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72-590: With the institution of the United States of the Ionian Islands in 1815, the British authorities encouraged immigration from Malta , as well as from Sicily and southern Italy, to the newly-acquired Greek islands. These were mainly "financial immigrants, political exiles, specialised craftmen and artists in the service of the British forces, as well as experienced farmers". The organised migration, which

144-748: A High Court of Appeal to be called the Supreme Council of Justice of the United States of the Ionian Islands, of which the president was to be known as the Chief Justice, who would rank in precedence immediately after the President of the Senate. The successive Chief Justices were: Smyrna Smyrna ( / ˈ s m ɜːr n ə / SMUR -nə ; Ancient Greek : Σμύρνη , romanized :  Smýrnē , or Σμύρνα , Smýrna )

216-563: A Maltese name is recorded in Corfu already in 1802, in 1824 there were 25 men and women working for the British administration; the same year Lorenzo Tabone was the first Maltese to appeal to the Senate and obtain the title of Citizen of the Ionian State. Only in 1828, the number of Maltese in the archipelago has grown to 508, and to 804 in 1832. Maltese emigration to these islands practically ceased when they were returned to Greece in 1864. By

288-712: A convent and a school in 1907, which operated till 1961. The Franciscan school was pivotal in fostering the language shift among the Corfiot Maltese, and their social assimilation in the Greek-speaking society of Corfu. the Society of Greek Catholics of Corfu, founded in the early 1920s, represented one more step of integration of the Catholic community in the Greek society. The first resident spiritual guide for

360-659: A crucial player in the trade sector. The Armenians had trade routes stretching from the far east to Europe. One most notable good the Armenians traded was Iranian silk, which the Shah Abbas of Iran gave them a monopoly over in the 17th century. The Armenians traded Iranian silk with European and Greek merchants in Smyrna; this trade made the Armenians very rich. Besides trade, the Armenians were involved in manufacturing, banking, and other highly productive professions. During

432-542: A leading Roman newspaper on 12 September 1923, that the Maltese element in Corfu could be used as an instrument to further Italian claims on that island. The Italian navy bombarded and briefly occupied Corfu in the Corfu incident of August-September 1923. In 1926, all Corfu-born Maltese who had not become British citizens were asked to register with the municipality and acquire Greek citizenship, or they would be expelled from

504-798: A request of the island's governor Charles James Napier to Malta's governor Lord Hastings , who had agreed to it following assurances that the migration project would be self-funded and not a burden on the treasury. Migrant Maltese, who could not afford any travel or settlement expenses, were supported by private benefactors such as the Marquis Vincenzo Bugeja and the Greek Maltese merchant Giovanni di Nicolò Pappaffy . Yet, once in Kefalonia, Maltese migrants faced social isolation and economic deprivation. In February 1829, Corfu's Commissioner Frederic Adam wrote to Napier asking why

576-845: A ruin when the homonymous chieftain of the Beylik of Aydın had conquered it about 1330 and made his son, Umur, governor. It became the port of the emirate. During the Smyrniote Crusade in 1344, on October 28, the combined forces of the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes, the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Cyprus captured both the harbor and city from the Turks, which they held for nearly 60 years;

648-573: A third of a farmer's wage (when not paid in-kind with basic staples), they were accused of stealing jobs fom the Corfiots. It took decades for the Maltese to achieve social inclusion in Corfiot society. At the 1888 international exposition in Athens, several Maltese Corfiot cultivators won awards for their production. Angelo Farrugia and Dionisio Laferla pioneered photography in Corfu, and Farrugia

720-594: A three-floor, rectangular compound with stairs in the front, built on columns and arches around a large courtyard in the middle of the building. New excavations in the agora began in 1996 by the Directorate of Archaeology Museum in Izmir. They have continued since 2002 under the sponsorship of the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir. A primary school adjacent to the agora that had burned in 1980

792-793: Is listed in the Constitution as the Executive branch of government. It shared legislative power with the Legislative Assembly, and in some British sources it appears as the Executive Council . The United States of the Ionian Islands was a Greek state and amical protectorate of the United Kingdom between 1815 and 1864. The successor state of the Septinsular Republic , it covered

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864-525: Is shut in on the west by a hill now called Deirmen Tepe, with the ruins of a temple on the summit. The walls of Lysimachus crossed the summit of this hill, and the acropolis occupied the top of Pagus. Between the two the road from Ephesus entered the city by the Ephesian gate, near which was a gymnasium. Closer to the acropolis the outline of the stadium is still visible, and the theatre was on Pagus's north slopes. Smyrna possessed two harbours. The outer harbour

936-662: The Archaic Period as one of the principal ancient Greek settlements in western Anatolia. The second, whose foundation is associated with Alexander the Great , reached metropolitan proportions during the period of the Roman Empire . Most of the ancient city's present-day remains date to the Roman era, the majority from after a 2nd-century AD earthquake. In practical terms, a distinction is often made between these. Old Smyrna

1008-513: The Britannia self-help association ("Associazione di mutuo soccorso fra i sudditi inglesi residenti a Corfu denominata BRITANNIA"). The Maltese remained the most socially disadvantaged group in Corfu. They lived in the outskirts of town, in two rural communities called Maltezika (from Malta ) and Cozzella (from Gozo ), where they were the first to cultivate sweet potatoes and pear trees , and to rear rabbits . Yet, while they were paid up to

1080-690: The Treaty between Great Britain and [Austria, Prussia and] Russia, respecting the Ionian Islands ( signed in Paris on 5 November 1815 ), as one of the treaties signed during the Peace of Paris (1815) , Britain obtained a protectorate over the Ionian Islands, and under Article VIII of the treaty the Austrian Empire was granted the same trading privileges with the Islands as Britain. During this period,

1152-530: The Treaty of Sèvres , signed 10 August 1920. (However, this treaty was not ratified by the parties; the Treaty of Peace of Lausanne replaced it.) The occupation of Smyrna came to an end when the Turkish army of Kemal Atatürk entered the city on September 9, 1922, at the end of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) . In the immediate aftermath, a fire broke out in the Greek and Armenian quarters of

1224-547: The Venetian Republic . The only island in which Italian ( Venetian ) had a wider spread was Cephalonia , where a great number of people had adopted Venetian Italian as their first language. The United States of the Ionian Islands was a federation. It included seven island states, each of which was allocated a number of seats in the parliament, the Ionian Senate : The British organised administration under

1296-574: The city of Corfu , Sotiris Micalef, is of Maltese descent. Maltese Corfiot Yannis Spiteris , O.F.M. Cap., was Catholic archbishop of Corfu, Zakynthos and Cephalonia from 2003 till 2020. Since 2011, the Maltese Corfiot Spiros Gautsis (Gauci) is honorary consul of Malta in Corfu. In 2012, an exhibition was held at the Palace entitled "Maltese in Corfu". United States of the Ionian Islands ^ The Senate

1368-487: The İzmir Archaeology Museum and the Metropolitan Municipality of İzmir. Smyrna was at the mouth of the small river Hermus and at the head of a deep arm of the sea ( Smyrnaeus Sinus ) that reached far inland. This enabled Greek trading ships to sail into the heart of Lydia , making the city part of an essential trade route between Anatolia and the Aegean. During the 7th century BC, Smyrna rose to power and splendor. One of

1440-552: The 19th century and the German consul in İzmir had purchased the land around the ancient theater in 1917 to start excavations, the first scientific digs can be said to have started in 1927. Most of the discoveries were made by archaeological exploration carried as an extension during the period between 1931 and 1942 by the German archaeologist Rudolf Naumann and Selâhattin Kantar , the director of İzmir and Ephesus museums. They uncovered

1512-629: The Apostles, as the Smyrnaeans count from Polycarp and John, and the Romans from Clement and Peter; let heretics invent something to match this. Hence, the church in Smyrna was apparently one of the churches that Tertullian felt had real apostolic succession. During the mid-3rd century, most became affiliated with the Greco-Roman churches. When Constantinople became the seat of government,

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1584-493: The Asiatic Churches testify, as do also those men who have succeeded Polycarp. Tertullian wrote c. 208 AD: Anyhow the heresies are at best novelties, and have no continuity with the teaching of Christ. Perhaps some heretics may claim Apostolic antiquity: we reply: Let them publish the origins of their churches and unroll the catalogue of their bishops till now from the Apostles or from some bishop appointed by

1656-640: The British brought thousands of Maltese labourers to the Ionian Islands to work as builders and artisans, forming the basis of the Corfiot Maltese community. A few years later Greek nationalist groups started to form. Although their energy in the early years was directed to supporting their fellow Greek revolutionaries in the revolution against the Ottoman Empire , they switched their focus to enosis with Greece following their independence. The Party of Radicals (Greek: Κόμμα των Ριζοσπαστών)

1728-575: The British colonial administration called on Maltese builders, including the sculptors Vincenzo and Ferdinando Dimech, to work along architect Sir George Whitmore as specialised crafters of the Maltese limestone. The Maltese craftsmen also supervised the construction of public buildings, cisterns and fortifications in Corfu town. The Maitland Monument ( Rotunda ) was also built in Maltese limestone in 1821. In September 1826, around 278 farmers from Gozo landed at Argostoli in Kefalonia , following

1800-583: The Cardiff area today. The Corfiot Maltese community currently numbers 3,500 people in the entire island. They constitute the center of the Catholic community of Corfu, but not one among continues to speaks the Maltese language . Typical Maltese Corfiot surnames include Psailas (Psaila), Spiteris (Spiteri), Atzopardis (Azzopardi), Soueref (Xuereb), Sakkos (Sacco) and Michalef (Micallef). The former mayor of

1872-410: The Great conceived the idea of restoring the Greek city in a scheme that was, according to Strabo , actually carried out under Antigonus (316–301 BC) and Lysimachus (301 BC—281 BC), who enlarged and fortified the city. The ruined acropolis of the ancient city, the "crown of Smyrna", had been on a steep peak about 380 metres (1,250 ft) high, which overhangs the northeast extremity of

1944-610: The Jewish Christians in these regions come into prominence. In the late second century, Irenaeus also noted: Polycarp also was not only instructed by apostles, and conversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also, by apostles in Asia, appointed bishop of the Church in Smyrna...always taught the things which he had learned from the apostles, and which the Church has handed down, and which alone are true. To these things all

2016-469: The Jewish influence mediated by Christians, coming not only from the apocalyptic traditions, but also from the synagogue with its practices concerning worship, which led to the appropriation of the Jewish passover observance. Even the observance of the sabbath by Christians appears to have found some favor in Asia...we find that in post-apostolic times, in the period of the formation of ecclesiastical structure,

2088-776: The Maltese Corfiot was Father Domenico Darmanin (1843-1919), a Corfiot Maltese himself, who had previously served at the Archdiocese of Syros , and who served as Bishop of Corfu from 1912 till his death. In 1923, there were some 1,200 ethnic Maltese in Corfu, but many of them spoke either Greek or the local Corfiot dialect, which still bore traces of the Venetian occupation of the island. Because of this Venetian connection, Fascist propagandists tried to build up an irredentist case for Corfu. Guido Puccio wrote in Tribuna ,

2160-497: The Maltese immigrants had decreased in number, lived in poverty, and complained about hostility from Kefalonians. The latter, in turn, wrote to Adam that, while they had been promised competent farmers, with few exceptions they found "lazy, ignorant, uneducated, dirty, sick and maladjusted people who seemed like a flock of sheep, abandoned by a foreign country into their own community". Given the situation, two years later in 1831 all Maltese were moved from Kefalonia to Corfu to strengthen

2232-721: The Nazi command in Ioannina advised the Corfu commander to deport the Corfiot Maltese to labor camps in Germany. This decision was never carried due to the course of the war. The Nazis did exterminate up to 2,000 Corfiot Jews, deported to Auschwitz, before retreating to the mainland by October 1944. During the war the main church of the Maltese Catholic community in Corfu town, the Cathedral of Saint James and Saint Christopher ,

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2304-783: The Republic of Venice, they were annexed to the French Republic . Between 1798 and 1799, the French were driven out by a joint Russo - Ottoman force. After the War of the Fourth Coalition , the Ionian Islands were occupied by the French Empire as stipulated in the Treaty of Tilsit . In 1809, Britain defeated the French fleet off Zakynthos island on 2 October, and captured Kefalonia , Kythira , and Zakynthos. The British proceeded to capture Lefkada in 1810. Under

2376-488: The Turks called it "Smyrna of the infidels" ( Gavur İzmir). Turkish sources track the term's emergence to the 14th century, when two separate parts of the city were controlled by two different powers, the upper İzmir being Muslim and the lower part of the city Christian. The Armenians, alongside the Greeks, played a significant role in the city's development, most notably during the age of exploration, where Armenians became

2448-668: The ancient settlement. During the present renovations the old restorations in concrete are gradually being replaced by marble. The new excavation has uncovered the agora's northern gate. It has been concluded that embossed figures of the goddess Hestia found in these digs were a continuation of the Zeus altar uncovered during the first digs. Statues of the gods Hermes , Dionysos , Eros and Heracles have also been found, as well as many statues, heads, embossments, figurines and monuments of people and animals, made of marble, stone, bone, glass, metal and terracotta. Inscriptions found here list

2520-559: The citadel fell in 1348, with the death of the governor Umur Baha ad-Din Ghazi. In 1402, Tamerlane stormed the town and massacred almost all the inhabitants. His conquest was only temporary, but Smyrna was recovered by the Turks under the Aydın dynasty, after which it became Ottoman , when the Ottomans took over the lands of Aydın after 1425. Greek influence was so strong in the area that

2592-509: The city on September 13, 1922, known as the Great Fire of Smyrna . The death toll is estimated to range from 10,000 to 100,000. The remains of the ancient agora of Smyrna constitute today the space of İzmir Agora Museum in İzmir's Namazgah quarter, although its area is commonly referred to as "Agora" by the city's inhabitants. Situated on the northern slopes of the Pagos hills, it

2664-544: The city was assigned to Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres . The region's most important Greek educational institution was the Evangelical School , which operated from 1733 to 1922. After the end of the First World War, Greece occupied Smyrna from 15 May 1919 and put in place a military administration. The Greek premier Venizelos had plans to annex Smyrna and he seemed to be realizing his objective in

2736-422: The coastal strait, immediately below where a small bay existed until the 18th century. The core of the late Hellenistic and early Roman Smyrna is preserved in the large area of İzmir Agora Open Air Museum at this site. Research is being pursued at the sites of both the old and the new cities. This has been conducted since 1997 for Old Smyrna and since 2002 for the Classical Period city, in collaboration between

2808-405: The cult to the goddess Roma . In this sense, the Smyrneans can be considered as the creators of the goddess Roma. In 133 BC, when the last Attalid king, Attalus III, died without an heir, his will conferred his entire kingdom, including Smyrna, to the Romans. They organized it into the Roman province of Asia , making Pergamum the capital. As a major seaport, Smyrna became a leading city in

2880-429: The direction of a Lord High Commissioner , appointed by the British government. In total, ten men served in this capacity, including William Gladstone as a Lord High Commissioner Extraordinary (in office 1858–1859). The Ionian Islands had a bicameral legislature, titled the "Parliament of the United States of the Ionian Islands" and composed of a Legislative Assembly and Senate. The 1818 constitution also established

2952-414: The end of the century, in 1891, there were 1,673 Maltese in Greece, of which 928 in Corfu. After the union of Corfu with Greece in 1864, several Corfiot Maltese families, especially the Atzopardis (Azzopardi), moved to Cardiff, Wales; some of them returned to Corfu in the 1920s, and remain known as the Cardiff Corfiots. In the late 19 century, some Corfiot Maltese resettled in Smyrna in Asia Minor, joining

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3024-448: The great trade routes that cross Anatolia descends the Hermus valley past Sardis , and then, diverging from the valley, passes south of Mount Sipylus and crosses a low pass into the little valley where Smyrna lies between the mountains and the sea. Miletus and later Ephesus were at the sea end of the other great trade route across Anatolia; for a time they successfully competed with Smyrna, but after both cities' harbors silted up, Smyrna

3096-423: The gulf. Modern İzmir was constructed atop the later Hellenistic city, partly on the slopes of a rounded hill the Greeks called Pagos near the southeast end of the gulf, and partly on the low ground between the hill and the sea. The beauty of the Hellenistic city, clustering on the low ground and rising tier over tier on the hillside, was frequently praised by the ancients and is celebrated on its coins. Smyrna

3168-474: The islands. In 1930, the Maltese in Corfu had their own priest who looked after their welfare while he kept useful contacts with the ecclesiastical and civil authorities in Malta. That priest was the Rev. Spiridione Cilia, who had been born in Corfu of Maltese parents and became the parish priest of the Maltese community. In 1940, when the Italian Army occupied Corfu once again, the 2,500 well-integrated Maltese Corfiots could not be prey of fascist propaganda. Corfu

3240-410: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, Smyrna was an important financial and cultural center of the Greek world. Of its 391 factories, 322 belonged to local Greeks, while 3 of its 9 banks were backed by Greek capital. Education was also dominated by the local Greek communities, with 67 male and 4 female schools. The Ottomans continued to control the area, with the exception of the 1919–1922 period , when

3312-446: The local Maltese community while retaining their British passports. They left after the 1922 fire . In 1901, there were almost one thousand people in Corfu who considered themselves to be ethnic Maltese. In Cephalonia , the number was 225. There were another hundred Maltese spread among the other lesser islands of the Ionian Group. In Cozzella, the Franciscan Sisters of Malta (headed by the Gozitan Mother Margherita De Brincat) opened

3384-429: The local community. Despite being Roman Catholic, in the 19th century the Maltese could not count upon the assistance of the Archdiocese of Corfu , which was mainly concerned with the more affluent Italian community living in Corfu town. Only few visiting priests from Malta came from time to time to Corfu to administer sacrament, particularly during Lent. Also to cope with this situation, the Corfiot Maltese gathered in

3456-438: The lower slopes of Pagus (like a necklace on the statue, to use the favorite terms of Aristides the orator) towards Tepecik outside the city on the east, where probably stood the temple of Cybele , worshipped under the name of Meter Sipylene, the city's patroness. The name is from nearby Mount Sipylus, which bounds the valley of the city's backlands. The plain towards the sea was too low to be properly drained, and in rainy weather,

3528-437: The lower town's streets were deep with mud and water. At the end of the Hellenistic period, in 197 BC, the city suddenly cut its ties with King Eumenes of Pergamum and appealed to Rome for help. Because Rome and Smyrna had no ties until then, Smyrna created a cult of Rome to establish a bond, and the cult eventually became widespread throughout the Roman Empire. As of 195 BC, the city of Rome started to be deified, in

3600-427: The martyrdom of Polycarp in AD 153. Saint Irenaeus , who heard Polycarp as a boy, was probably a native of Smyrna. Another famous resident of the same period was Aelius Aristides . After a destructive earthquake in 178 AD, Smyrna was rebuilt in the Roman period (2nd century AD) under the emperor Marcus Aurelius . Aelius Aristides wrote a letter to Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus , inviting them to become

3672-447: The new founders of the city. The bust of the emperor's wife Faustina on the second arch of the western stoa confirms this fact. Polycrates reports a succession of bishops including Polycarp of Smyrna, as well as others in nearby cities such as Melito of Sardis . Of that time, the German historian W. Bauer wrote: Asian Jewish Christianity received in turn the knowledge that henceforth the "church" would be open without hesitation to

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3744-489: The newly constituted province. As one of the principal cities of Roman Asia , Smyrna vied with Ephesus and Pergamum for the title "First City of Asia." A Christian church and a bishopric existed there from earliest times, probably originating in the considerable Jewish colony. It was one of the seven churches addressed in the Book of Revelation . Saint Ignatius of Antioch visited Smyrna and later wrote letters to its bishop, Polycarp . A mob of Jews and pagans abetted

3816-425: The northeastern corner of the inner Gulf of İzmir , at the edge of a fertile plain and at the foot of Mount Yamanlar . This Anatolian settlement commanded the gulf. Today, the archaeological site, named Bayraklı Höyüğü, is approximately 700 metres (770 yd) inland, in the Tepekule neighbourhood of Bayraklı . New Smyrna developed simultaneously on the slopes of the Mount Pagos ( Kadifekale today) and alongside

3888-447: The party split into two factions, the "United Radical Party" and the "Real Radical Party". During this period of British rule, William Ewart Gladstone visited the islands and recommended their reunion with Greece, to the chagrin of the British government. On 29 March 1864, representatives of the United Kingdom, Greece, France, and Russia signed the Treaty of London , pledging the transfer of sovereignty to Greece upon ratification; this

3960-461: The people who provided aid to Smyrna after the earthquake of 178 AD. In the early 20th-century, Smyrna had a number of mills spinning thread . As of 1920, there were two factories in Smyrna dyeing yarn , which were owned by British companies. These companies employed over 60,000 people. During this time, there was also a French owned cotton spinning mill . The city also produced soap made of refuse olive oil . An ironworks , also owned by

4032-431: The territory of the Ionian Islands , as well as the town of Parga on the adjacent mainland in modern Greece . It was ceded by the British to Greece as a gift to the newly enthroned King George I , apart from Parga, which had been sold to Ali Pasha of Ioannina in 1819. Before the French Revolutionary Wars , the Ionian Islands had been part of the Republic of Venice . When the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio dissolved

4104-447: The trade between Anatolia and the West diminished in importance, and Smyrna declined. The Seljuq commander Tzachas seized Smyrna in 1084 and used it as a base for naval raids, but the city was recovered by the general John Doukas . The city was several times ravaged by the Turks, and had become quite ruinous when the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes rebuilt it about 1222. Ibn Batuta found Smyrna still in great part

4176-405: The traditional torches. In 1862, Schembri printed in Corfu a leaflet with the hymn to the patron saint of the island, St Spiridion: Cronicla in onore del glorioso taumaturgo Santo Spiridione Vecovo di Trimitunte e protettore di Corcira scritta dal Dr. Sacerdote Francesco Saverio Schembri, Maltese (Corcira tip. Jonia di Spiridione ed. Arsenio fratelli Cao, 1862, p.8). While the first merchant with

4248-477: Was aimed at "redeveloping society" in Corfu and Kefalonia , was particularly supported by the Great Lord Commissioner (and Governor of Malta) Thomas Maitland (1816-1823). The British invited married stonemasons so that their work would be continued by their children, and as a consequence 80 people (40 families from 1815 until 1860) were transported to Corfu. When building the Palace of St. Michael and St. George in Corfu town in 1819-1824, despite local prejudice,

4320-412: Was also acknowledged as bookbinder to the Greek royal court. Social progress was the main aim of Spiro Gauci , who in 1887 co-founded with Thomas Powers and directed the Workers' Fraternity. Other distinguished Maltese Corfiots of the late 19th century included: Corfiot Maltese were particularly devout to St Spiridion, whose cult was already popular in Malta, taking part in the Saint's processions with

4392-414: Was an Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia . Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna rose to prominence. Since about 1930, the city's name has been İzmir . Two sites of the ancient city are today within İzmir's boundaries. The first, probably founded by indigenous peoples, rose to prominence during

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4464-412: Was burned down together with its archives. It was later rebuilt in simple Latin style. After the war, a number of Maltese families abandoned Corfu and settled in Cardiff , Wales, to work in the industrial zone there. They founded the Saint Spiridion" Association of Corfiot and All-Greek Roman Catholics, retaining strong links with Corfu and the Franciscan Sisters. There are around 500 Catholic Corfiots in

4536-403: Was founded in 1848 as a pro- enosis political party. In September 1848, there were skirmishes with the British garrison in Argostoli and Lixouri on Kefalonia . The island's populace did not hide their growing demands for enosis , and newspapers on the islands frequently published articles criticising British policies in the protectorate. On 15 August 1849, another rebellion broke out, which

4608-430: Was meant to bolster the reign of the newly installed King George I of the Hellenes . Thus, on 28 May, by proclamation of the Lord High Commissioner, the Ionian Islands were united with Greece. According to the second constitution of the Republic (1803), Greek was the primary official language, in contrast to the situation in the Septinsular Republic . Italian was still in use, though, mainly for official purposes since

4680-406: Was not reconstructed. Instead, its space was incorporated into the historical site. The area of the agora was increased to 16,590 square metres (178,600 sq ft). This permitted the evacuation of a previously unexplored zone. The archaeologists and the local authorities, means permitting, are also keenly eyeing a neighbouring multi-storey car park , which is known to cover an important part of

4752-506: Was quashed by Henry George Ward , who proceeded to temporarily impose martial law . On 26 November 1850, the Radical MP John Detoratos Typaldos proposed in the Ionian parliament the resolution for the enosis of the Ionian Islands with the Kingdom of Greece which was signed by Gerasimos Livadas, Nadalis Domeneginis, George Typaldos, Frangiskos Domeneginis, Ilias Zervos Iakovatos, Iosif Momferatos, Telemachus Paizis, Ioannis Typaldos, Aggelos Sigouros-Dessyllas, Christodoulos Tofanis. In 1862,

4824-412: Was simply the open roadstead of the gulf, and the inner was a small basin with a narrow entrance partially filled up by Tamerlane in 1402. The streets were broad, well paved and laid out at right angles; many were named after temples: the main street, called the Golden, ran across the city from west to east, beginning probably from the temple of Zeus Akraios on the west slope of Pagus, and running round

4896-406: Was the commercial, judicial and political nucleus of the ancient city, its center for artistic activities and for teaching. İzmir Agora Open Air Museum consists of five parts, including the agora area, the base of the northern basilica gate, the stoa and the ancient shopping centre. The agora of Smyrna was built during the Hellenistic era. Although Smyrna was explored by Charles Texier in

4968-404: Was the initial settlement founded around the 11th century BC, first as an Aeolian settlement, and later taken over and developed during the Archaic Period by the Ionians . Smyrna proper was the new city to which residents moved as of the 4th century BC and whose foundation was inspired by Alexander the Great. Old Smyrna was on a small peninsula connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus at

5040-514: Was then occupied by the Nazi German army in 1943; following heavy Allied bombardment, in April 1944 the Nazi occupiers decided to intern all British citizens present in Greece, including the Corfiot Maltese. Yet, following consultation with the former British Consul, the Nazis realised that the consistent Maltese Corfiot community (562 British citizens) was mainly composed of merchants and farmers, had little command of English language and had mainly obtained British citizenship by inheritance. In May 1944,

5112-402: Was without a rival. The Meles River , which flowed by Smyrna, is famous in literature and was worshipped in the valley. A common and consistent tradition connects Homer with the valley of Smyrna and the banks of the Meles; his figure was one of the stock types on coins of Smyrna, one class of which numismatists call "Homerian." The epithet Melesigenes was applied to him; the cave where he

5184-515: Was wont to compose his poems was shown near the source of the river; his temple, the Homereum , stood on its banks. The steady, equable flow of the Meles, alike in summer and winter, and its short course, beginning and ending near the city, are celebrated by Aristides and Himerius. The stream rises from abundant springs east of the city and flows into the southeast extremity of the gulf. Alexander

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