natives, mostly women and children. When the men of the tribe returned, they routed Turner's forces; Turner died after being wounded at Green River. In

4848-408: The disposition of the captives, which at times threatened to come to blows. A council held on the third day resolved these disagreements sufficiently that the trek could continue. On Sunday March 5, five days after the raid, the captors and their captives reached what is now Rockingham, Vermont . The captives asked for and were given permission to hold a worship service that Sunday, near the mouth of

4949-534: The eastern side of town north of Sugarloaf. Interstate 91 passes from south to north through the central part of town, crossing the Deerfield River near the river's southernmost bend. The interstate is paralleled by U.S. Route 5 and Massachusetts Route 10 , which run concurrently through the town. Route 116 also passes through town, combining with Routes 5 and 10 for a one-mile stretch, briefly passing into Whately before separating and crossing through

5050-570: The end of the next day. After debating over what action to take, they decided that the difficulties of pursuit were not worth the risks. Leaving a strong garrison in the village, most of the militia returned to their homes. The raiders destroyed 17 of the village's 41 homes, and looted many of the others. Of the 291 people in Deerfield on the night of the attack, only 126 remained in town the next day. Forty-four residents of Deerfield were killed: 10 men, 9 women, and 25 children, as were five garrison soldiers, and seven Hadley men. Of those who died inside

5151-447: The failure to launch a coordinated assault was caused by the wide diversity within the attacking force. The raiders swept into the village, and began attacking individual houses. Reverend Williams's house was among the first to be raided; Williams's life was spared when his gunshot misfired, and he was taken prisoner. Two of his children and a servant were slain; the rest of his family and his other servant were also taken prisoner. Among

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5252-636: The fall of 1703. The force assembled at Chambly , just south of Montreal, numbered about 250. It was a diverse collection of men. The 48 ethnic Frenchmen, were made up of Canadien militia and recruits from the troupes de la marine , including four of Hertel de Rouville's brothers. Several men among the French leadership had more than 20 years' experience in wilderness warfare. The Indian contingent included 200 Abenaki , Iroquois (mostly Mohawk from Kahnawake), Wyandot (also known as Huron, from Lorette), and Pocomtuc , some of whom sought revenge for incidents by whites that had taken place years earlier. As

5353-449: The first casualties of the raid were two black men. Similar scenarios occurred in many of the other houses. The residents of Benoni Stebbins' house, which was not among the ones attacked early, resisted the raiders' attacks, which lasted until well after daylight. A second house, near the northwestern corner of the palisade, was also successfully defended. The raiders moved through the village, herding their prisoners to an area just north of

5454-409: The first few days several of the captives escaped. Hertel de Rouville instructed Reverend Williams to inform the others that recaptured escapees would be tortured; there were no further escapes. (The threat was not an empty one — it was known to have happened on other raids.) The French leader's troubles were not only with his captives. The Indians had some disagreements among themselves concerning

5555-497: The first place. Most (though not all) of the slain were the slow and vulnerable who could not keep up with the party and would likely have died less quickly en route. Only 89 of the captives survived the ordeal. Survival chances correlated with age and gender: infants and young children fared the worst, and older children and teenagers (all 21 of whom survived the ordeal) fared the best. Adult men fared better than adult women, especially pregnant women, and those with small children. In

5656-624: The frontier between Deerfield and Wells was fortified by upwards of 2,000 men, and the bounty for Indian scalps was more than doubled, from £40 to £100. Dudley promptly organized a retaliatory raid against Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia ). In the summer of 1704, New Englanders under the leadership of Benjamin Church raided Acadian villages at Pentagouet (present-day Castine, Maine ), Passamaquoddy Bay (present-day St. Stephen, New Brunswick ), Grand Pré , Pisiquid , and Beaubassin (all in present-day Nova Scotia). Church's instructions included

5757-531: The land from the Pocomtuc Indians who lived there. They contracted with John Pynchon, who had a relationship with the native peoples there, and he obtained a quitclaim deed from them. Pynchon signed a treaty with the Pocumtuck, including a man named Chaulk. But Chaulk had no authority to deed the land to the colonists and appeared to have only a rough idea of what he was signing. Native Americans and

5858-417: The larger narrative and celebration of American frontier spirit. Persisting into the twentieth century, American historical memory has tended to view Deerfield in line with Frederick Turner's Frontier Thesis as a singular Indian attack against a community of individualistic frontiersmen. Re-popularized and exposed to a national audience in the mid-twentieth century with the establishment of Historic Deerfield,

5959-521: The lower French figures are more credible, especially when compared to casualties incurred in other raids. A majority of the captives taken were women and children, as the French and Indian captors considered them more likely than adult males to successfully assimilate into native communities and a new life in French Canada. For the 109 English captives, the raid was only the beginning of their troubles. The raiders intended to take them to Canada,

6060-438: The median income for a family was $ 83,859. Men who worked full-time year-round had a median income of $ 70,873 versus $ 49,115 for similar females. The per capita income for the town was $ 38,379. Four percent of families and 7.5 percent of the population were below the poverty line , including 6.6 percent of those under age 18 and 7.8 percent of those age 65 or over. Deerfield employs the open town meeting form of government and

6161-399: The militia after he received intelligence of "a party of French & Indians from Canada" who were "expected every hour to make some attaque on ye towns upon Connecticut River". However, nothing happened until October, when two men were taken from a pasture outside the palisade. Militia were sent to guard the town in response, but these returned to their homes with the advent of winter, which

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6262-417: The nearly 300 miles to Montreal ; some died or were killed along the way because they were unable to keep up. Roughly 60 colonists were later ransomed by their associates, while others were adopted by Mohawk families at Kahnawake and became assimilated into the tribe. In this period, English colonists and their Indian allies were involved in similar raids against French villages along the northern area between

6363-940: The outdoor adventure, or the strangeness of life in a foreign society, but because they transitioned into established lives in new communities and formed bonds of family, religion, and language. In fact, possibly more than half of young female captives who remained settled in Montreal where "the lives of these former Deerfield residents differed very little in their broad outlines from their former neighbors". Whether in New France or in Deerfield these women generally were part of frontier agricultural communities where they tended to marry in their early twenties and have six or seven children. Other female captives remained in Native communities such as Kahnawake. These women remained because of bonds of religion and family. While colonial males castigated

6464-462: The party moved south toward Deerfield in January and February 1704, this force was joined by another 30 to 40 Pennacook warriors led by the sachem Wattanummon , raising the troop size to nearly 300 by the time it reached the Deerfield area in late February. The expedition's departure was not a secret. In January 1704, Iroquois warned New York's Indian agent Pieter Schuyler of possible action by

6565-526: The predawn hours of February 29, 1704, during Queen Anne's War , joint French and Indian forces (including 47 Canadiens and 200 Abenaki , along with some Kanienkehaka (Mohawk) , Wyandot , and a few Pocumtuck, all under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville) attacked the town in what became known as the Raid on Deerfield . They razed much of the settlement and killed 56 colonists, including 22 men, 9 women, and 25 children. The attackers took 112 captives, including women and children, and forced them on

6666-434: The raid is better understood not along the lines of Turner's thesis, but as an account of the strong factors of community life and cross-cultural interaction in border communities. An 1875 legend recounts the attack as an attempt by the French to regain a bell, supposedly destined for Quebec, but pirated and sold to Deerfield. The legend continues that this was a "historical fact known to almost all school children". However,

6767-422: The raid was contextualized in a celebration of exceptional American individual ambition. This view has served as a partial justification for the removal of Native Americans and has obscured both the larger patterns of border conflict and tensions and the family based structure of Deerfield and similar marginal settlements. Although popularly remembered as a tale of the triumph of rugged Protestant male individualism,

6868-460: The raiders and the arrival of reinforcements raised the spirits of the beleaguered survivors. About 20 Deerfield men joined the Hadley men in chasing after the fleeing raiders. The New Englanders and the raiders skirmished in the meadows just north of the village, where the former reported "killing and wounding many of them". The New Englanders soon ran into an ambush set up by the raiders who had left

6969-422: The raiders did not achieve full surprise when they entered the palisaded village. The defenders of some fortified houses in the village successfully held off the raiders until arriving reinforcements prompted their retreat. However, the raid was a clear victory for the French coalition that aimed to take captives and unsettle English colonial frontier society. More than 100 captives were taken, and about 40 percent of

7070-680: The railroad until two of the three were abandoned by the Guilford Rail System (now Pan Am Railways ). The Chicopee Falls line was abandoned in 1983, and the Easthampton line was abandoned in 1984. The Deerfield Branch is still in service, connecting the Connecticut River Line to large switching yards on the old Fitchburg line. [REDACTED] Media related to Connecticut River Railroad at Wikimedia Commons Deerfield, Massachusetts Deerfield

7171-580: The release and exchange of captives began in late 1704, and continued until late 1706. They became entangled in unrelated issues (like the English capture of French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste ), and larger concerns, including the possibility of a wider-ranging treaty of neutrality between the French and English colonies. Mediated in part by Deerfield residents John Sheldon and John Wells, some captives (including Noel Doiron ) were returned to Boston in August 1706. Governor Dudley, who may have needed

7272-573: The rest of their lives. As the frontier moved north, Deerfield became another colonial town with an unquiet early history. In 1753 Greenfield was set off and incorporated. During the early nineteenth century, Deerfield's role in Northeast agricultural production declined. It was overtaken by the rapid development of the Midwestern United States as the nation's breadbasket , as transportation to eastern markets and New York City

7373-479: The selectmen to go and map the land in return for 150 acres. Two weeks later he appeared before the board, demanding 300 acres instead. The selectmen agreed, provided that he provide a plot map of the land. Fisher's map and report were submitted to the General Court, and they agreed to give the land to Dedham provided that they settle the land and "maintain the ordinances of Christ there" within five years. Daniel Fisher and Eleazer Lusher were sent to purchase

7474-427: The sentry might confuse the noises they made with more natural sounds. A few men climbed over the palisade via the snow drifts and opened the north gate to admit the rest. Primary sources vary on the degree of alertness of the village guard that night; one account claims he fell asleep, while another claims that he discharged his weapon to raise the alarm when the attack began, but that it was not heard by many people. As

7575-403: The slavery of English women, some captive women from this time chose to remain in Native society rather than return to colonial English settlements. John Williams wrote a captivity narrative , The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion , about his experience, which was published in 1707. Williams' narrative was published during ongoing ransom negotiations and pressed for greater activity to return

7676-416: The south. Early in the raid, young John Sheldon managed to escape over the palisade and began making his way to nearby Hadley to raise the alarm. The fires from the burning houses had already been spotted, and "thirty men from Hadley and Hatfield " rushed to Deerfield. Their arrival prompted the remaining raiders to flee; some abandoned their weapons and other supplies in the rush. The sudden departure of

7777-577: The southern part of town and over the Connecticut River at the Sunderland Bridge . All three routes historically crossed through the center of the village prior to the construction of I-91 but were rerouted to a more direct route, closer to the highway. A portion of the Springfield Terminal freight rail line passes through the town before branching off eastward and westward around Greenfield. The nearest Amtrak passenger service

7878-583: The spheres of influence. Typical of the small-scale frontier conflict in Queen Anne's War, the French-Indian forces consisted of French soldiers and about 240 Indian warriors, mostly Abenaki (from what is now Maine), but including Huron (Wyandot) from Lorette , Mohawk from Kahnawake (both mission villages), and a number of Pocomtuc who had once lived in the Deerfield area. Given the diversity of personnel, motivations, and material objectives,

7979-439: The story, which is a common Kahnawake tale, was refuted as early as 1882 and does not appear to have significantly affected American perception of the raid. Canadians and native Americans who are less influenced by Williams' narrative and Turner's thesis, have given the raid a more ambivalent place in memory. Canadians view the raid not as a massacre and mass abduction but as a successful local application of guerilla techniques in

8080-526: The successful return of the captives for political reasons, then released the French captives, including Baptiste; the remaining captives who chose to return were back in Boston by November 1706. Many of the younger captives were adopted into the Indian tribes or French Canadian society. Thirty six Deerfield captives, mostly children and teenagers at the time of the raid, remained permanently. Those who stayed were not compelled by force, but rather by newly formed religious ties and family bonds. Captive experience

8181-423: The taking of prisoners to exchange for those taken at Deerfield, and specifically forbade him to attack the fortified capital, Port Royal. Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives. French authorities and colonists also worked to extricate the captives from their Indian captors. Within a year's time, most of the captives were in French hands, a product of frontier commerce in humans that

8282-515: The time the settlers arrived, as they had been victims of infectious diseases and war with the more powerful Mohawk . The settlers forcibly expelled the few Pocumtuck who remained; the Pocumtuck in turn sought French protection in Canada from the English colonists. At the Battle of Bloody Brook , on September 18, 1675, during King Philip's War , the dispossessed Indians destroyed a small force under

8383-472: The town, rifling houses for items of value, and setting a number of dwellings on fire. As the morning progressed, some of the raiders began moving north with their prisoners, but paused about a mile north of the town to wait for those who had not yet finished in the village. The men in the Stebbins house kept up the battle for two hours; they were on the verge of surrendering when reinforcements arrived from

8484-488: The town. The population density was 158.2 inhabitants per square mile (61.1/km ). There were 2,181 housing units. The racial makeup of the town was 95 percent White , 0.8 percent African American , 0.1 percent Native American , 1.9 percent Asian , 0.5 percent from other races , and 1.8 percent from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.6 percent of the population. There were 2,053 households, out of which 26.3 percent had their own children under

8585-415: The village earlier. Of the 50 or so men who gave chase, nine were killed and several more were wounded. After the ambush they retreated to the village, and the raiders headed north with their prisoners. As the alarm spread to the south, reinforcements continued to arrive in the village. By midnight, 80 men from Northampton and Springfield had arrived, and men from Connecticut swelled the force to 250 by

8686-481: The village had grown to about 200 persons. In that year, conflict between English colonists and Indians in southern New England erupted into what is now known as " King Philip's War ". The war involved all of the New England colonies, and the colonists destroyed or severely decimated and pacified most of the Indian nations in the region. There were also many casualties among the New England colonists. Deerfield

8787-416: The village houses were destroyed. Although predicted because of existing tensions during the war, the raid shocked colonists throughout New England . Conflict increased with the French and French-allied Indians. Frontier settlements took actions to fortify their towns and prepare for war. The raid has been immortalized as a part of the early American frontier story, principally due to the published account by

8888-493: The village population. They also took captive three Frenchmen who had been living among the villagers. The raiders also suffered losses, although reports vary. New France's governor-general, Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil , reported the expedition lost only 11 men, and 22 were wounded, including Hertel de Rouville and one of his brothers. John Williams heard from French soldiers during his captivity that more than 40 French and Indian soldiers were lost; Haefeli and Sweeney believe

8989-417: The village, 15 died of fire-related causes; most of the rest were killed by edged or blunt weapons. The raid's casualties were dictated by the raiders' goals to intimidate the village and to take valuable captives to French Canada. A large portion of the slain were infant children, who were not likely to have survived the trip to Canada. The raiders took 109 villagers captive; this represented forty per cent of

9090-413: The villagers as they prepared for the night. Since the villagers had been alerted to the possibility of a raid, they all took refuge within the palisade, and a guard was posted. The raiders had noticed that snow drifts extended to the top of the palisade; this simplified their entry into the fortifications just before dawn on February 29. They carefully approached the village, stopping periodically so that

9191-717: Was enhanced by construction of the Erie Canal and later railroads. During the Colonial Revival movement of the late nineteenth century, Deerfield citizens rediscovered the town's past. Residents founded the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association in 1870 and erected monuments to commemorate various events, including the Bloody Brook and 1704 attacks. In 1890 Charlotte Alice Baker returned to Deerfield to restore her family home,

9292-500: Was evacuated in September 1675 after a coordinated series of Native American attacks, culminating in the Battle of Bloody Brook , resulted in the deaths of about half the village's adult males. The village was one of several in the Connecticut River valley abandoned by the English, and it was briefly reoccupied by the warring Indians. The colonists regrouped, and in 1676 a force of mostly local colonists slaughtered an Indian camp at

9393-402: Was fairly common at the time on both sides. The French and converted Indians worked to convert their captives to Roman Catholicism , with modest success. While adult captives proved fairly resistant to proselytizing, children were more receptive or likely to accept conversion under duress. Some of the younger captives, however, were not ransomed, as they were adopted into the tribes. Such was

9494-526: Was generally not the period for warfare. Minor raids against other communities convinced Governor Joseph Dudley to send 20 men to garrison Deerfield in February. These men, minimally trained militia from other nearby communities, had arrived by the 24th, making for somewhat cramped accommodations within the town's palisade on the night of February 28. In addition to these men, the townspeople mustered about 70 men of fighting age; these forces were all under

9595-399: Was host to a mix of local and long-distance passenger and freight service. It became part of the route for crack New York–Montreal trains as early as the 1860s, and was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1893. Three branch lines were built off the CRRR, all of them in Massachusetts. The Chicopee Falls (1845), Easthampton (1872), and Deerfield (1906) branches were built and served

9696-518: Was not subjected to major attacks, but 12 residents were killed in a series of ambushes and other incidents. Supposedly friendly Indians who were recognized as Pocomtuc were recorded as passing through the area. Some claimed to have participated in attacks on other frontier communities. English attacks on the frontier communities of what is now southern Maine in the Northeast Coast Campaign of 1703 again put Deerfield residents on

9797-466: Was one of the first to be killed during the trek; her body was recovered and reburied in the Deerfield cemetery. Calls went out from the governors of the northern colonies for action against the French colonies. Governor Dudley wrote that "the destruction of Quebeck [ sic ] and Port Royal [would] put all the Navall stores into Her Majesty's hands, and forever make an end of an Indian War",

9898-472: Was one of the reasons this raid, unlike similar others of the time, was remembered and became an element in the American frontier story. Williams' work transformed the captivity narrative into a celebration of individual heroism and the triumph of Protestant values against savage and "Popish" enemies. The last known survivor of the raid was ironically Williams daughter Eunice Kanenstenhawi Williams , also known as Marguerite Kanenstenhawi Arosen. Deerfield holds

9999-403: Was possibly dictated by gender as well as age. Young women may have more easily and readily assimilated into Indian and French Canadian societies. Nine girls remained as opposed to only five boys. These choices may reflect the larger frontier pattern of incorporation of young women into Indian and Canadian society. It's theorised some young women remained, not because of compulsion, fascination with

10100-464: Was the site of intertribal warfare and several Anglo-French and Indian skirmishes during its early history. At the time of the English colonists' arrival, the Deerfield area was inhabited by the Algonquian -speaking Pocumtuck nation, who settled a major village by the same name. After the "Praying Indians" were given 8,000 acres (32 km ) in what is today Natick , the General Court gave

10201-538: Was widely popular in the colonies. It became part of the genre known as captivity narratives . When European colonists began in the 17th century to settle in the middle reaches of the Connecticut River valley (where it flows through the present state of Massachusetts ), the area was inhabited by the Algonquian-speaking Pocomtuc nation. In the early 1660s, the Pocomtuc were shattered as

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