95-473: The NOAA Cooperative Observer Program ( COOP ) is a citizen weather observer network run by the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) and National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Over 8,700 volunteers from the fifty states and all territories report at least daily a variety of weather conditions such as daily maximum and minimum temperatures , 24-hour precipitation totals, including snowfall , and significant weather occurrences throughout
190-720: A Smart City era, Citizen Science relays on various web-based tools, such as WebGIS , and becomes Cyber Citizen Science. Some projects, such as SETI@home , use the Internet to take advantage of distributed computing . These projects are generally passive. Computation tasks are performed by volunteers' computers and require little involvement beyond initial setup. There is disagreement as to whether these projects should be classified as citizen science. The astrophysicist and Galaxy Zoo co-founder Kevin Schawinski stated: "We prefer to call this [Galaxy Zoo] citizen science because it's
285-438: A Boston attorney who represented MIT in the case, suggested that the magazine's change of name to Fortune/CNET Tech Review , a change that occurred in the middle of the case, may have been part of the settlement. Many publications covering specific technologies have used "technology review" as part of their names, such as Lawrence Livermore Labs 's Energy & Technology Review , AACE 's Educational Technology Review , and
380-435: A better description of what you're doing; you're a regular citizen but you're doing science. Crowd sourcing sounds a bit like, well, you're just a member of the crowd and you're not; you're our collaborator. You're pro-actively involved in the process of science by participating." Compared to SETI@home, "Galaxy Zoo volunteers do real work. They're not just passively running something on their computer and hoping that they'll be
475-599: A day that are recorded via remarks in observer logs. Some stations also report stream stage or tidal levels . Daily observations are reported electronically or over the phone, and monthly logs are submitted electronically or via the mail. Many stations are located in rural areas but the network also includes long-term stations in most urban centers. Observation locations include farms, in urban and suburban areas, National Parks, seashores, and mountaintops. Volunteers are trained by local NWS offices who provide rain gauges , snowsticks, thermometers , or other instruments . Data
570-1141: A few variables and consists of daily summaries rather than being continuous (i.e. real-time). Because of these limitations and other sensor limitations, as well as to attain a denser network of observations, there has been a move to supplement the coop program using automated weather stations since the 1990s. NWS sponsored programs include the Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) and Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS). The coop network predates but grew to supplement significant surface weather observation sites typically located around major airports . Mesonets also supplement these major weather stations and may be official or unofficial, possess varying degrees of rigor, may be temporary or used for specific research project goals, and some (typically for temporary research projects) are even mobile. Citizen science Citizen science (similar to community science , crowd science , crowd-sourced science , civic science , participatory monitoring , or volunteer monitoring )
665-400: A formal classroom environment or an informal education environment such as museums. Citizen science has evolved over the past four decades. Recent projects place more emphasis on scientifically sound practices and measurable goals for public education. Modern citizen science differs from its historical forms primarily in the access for, and subsequent scale of, public participation; technology
760-417: A large proportion of citizen scientists are individuals who are already well-versed in the field of science. The demographics of participants in citizen science projects are overwhelmingly White adults, of above-average income, having a university degree. Other groups of volunteers include conservationists, outdoor enthusiasts, and amateur scientists. As such, citizen scientists are generally individuals with
855-564: A more limited role for citizens in scientific research than Irwin's conception of the term. The terms citizen science and citizen scientists entered the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) in June 2014. "Citizen science" is defined as "scientific work undertaken by members of the general public, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists and scientific institutions". "Citizen scientist"
950-456: A new scientific culture." Citizen science may be performed by individuals, teams, or networks of volunteers. Citizen scientists often partner with professional scientists to achieve common goals. Large volunteer networks often allow scientists to accomplish tasks that would be too expensive or time-consuming to accomplish through other means. Many citizen-science projects serve education and outreach goals. These projects may be designed for
1045-657: A paper Albert Einstein had published earlier that year. Wiener also commented on a cardinal's critique of the Einstein theory saying: The pretended incomprehensibility of the Einstein theory has been used as capital by professional anti-Einsteinians. Without prejudice to the cause of religion, I may remark that theological discussions have not at all times been distinguished by their character of lucidity. The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies. A 1980 issue contained an article by Jerome Wiesner attacking
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#17327724762901140-597: A place where volunteers can learn how to contribute to projects. For some projects, participants are instructed to collect and enter data, such as what species they observed, into large digital global databases. For other projects, participants help classify data on digital platforms. Citizen science data is also being used to develop machine learning algorithms. An example is using volunteer-classified images to train machine learning algorithms to identify species. While global participation and global databases are found on online platforms, not all locations always have
1235-587: A possibility to gain life skills that these individuals need. Whether or not to become involved should be a decision these individuals should be involved in and not a researcher decision. In the research paper "Can citizen science enhance public understanding of science?" by Bonney et al. 2016, statistics which analyse the economic worth of citizen science are used, drawn from two papers: i) Sauermann and Franzoni 2015, and ii) Theobald et al. 2015. In "Crowd science user contribution patterns and their implications" by Sauermann and Franzoni (2015), seven projects from
1330-559: A practical guide for anyone interested in getting started with citizen science. Other definitions for citizen science have also been proposed. For example, Bruce Lewenstein of Cornell University 's Communication and S&TS departments describes three possible definitions: Scientists and scholars who have used other definitions include Frank N. von Hippel , Stephen Schneider , Neal Lane and Jon Beckwith . Other alternative terminologies proposed are "civic science" and "civic scientist". Further, Muki Haklay offers an overview of
1425-567: A pre-understanding of the scientific method and how to conduct sensible and just scientific analysis. Various studies have been published that explore the ethics of citizen science, including issues such as intellectual property and project design.(e.g. ) The Citizen Science Association (CSA), based at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology , and the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA), based in
1520-427: A prominent place for Technology Review in the competitive world of commercial publishing." John Benditt replaced Steven J. Marcus as editor-in-chief, the entire editorial staff was fired, and the modern Technology Review was born. Boston Globe columnist David Warsh described the transition by saying that the magazine had been serving up "old 1960s views of things: humanist , populist , ruminative, suspicious of
1615-528: A publication entitled Fortune/CNET Technology Review . MIT sued Fortune ' s parent corporation, Time, Inc. for infringement of the Technology Review trademark. The case was quickly settled. In August the MIT student newspaper reported that lawyers for MIT and Time were reluctant to discuss the case, citing a confidentiality agreement that both sides described as very restrictive. Jason Kravitz,
1710-522: A rate of $ 12 an hour (an undergraduate research assistant's basic wage), the total contributions amount to $ 1,554,474, an average of $ 222,068 per project. The range over the seven projects was from $ 22,717 to $ 654,130. In "Global change and local solutions: Tapping the unrealized potential of citizen science for biodiversity research" by Theobald et al. 2015, the authors surveyed 388 unique biodiversity-based projects. Quoting: "We estimate that between 1.36 million and 2.28 million people volunteer annually in
1805-550: A real news item, and it was printed as fact in hundreds of newspapers. In 1994, a survey of "opinion leaders" ranked Technology Review No. 1 in the nation in the "most credible" category. Contributors to the magazine also included Thomas A. Edison , Winston Churchill , and Tim Berners-Lee . A radical transition of the magazine occurred in 1996. At that time, according to the Boston Business Journal , in 1996 Technology Review had lost $ 1.6 million over
1900-520: A responsibility for democratizing science with others." From the journal Democracy and Education , an article entitled: "Lessons Learned from Citizen Science in the Classroom" by authors Gray, Nicosia and Jordan (GNJ; 2012) gives a response to a study by Mueller, Tippins and Bryan (MTB) called "The Future of Citizen Science". GNJ begins by stating in the abstract that "The Future of Citizen Science": "provides an important theoretical perspective about
1995-490: A shorter time frame. Although the experiment was to originally test the strength of citizen science, the team also learned more about Vespidae biology and species distribution in the United Kingdom . With this study, the simple procedure enabled citizen science to be executed in a successful manner. A study by J. Cohn describes that volunteers can be trained to use equipment and process data, especially considering that
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#17327724762902090-497: A study was published by Shah and Martinez (2015) called "Current Approaches in Implementing Citizen Science in the Classroom". They begin by writing in the abstract that citizen science is a partnership between inexperienced amateurs and trained scientists. The authors continue: "With recent studies showing a weakening in scientific competency of American students, incorporating citizen science initiatives in
2185-515: A study was published called "Citizen Science and Lifelong Learning" by R. Edwards in the journal Studies in the Education of Adults . Edwards begins by writing in the abstract that citizen science projects have expanded over recent years and engaged citizen scientists and professionals in diverse ways. He continues: "Yet there has been little educational exploration of such projects to date." He describes that "there has been limited exploration of
2280-455: A third of students agreed that data collected by citizen scientists was reliable. A positive outcome of this was that the students were more careful of their own research. The abstract ends: "If true for citizen scientists in general, enabling participants as well as scientists to analyse data could enhance data quality, and so address a key constraint of broad-scale citizen science programs." Citizen science has also been described as challenging
2375-482: A wide range of areas of study including ecology, biology and conservation, health and medical research, astronomy, media and communications and information science. There are different applications and functions of citizen science in research projects. Citizen science can be used as a methodology where public volunteers help in collecting and classifying data, improving the scientific community's capacity. Citizen science can also involve more direct involvement from
2470-399: Is research conducted with participation from the general public, or amateur /nonprofessional researchers or participants for science, social science and many other disciplines. There are variations in the exact definition of citizen science, with different individuals and organizations having their own specific interpretations of what citizen science encompasses. Citizen science is used in
2565-650: Is a 2021 study by Edgar Santos-Fernandez and Kerrie Mengersen of the British Ecological Society , who utilized a case study which used recent R and Stan programming software to offer ratings of the accuracy of species identifications performed by citizen scientists in Serengeti National Park , Tanzania . This provided insight into possible problems with processes like this which include, "discriminatory power and guessing behaviour". The researchers determined that methods for rating
2660-493: Is a bimonthly magazine wholly owned by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . It was founded in 1899 as The Technology Review , and was re-launched without The in its name on April 23, 1998, under then publisher R. Bruce Journey. In September 2005, it was changed, under its then editor-in-chief and publisher, Jason Pontin , to a form resembling the historical magazine. Before the 1998 re-launch,
2755-467: Is commercialized; was sold to the public and targeted at senior executives, researchers, financiers, and policymakers, as well as MIT alumni. In 2011, Technology Review received an Utne Reader Independent Press Award for Best Science/Technology Coverage. Technology Review was founded in 1899 under the name The Technology Review and relaunched in 1998 without "The" in its original name. It currently claims to be "the oldest technology magazine in
2850-444: Is conducted ethically. What ethical issues arise when engaging the public in research? How have these issues been addressed, and how should they be addressed in the future?" In June 2019, East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal (EASTS) published an issue titled "Citizen Science: Practices and Problems" which contains 15 articles/studies on citizen science, including many relevant subjects of which ethics
2945-629: Is credited as one of the main drivers of the recent explosion of citizen science activity. In March 2015, the Office of Science and Technology Policy published a factsheet entitled "Empowering Students and Others through Citizen Science and Crowdsourcing". Quoting: "Citizen science and crowdsourcing projects are powerful tools for providing students with skills needed to excel in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Volunteers in citizen science, for example, gain hands-on experience doing real science, and in many cases take that learning outside of
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3040-416: Is defined as: (a) "a scientist whose work is characterized by a sense of responsibility to serve the best interests of the wider community (now rare)"; or (b) "a member of the general public who engages in scientific work, often in collaboration with or under the direction of professional scientists and scientific institutions; an amateur scientist". The first use of the term "citizen scientist" can be found in
3135-589: Is initially received and analyzed by local NWS offices then ultimately stored and analyzed by NCEI, which also does final data quality checks. The program began with act of Congress in 1890 and grew out a network of observers developed by the Smithsonian Institution . It was a backbone of the U.S. climatological observation network and remains an important network in providing long-term observations of particular locations. The Cooperative Weather Observer network consists of manual observations of only
3230-570: Is likely substantial overlap between the communities. There have been studies published which examine the place of citizen science within education.(e.g. ) Teaching aids can include books and activity or lesson plans.(e.g. ). Some examples of studies are: From the Second International Handbook of Science Education , a chapter entitled: "Citizen Science, Ecojustice, and Science Education: Rethinking an Education from Nowhere", by Mueller and Tippins (2011), acknowledges in
3325-540: Is not included in the edition distributed to the general public. The magazine is published by Technology Review, Inc, an independent media company owned by MIT. MIT's website lists it as an MIT publication, and the MIT News Office states that "the magazine often uses MIT expertise for some of its content." In 1999 The Boston Globe noted that (apart from the alumni section) "few Technology Review articles actually concern events or research at MIT." However, in
3420-527: Is one. Quoting from the introduction "Citizen, Science, and Citizen Science": "The term citizen science has become very popular among scholars as well as the general public, and, given its growing presence in East Asia, it is perhaps not a moment too soon to have a special issue of EASTS on the topic." Use of citizen science volunteers as de facto unpaid laborers by some commercial ventures have been criticized as exploitative. Ethics in citizen science in
3515-684: The Journal of Medical Ethics . In particular, they analyse the effect of games and the crowdsourcing project Foldit . They conclude: "games can have possible adverse effects, and that they manipulate the user into participation". In March 2019, the online journal Citizen Science: Theory and Practice launched a collection of articles on the theme of Ethical Issues in Citizen Science. The articles are introduced with (quoting): "Citizen science can challenge existing ethical norms because it falls outside of customary methods of ensuring that research
3610-621: The BWARS . They set up the Big Wasp Survey from 26 August to 10 September 2017, inviting citizen scientists to trap wasps and send them for identification by experts where data was recorded. The results of this study showed that the campaign garnered over 2,000 citizen scientists participating in data collection, identifying over 6,600 wasps. This experiment provides strong evidence that citizen science can generate potentially high-quality data comparable to that of expert data collection, within
3705-497: The International Atomic Energy Agency 's Nuclear Technology Review. The magazine adopted a more serious tone in a 2004 redesign. In 2005, Technology Review , along with Wired News and other technology publications, was embarrassed by the publication of a number of stories by freelancer Michelle Delio containing information which could not be corroborated. Editor-in-chief Pontin said, "Of
3800-671: The Magazine Publishers of America (MPA) Digital Awards for best online videos. In 2009, Technology Review won the gold prize for Best Online News Coverage; the gold and silver prizes for best single articles in a technology magazine (for "How Obama Really Did It" by David Talbot) and "Can Technology Save the Economy?" by David Rotman and the silver prize for best online community in the Folio Magazine Eddie Awards. In 2011, Technology Review won
3895-632: The Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, have working groups on ethics and principles. In September 2015, ECSA published its Ten Principles of Citizen Science , which have been developed by the "Sharing best practice and building capacity" working group of ECSA, led by the Natural History Museum, London with input from many members of the association. The medical ethics of internet crowdsourcing has been questioned by Graber & Graber in
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3990-501: The TR35 and shortened to 35 individuals under the age of 35. Notable recipients of the award include Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin , PayPal co-founder Max Levchin , Geekcorps creator Ethan Zuckerman , Linux developer Linus Torvalds , BitTorrent developer Bram Cohen , MacArthur "genius" bioengineer Jim Collins , investors Micah Siegel and Steve Jurvetson , and Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen . The list
4085-474: The military . Since Journey, Technology Review has been distributed as a regular mass-market magazine and appears on newsstands. By 2003, circulation had more than tripled from 92,000 to 315,000, about half that of Scientific American , and included 220,000 paid subscribers and 95,000 sent free to MIT alumni. Additionally, in August 2003, a German edition of Technology Review was started in cooperation with
4180-470: The "traditional hierarchies and structures of knowledge creation ". While citizen science developed at the end of the 20th century, characteristics of citizen science are not new. Prior to the 20th century, science was often the pursuit of gentleman scientists , amateur or self-funded researchers such as Sir Isaac Newton , Benjamin Franklin , and Charles Darwin . Women citizen scientists from before
4275-401: The 20th century include Florence Nightingale who "perhaps better embodies the radical spirit of citizen science". Before the professionalization of science by the end of the 19th century, most pursued scientific projects as an activity rather than a profession itself, an example being amateur naturalists in the 18th and 19th centuries. MIT Technology Review MIT Technology Review
4370-494: The 388 projects we surveyed, though variation is great" and that "the range of in-kind contribution of the volunteerism in our 388 citizen science projects as between $ 667 million to $ 2.5 billion annually." Worldwide participation in citizen science continues to grow. A list of the top five citizen science communities compiled by Marc Kuchner and Kristen Erickson in July 2018 shows a total of 3.75 million participants, although there
4465-723: The Energy Map" by David Rotman; “Prescription: Networking” by David Talbot; and "Chasing the Sun" by David Rotman) in the Folio Magazine Eddie Awards. In 2007, Technology Review won the bronze prizes in the Folio Magazine Eddie Awards in the categories of best issue of a technology magazine and best single technology article. That same year, technologyreview.com won third place in the MPA Digital Awards for best business or news Website and second place for best online video or video series. In 2008, Technology Review won
4560-509: The Institute. In 1926, Killian graduated from college and got his first job as assistant managing editor of Technology Review; he rose to editor-in-chief; became executive assistant to then-president Karl Taylor Compton in 1939; vice-president of MIT in 1945; and succeeded Compton as president in 1949. The May 4, 1929, issue contained an article by Dr. Norbert Wiener , then Assistant Professor of Mathematics, describing some deficiencies in
4655-476: The Institution it represents. This magazine, as its editors announce, is intended to be "a clearing house of information and thought," and, as far as the Institute of Technology is concerned, "to increase its power, to minimize its waste, to insure [sic] among its countless friends the most perfect co-operation." The career path of James Rhyne Killian illustrates the close ties between Technology Review and
4750-623: The July/August, 2017, issue revealed a shift in top personnel, with Elizabeth Bramson-Boudreau listed as Chief Executive Officer and Publisher, and David Rotman as Editor. Gideon Lichfield was named editor-in-chief in November 2017. In 2020, the Brazilian version of MIT Technology Review, known as MIT Technology Review Brasil, was launched. The magazine, like many others has transitioned its focus from print to digital. Every year,
4845-516: The Reagan administration's nuclear defense strategy . The cover of a 1983 issue stated, "Even if the fusion program produces a reactor, no one will want it," and contained an article by Lawrence M. Lidsky , associate director of MIT's Plasma Fusion Center , challenging the feasibility of fusion power (which at the time was often fancied to be just around the corner). The May 1984 issue contained an exposé about microchip manufacturing hazards. In 1966,
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#17327724762904940-460: The Zooniverse web portal are used to estimate the monetary value of the citizen science that had taken place. The seven projects are: Solar Stormwatch, Galaxy Zoo Supernovae, Galaxy Zoo Hubble, Moon Zoo, Old Weather, The Milky Way Project and Planet Hunters. Using data from 180 days in 2010, they find a total of 100,386 users participated, contributing 129,540 hours of unpaid work. Estimating at
5035-403: The abstract that citizen scientists contribute data with the expectation that it will be used. It reports that citizen science has been used for first year university students as a means to experience research. They continue: "Surveys of more than 1500 students showed that their environmental engagement increased significantly after participating in data collection and data analysis." However, only
5130-403: The abstract that: "There is an emerging emphasis in science education on engaging youth in citizen science." The authors also ask: "whether citizen science goes further with respect to citizen development." The abstract ends by stating that the "chapter takes account of the ways educators will collaborate with members of the community to effectively guide decisions, which offers promise for sharing
5225-474: The aim to increase scientific knowledge." In 2020, a group of birders in the Pacific Northwest of North America, eBird Northwest, has sought to rename "citizen science" to the use of "community science", "largely to avoid using the word 'citizen' when we want to be inclusive and welcoming to any birder or person who wants to learn more about bird watching, regardless of their citizen status." In
5320-557: The annual magazine publishing trade show conducted by Folio! magazine. In 2001, these included a "Silver Folio: Editorial Excellence Award" in the consumer science and technology magazine category and many awards for typography and design . In 2006, Technology Review was named a finalist in the "general excellence" category of the annual National Magazine Awards, sponsored by the American Society of Magazine Editors. On June 6, 2001, Fortune and CNET Networks launched
5415-565: The citizen and scientists in problem definition, collection and data analysis. A 2014 Mashable article defines a citizen scientist as: "Anybody who voluntarily contributes his or her time and resources toward scientific research in partnership with professional scientists." In 2016, the Australian Citizen Science Association released their definition, which states "Citizen science involves public participation and collaboration in scientific research with
5510-430: The citizen scientists themselves based on skill level and expertise might make studies they conduct more easy to analyze. Studies that are simple in execution are where citizen science excels, particularly in the field of conservation biology and ecology. For example, in 2019, Sumner et al. compared the data of vespid wasp distributions collected by citizen scientists with the 4-decade, long-term dataset established by
5605-700: The cost-effectiveness of citizen science data can outweigh data quality issues, if properly managed. In December 2016, authors M. Kosmala, A. Wiggins, A. Swanson and B. Simmons published a study in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment called "Assessing Data Quality in Citizen Science". The abstract describes how ecological and environmental citizen science projects have enormous potential to advance science. Citizen science projects can influence policy and guide resource management by producing datasets that are otherwise not feasible to generate. In
5700-600: The curriculum provides a means to address deficiencies". They argue that combining traditional and innovative methods can help provide a practical experience of science. The abstract ends: "Citizen science can be used to emphasize the recognition and use of systematic approaches to solve problems affecting the community." In November 2017, authors Mitchell, Triska and Liberatore published a study in PLOS One titled "Benefits and Challenges of Incorporating Citizen Science into University Education". The authors begin by stating in
5795-625: The editor stated that "nothing will be left of the old magazine except the name." It was therefore necessary to distinguish between the modern and the historical Technology Review . The historical magazine had been published by the MIT Alumni Association, was more closely aligned with the interests of MIT alumni, and had a more intellectual tone and much smaller public circulation. The magazine, billed from 1998 to 2005 as "MIT's Magazine of Innovation", and from 2005 onwards as simply "published by MIT", focused on new technology and how it
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#17327724762905890-625: The editorial article titled "The Theory and Practice of Citizen Science: Launching a New Journal", " CS:T&P provides the space to enhance the quality and impact of citizen science efforts by deeply exploring the citizen science concept in all its forms and across disciplines. By examining, critiquing, and sharing findings across a variety of citizen science endeavors, we can dig into the underpinnings and assumptions of citizen science and critically analyze its practice and outcomes." In February 2020, Timber Press, an imprint of Workman Publishing Company , published The Field Guide to Citizen Science as
5985-399: The educational backgrounds of adult contributors to citizen science". Edwards explains that citizen science contributors are referred to as volunteers, citizens or as amateurs. He ends the abstract: "The article will explore the nature and significance of these different characterisations and also suggest possibilities for further research." In the journal Microbiology and Biology Education
6080-589: The first person to find aliens. They have a stake in science that comes out of it, which means that they are now interested in what we do with it, and what we find." Citizen policy may be another result of citizen science initiatives. Bethany Brookshire (pen name SciCurious) writes: "If citizens are going to live with the benefits or potential consequences of science (as the vast majority of them will), it's incredibly important to make sure that they are not only well informed about changes and advances in science and technology, but that they also ... are able to ... influence
6175-412: The future of democratized science and K12 education." But GRB state: "However, the authors (MTB) fail to adequately address the existing barriers and constraints to moving community-based science into the classroom." They end the abstract by arguing: "that the resource constraints of scientists, teachers, and students likely pose problems to moving true democratized science into the classroom." In 2014,
6270-461: The general public. In a research report published by the U.S. National Park Service in 2008, Brett Amy Thelen and Rachel K. Thiet mention the following concerns, previously reported in the literature, about the validity of volunteer-generated data: The question of data accuracy, in particular, remains open. John Losey, who created the Lost Ladybug citizen science project, has argued that
6365-531: The gold and silver prizes for best full issue of a technology magazine (for its June and October 2012 issues), and the gold and bronze prizes for best single article in a technology magazine (for "People Power 2.0" by John Pollock and "The Library of Utopia" by Nicholas Carr) in the Folio Magazine Eddie Awards. That same year, MIT Technology Review won the gold prize for best feature design (for "The Library of Utopia" by Nicholas Carr) in
6460-585: The gold prize for the best issue of a technology magazine (for its May 2008 issue); the gold, silver, and bronze prizes for best single articles in a technology magazine (for The Price of Biofuels by David Rotman; Brain Trauma in Iraq by Emily Singer; and Una Laptop por Niño by David Talbot); the gold prize for best online community; and the bronze prize for best online tool in the Folio Magazine Eddie Awards. That same year, Technology Review won third place in
6555-502: The health and welfare field, has been discussed in terms of protection versus participation. Public involvement researcher Kristin Liabo writes that health researcher might, in light of their ethics training, be inclined to exclude vulnerable individuals from participation, to protect them from harm. However, she argues these groups are already likely to be excluded from participation in other arenas, and that participation can be empowering and
6650-552: The magazine New Scientist in an article about ufology from October 1979. Muki Haklay cites, from a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled "Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective", an alternate first use of the term "citizen science" by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989. Quoting from the Wilson Center report: "The new form of engagement in science received
6745-456: The magazine publishes a list of the 10 technologies it considers the most influential. Each year, MIT Technology Review publishes three annual lists: MIT Technology Review has become well known for its annual Innovators Under 35 . In 1999, and then in 2002—2004, MIT Technology Review produced the TR100 , a list of "100 remarkable innovators under the age of 35." In 2005, this list was renamed
6840-666: The magazine started using a puzzle column started in Tech Engineering News a few months earlier. Its author is Allan Gottlieb , who has now written the column for more than fifty years. As late as 1967, the New York Times described Technology Review as a "scientific journal." Of its writing style, writer George V. Higgins complained: Technology Review , according to [then-editor] Stephen [ sic ] Marcus... [subjects] its scientific contributors to rewrite rigors that would give fainting spells to
6935-423: The most obstreperous cub reporter. Marcus believes this produces readable prose on arcane subjects. I don't agree. In 1984, Technology Review printed an article about a Russian scientist using ova from frozen mammoths to create a mammoth-elephant hybrid called a "mammontelephas". Apart from being dated "April 1, 1984", there were no obvious giveaways in the story. The Chicago Tribune News Service picked it up as
7030-924: The name 'citizen science'. The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989, describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid-rain awareness raising campaign." A Green Paper on Citizen Science was published in 2013 by the European Commission 's Digital Science Unit and Socientize.eu, which included a definition for citizen science, referring to "the general public engagement in scientific research activities when citizens actively contribute to science either with their intellectual effort or surrounding knowledge or with their tools and resources. Participants provide experimental data and facilities for researchers, raise new questions and co-create
7125-443: The previous seven years and was "facing the possibility of folding" due to "years of declining advertising revenue." R. Bruce Journey was named publisher, the first full-time publisher in the magazine's history. According to previous publisher William J. Hecht, although Technology Review had "long been highly regarded for its editorial excellence," the purpose of appointing Journey was to enhance its "commercial potential" and "secure
7220-434: The print magazine's stories). Finally, Pontin said that Technology Review's stories in print and online would identify and analyze emerging technologies. This focus resembles that of the historical Technology Review. Pontin convinced copy editors to adopt the diaeresis mark for words like "coördinate", a rarity in native English usage , though failed to convince them to use logical punctuation . Without evident comment,
7315-504: The print publication frequency from eleven to six issues per year while enhancing the publication's website. The Boston Globe characterized the change as a "strategic overhaul." Editor and publisher Jason Pontin stated that he would "focus the print magazine on what print does best: present[ing] longer-format, investigative stories and colorful imagery." Technology Review's Web site, Pontin said, would henceforth publish original, daily news and analysis (whereas before it had merely republished
7410-461: The public". Irwin sought to reclaim two dimensions of the relationship between citizens and science: 1) that science should be responsive to citizens' concerns and needs; and 2) that citizens themselves could produce reliable scientific knowledge. The American ornithologist Rick Bonney, unaware of Irwin's work, defined citizen science as projects in which nonscientists, such as amateur birdwatchers, voluntarily contributed scientific data. This describes
7505-411: The public, with communities initiating projects researching environment and health hazards in their own communities. Participation in citizen science projects also educates the public about the scientific process and increases awareness about different topics. Some schools have students participate in citizen science projects for this purpose as a part of the teaching curriculums. The first use of
7600-418: The publishing house Heinz Heise (circulation of about 50,000 as of 2005). According to The New York Times , as of 2004 the magazine was still "partly financed by M.I.T. (though it is expected to turn a profit eventually)." Technology Review also functions as the MIT alumni magazine; the edition sent to alumni contains a separate section, "MIT News," containing items such as alumni class notes. This section
7695-432: The same amount of data from contributors. Concerns over potential data quality issues, such as measurement errors and biases, in citizen science projects are recognized in the scientific community and there are statistical solutions and best practices available which can help. The term "citizen science" has multiple origins, as well as differing concepts. "Citizen" is used in the general sense, as meaning in "citizen of
7790-490: The science policy decisions that could impact their lives." In "The Rightful Place of Science: Citizen Science", editors Darlene Cavalier and Eric Kennedy highlight emerging connections between citizen science, civic science, and participatory technology assessment. The general public's involvement in scientific projects has become a means of encouraging curiosity and greater understanding of science while providing an unprecedented engagement between professional scientists and
7885-545: The section "In a Nutshell" (pg3), four condensed conclusions are stated. They are: They conclude that as citizen science continues to grow and mature, a key metric of project success they expect to see will be a growing awareness of data quality. They also conclude that citizen science will emerge as a general tool helping "to collect otherwise unobtainable high-quality data in support of policy and resource management, conservation monitoring, and basic science." A study of Canadian lepidoptera datasets published in 2018 compared
7980-565: The silver prize for best full issue of a technology magazine (for its January 2011 issue) and the gold and silver prizes for best single article in a technology magazine (for “Moore's Outlaws” by David Talbot and "Radical Opacity" by Julian Dibbell) in the Folio Magazine Eddie Awards. That same year, Technology Review was recognized for the best science and technology coverage in the Utne Reader Independent Press Awards. In 2012, MIT Technology Review won
8075-401: The specimen data. Five new species were reported from the citizen science data, and geographic distribution information was improved for over 80% of species in the combined dataset when citizen science data was included. Several recent studies have begun to explore the accuracy of citizen science projects and how to predict accuracy based on variables like expertise of practitioners. One example
8170-508: The ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate. In two of the stories, I'm fairly confident that Michelle Delio either did not speak to the person she said she spoke to, or misrepresented her interview with him." The stories were retracted. On August 30, 2005, Technology Review announced that R. Bruce Journey, publisher from 1996 to 2005, would be replaced by the then current Editor in Chief, Jason Pontin, and would reduce
8265-493: The term "citizen science" can be found in a January 1989 issue of MIT Technology Review , which featured three community-based labs studying environmental issues. In the 21st century, the number of citizen science projects, publications, and funding opportunities has increased. Citizen science has been used more over time, a trend helped by technological advancements. Digital citizen science platforms, such as Zooniverse , store large amounts of data for many projects and are
8360-543: The traditional classroom setting". The National Academies of Science cites SciStarter as a platform offering access to more than 2,700 citizen science projects and events, as well as helping interested parties access tools that facilitate project participation. In May 2016, a new open-access journal was started by the Citizen Science Association along with Ubiquity Press called Citizen Science: Theory and Practice ( CS:T&P ). Quoting from
8455-414: The typologies of the level of citizen participation in citizen science, which range from "crowdsourcing" (level 1), where the citizen acts as a sensor, to "distributed intelligence" (level 2), where the citizen acts as a basic interpreter, to "participatory science", where citizens contribute to problem definition and data collection (level 3), to "extreme citizen science", which involves collaboration between
8550-827: The unseen dimensions of new technologies" and had now been replaced with one that "takes innovation seriously and enthusiastically." Former editor Marcus characterized the magazine's new stance as "cheerleading for innovation." Under Bruce Journey, Technology Review billed itself as "MIT's Magazine of Innovation". Since 2001, it has been published by Technology Review Inc., a nonprofit independent media company owned by MIT. Intending to appeal to business leaders, editor John Benditt said in 1999, "We're really about new technologies and how they get commercialized." Technology Review covers breakthroughs and current issues on fields such as biotechnology , nanotechnology , and computing . Articles are also devoted to more mature disciplines such as energy , telecommunications , transportation , and
8645-508: The use of a professionally curated dataset of butterfly specimen records with four years of data from a citizen science program, eButterfly . The eButterfly dataset was used as it was determined to be of high quality because of the expert vetting process used on site, and there already existed a dataset covering the same geographic area consisting of specimen data, much of it institutional. The authors note that, in this case, citizen science data provides both novel and complementary information to
8740-594: The words of editor Jason Pontin: Our job is not to promote MIT; but we analyse and explain emerging technologies, and because we believe that new technologies are, generally speaking, a good thing, we do indirectly promote MIT's core activity: that is, the development of innovative technology. From 1997 to 2005, R. Bruce Journey held the title of "publisher"; Journey was also the president and CEO of Technology Review, Inc. Editors-in-chief have included John Benditt (1997), Robert Buderi (2002), and Jason Pontin (2004). The magazine has won numerous Folio! awards, presented at
8835-550: The world", or the general public, rather than the legal term citizen of sovereign countries. It was first defined independently in the mid-1990s by Rick Bonney in the United States and Alan Irwin in the United Kingdom. Alan Irwin, a British sociologist, defines citizen science as "developing concepts of scientific citizenship which foregrounds the necessity of opening up science and science policy processes to
8930-592: The world." In 1899, The New York Times commented: We give a cordial welcome to No. 1 of Vol. I of The Technology Review, a Quarterly Magazine Relating to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published in Boston, and under charge of the Association of Class Secretaries. As far as make-up goes, cover, paper, typography and illustrations are in keeping with the strong characteristics of
9025-497: Was renamed Innovators Under 35 in 2013. In 2006, Technology Review was a finalist in the National Magazine Awards in the category of General Excellence. In 2010, Technology Review won the gold and silver prizes for best full issue of a technology magazine (for its November and June 2009 issues) and the gold, silver, and bronze prizes for best single article in a technology magazine (for "Natural Gas Changes
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