53-775: [REDACTED] Look up cornelius in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cornelius may refer to: People [ edit ] Cornelius (name) , Roman family name and a masculine given name Cornelius the Centurion , Roman centurion considered by Christians to be the first Gentile to convert to the Christian faith Pope Cornelius , pope from AD 251 to 253 St. Cornelius (disambiguation) , multiple saints Cornelius (musician) , stage name of Keigo Oyamada Metropolitan Cornelius (disambiguation) , several people Places in
106-983: A West Germanic language spoken in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands , Belgium and neighboring regions of Germany . It is distinct from German and Dutch, but originates from areas near where both are spoken. Roughly 215 million Europeans (primarily in Southern and Western Europe) are native speakers of Romance languages , the largest groups including: French ( c. 72 million), Italian ( c. 65 million), Spanish ( c. 40 million), Romanian ( c. 24 million), Portuguese ( c. 10 million), Catalan ( c. 7 million), Sicilian ( c. 5 million, also subsumed under Italian), Venetian ( c. 4 million), Galician ( c. 2 million), Sardinian ( c. 1 million), Occitan ( c. 500,000), besides numerous smaller communities. The Romance languages evolved from varieties of Vulgar Latin spoken in
159-536: A given name [ edit ] Cornelius (musician) , stage name of Japanese recording artist and producer Keigo Oyamada Corneille (singer) , stage name of Cornelius Nyungura, German-born Québécois rhythm and blues singer Cornelius Agrippa , 15th-century German magician and cabalist Cornelius W. Armstrong (1827–after 1872), New York politician Cornelius Bennett , American football player Cornelius Boza-Edwards , Ugandan Super Featherweight boxing champion Cornelius M. Brosnan (1813–1867), Justice of
212-642: A large subfamily of Indo-European, has a relatively small number of languages in Europe, and a small number of speakers ( Romani , c. 1.5 million). However, a number of Indo-Aryan languages not native to Europe are spoken in Europe today. Of the approximately 45 million Europeans speaking non-Indo-European languages, most speak languages within either the Uralic or Turkic families. Still smaller groups — such as Basque ( language isolate ), Semitic languages ( Maltese , c. 0.5 million), and various languages of
265-578: A lingua franca to peoples in the range of the future nation until the consolidation and unification phases. If the nation becomes internationally influential, its language may become a lingua franca among nations that speak their own national languages. Europe has had no lingua franca ranging over its entire territory spoken by all or most of its populations during any historical period. Some linguae francae of past and present over some of its regions for some of its populations are: Historical attitudes towards linguistic diversity are illustrated by two French laws:
318-773: A priest in The Fifth Element movie Given name [ edit ] Cornelius ( Planet of the Apes ) , from the Planet of the Apes film series Cornelius, an old elephant counsellor from the Babar the Elephant children's books and animated TV series Prince Cornelius, faery prince from the 1994 film Thumbelina Cornelius, an alias used by The Narrator in Fight Club Cornelius Coot , in
371-551: A small part of central Sweden). English has a long history of contact with Scandinavian languages, given the immigration of Scandinavians early in the history of Britain, and shares various features with the Scandinavian languages. Even so, especially Dutch and Swedish, but also Danish and Norwegian, have strong vocabulary connections to the German language . Limburgish (also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic) Is
424-442: A state level, whereas others continue to be actively suppressed. Though "there is a widespread belief—among both Deaf people and sign language linguists—that there are sign language families," the actual relationship between sign languages is difficult to ascertain. Concepts and methods used in historical linguistics to describe language families for written and spoken languages are not easily mapped onto signed languages. Some of
477-562: Is an educational standard defining "the competencies necessary for communication" and related knowledge for the benefit of educators in setting up educational programs. In a 2005 independent survey requested by the EU's Directorate-General for Education and Culture regarding the extent to which major European languages were spoken in member states. The results were published in a 2006 document, "Europeans and Their Languages", or "Eurobarometer 243". In this study, statistically relevant samples of
530-1086: Is an originally Roman masculine name. Its derivation is uncertain but is suspected to be from the Latin cornu , "horn". Cornelius as a surname [ edit ] Aaron Cornelius (born 1990), Australian rules footballer Ajani Cornelius (born 2002), American football player Alvin Robert Cornelius (1903–1991), Pakistani jurist and politician Andreas Cornelius (born 1993), Danish footballer Bernard Cornelius (1919–1987), English cricketer Billy Cornelius (1898–?), English footballer Carter Cornelius (1948–1991), American politician Charles Cornelius (born 1945), Indian field hockey player Charles Cornelius (gridiron football) (born 1952), American football player Cleighton Cornelius (born 1976), New Zealand cricketer Dean Cornelius (born 2001), Scottish footballer Deborah Cornelius , British actress Derek Cornelius (born 1997), Canadian soccer player Don Cornelius (1936–2012),
583-743: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cornelius (name) Cornelius Gender Male Language(s) European Other gender Feminine Cornelia Origin Language(s) Latin Word/name Cornēlius (Latin) Meaning Unknown Region of origin Europe Other names Nickname(s) Cor , Corrie , Con , Connie Related names Cornelis , Cornelio , Corneliu [REDACTED] Cornelius Moses Butler Cornelius
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#1732765017002636-907: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles European languages There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe , and most belong to the Indo-European language family . Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. The three largest phyla of the Indo-European language family in Europe are Romance , Germanic , and Slavic ; they have more than 200 million speakers each, and together account for close to 90% of Europeans. Smaller phyla of Indo-European found in Europe include Hellenic ( Greek , c. 13 million), Baltic ( c. 4.5 million), Albanian ( c. 7.5 million), Celtic ( c. 4 million), and Armenian ( c. 4 million). Indo-Aryan , though
689-510: Is divided into three subgroups: Uralic language family is native to northern Eurasia. Finnic languages include Finnish ( c. 5 million) and Estonian ( c. 1 million), as well as smaller languages such as Kven ( c. 8,000). Other languages of the Finno-Permic branch of the family include e.g. Mari (c. 400,000), and the Sami languages ( c. 30,000). The Ugric branch of
742-603: Is intended to include any language variety with an ISO 639 code. However, it omits sign languages. Because the ISO-639-2 and ISO-639-3 codes have different definitions, this means that some communities of speakers may be listed more than once. For instance, speakers of Bavarian are listed both under "Bavarian" (ISO-639-3 code bar ) as well as under "German" (ISO-639-2 code de ). There are various definitions of Europe , which may or may not include all or parts of Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. For convenience,
795-518: Is now extinct; the only known surviving East Germanic texts are written in the Gothic language . West Germanic is divided into Anglo-Frisian (including English ), Low German , Low Franconian (including Dutch ) and High German (including Standard German ). The Anglo-Frisian language family is now mostly represented by English (Anglic) , descended from the Old English language spoken by
848-791: The Italo-Dalmatian languages (sometimes grouped with Eastern Romance), including the Tuscan-derived Italian and numerous local Romance languages in Italy as well as Dalmatian , and the Western Romance languages . The Western Romance languages in turn separate into the Gallo-Romance languages , including Langues d'oïl such as French , the Francoprovencalic languages Arpitan and Faetar ,
901-528: The Anglo-Saxons : The Frisian languages are spoken by about 400,000 (as of 2015 ) Frisians , who live on the southern coast of the North Sea in the Netherlands and Germany . These languages include West Frisian , East Frisian (of which the only surviving dialect is Saterlandic ) and North Frisian . Dutch is spoken throughout the Netherlands , the northern half of Belgium , as well as
954-854: The Castilian languages . Slavic languages are spoken in large areas of Southern, Central and Eastern Europe . An estimated 315 million people speak a Slavic language, the largest groups being Russian ( c. 110 million in European Russia and adjacent parts of Eastern Europe, Russian forming the largest linguistic community in Europe), Polish ( c. 40 million ), Ukrainian ( c. 33 million ), Serbo-Croatian ( c. 18 million ), Czech ( c. 11 million ), Bulgarian ( c. 8 million ), Slovak ( c. 5 million ), Belarusian (c. 3.7 million ), Slovene ( c. 2.3 million ) and Macedonian ( c. 1.6 million ). Phylogenetically, Slavic
1007-699: The Council of Europe , founded in 1949, which affirms the right of minority language speakers to use their language fully and freely. The Council of Europe is committed to protecting linguistic diversity. Currently all European countries except France , Andorra and Turkey have signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , while Greece , Iceland and Luxembourg have signed it, but have not ratified it; this framework entered into force in 1998. Another European treaty,
1060-495: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , was adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe : it entered into force in 1998, and while it is legally binding for 24 countries, France , Iceland , Italy , North Macedonia , Moldova and Russia have chosen to sign without ratifying the convention. The main scripts used in Europe today are the Latin and Cyrillic . The Greek alphabet
1113-778: The Latin alphabet used in Europe: Antiqua and Fraktur . Fraktur was used most for German, Estonian, Latvian, Norwegian and Danish whereas Antiqua was used for Italian, Spanish, French, Polish, Portuguese, English, Romanian, Swedish and Finnish. The Fraktur variant was banned by Hitler in 1941, having been described as " Schwabacher Jewish letters". Other scripts have historically been in use in Europe, including Phoenician, from which modern Latin letters descend, Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs on Egyptian artefacts traded during Antiquity, various runic systems used in Northern Europe preceding Christianisation, and Arabic during
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#17327650170021166-518: The Nord-Pas de Calais region of France . The traditional dialects of the Lower Rhine region of Germany are linguistically more closely related to Dutch than to modern German. In Belgian and French contexts, Dutch is sometimes referred to as Flemish . Dutch dialects are numerous and varied. German is spoken throughout Germany , Austria , Liechtenstein , much of Switzerland (including
1219-753: The Ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), which said that every document in France should be written in French (neither in Latin nor in Occitan) and the Loi Toubon (1994), which aimed to eliminate anglicisms from official documents. States and populations within a state have often resorted to war to settle their differences. There have been attempts to prevent such hostilities: two such initiatives were promoted by
1272-803: The Rhaeto-Romance languages , and the Gallo-Italic languages ; the Occitano-Romance languages , grouped with either Gallo-Romance or East Iberian, including Occitanic languages such as Occitan and Gardiol , and Catalan ; Aragonese , grouped in with either Occitano-Romance or West Iberian, and finally the West Iberian languages , including the Astur-Leonese languages , the Galician-Portuguese languages , and
1325-634: The national language , and a number of language academies were established: 1582 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, 1617 Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in Weimar, 1635 Académie française in Paris, 1713 Real Academia Española in Madrid. Language became increasingly linked to nation as opposed to culture, and was also used to promote religious and ethnic identity: e.g. different Bible translations in
1378-696: The Anglican Adam Preaching Society Fictional characters [ edit ] Family name [ edit ] Abraham Cornelius , scientist in X-Men comics Doctor Cornelius , in C. S. Lewis's novel Prince Caspian Jerry Cornelius , in books by Michael Moorcock Yukon Cornelius , in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special) Cornelius, play by John Boynton Priestley Father Vito Cornelius,
1431-637: The Caucasus — account for less than 1% of the European population among them. Immigration has added sizeable communities of speakers of African and Asian languages, amounting to about 4% of the population, with Arabic being the most widely spoken of them. Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in Europe: Russian , German , French , Italian , and English . Russian is the most-spoken native language in Europe, and English has
1484-2517: The Praetorian Guard Cornelius Edward Gallagher (1921–2018), American politician Sir Cornelius Greenfield (born 1909), Rhodesian civil servant Cornelius Hankins (1863–1946), American painter Cornelius Hardy , Australian convict Cornelius Henry , Canadian cricketer Cornelius T. Herring (1849–1931), American rancher, banker and hotelier Cornelius Holland (regicide) , regicide of Charles I of England Cornelius Holland (politician) , United States Representative from Maine Cornelius Jakhelln , Norwegian musician Cornelius Johnson (athlete) , African-American high jump athlete Cornelius L. Keedy , American pastor, physician, and academic administrator Cornelius Lanczos , Hungarian mathematician and physicist Cornelius Lysaght , horse racing correspondent Cornelius McGillicuddy Sr., better known as Connie Mack , baseball player, Philadelphia Athletics owner and manager Cornelius Harvey McGillicuddy III, better known as Connie Mack III , senator from Florida Cornelius Harvey McGillicuddy IV, better known as Connie Mack IV , congressman from Florida Cornelius Mwalwanda (died 2020), Malawian politician and economist Cornelius Nepos , Roman historian of Gaul Cornelius Pot , Dutch football coach Cornelius Roosevelt (1794–1871), American businessman Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt (1951–1991), American veteran Cornelius Ryan (1920–1974), author of The Longest Day and A Bridge Too Far Cornelio Saavedra , first President of Argentina 1810 Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr., birth name of Robert Byrd , senator and congressman from West Virginia Cornelius "Corrie" Sanders , South African boxer Cornelius Sherlock (died 1888), British architect Cornelius Staley (1808–1883), American politician from Maryland Cornelius Van Til , Dutch-American Christian philosopher, Reformed theologian, and presuppositional apologist Cornelius Vander Starr , American founder of AIG Cornelius Vanderbilt , American industrialist Cornelius Wiebe , Canadian physician and politician Cornelius Whitehouse (1796–1883), English engineer and inventor Pope Cornelius , pope from AD 251 to 253 Metropolitan Cornelius , several people St. Cornelius (disambiguation) , several saints Cornelius Adam Igbudu (1914–1981), founder of
1537-723: The Robinsons Cornelius Stirk , in the DC Universe Cornelius Austerlin, the stepdad in Lene Kaaberbøl 's books about Katriona Cornelius, an elderly ant in the 1998 film A Bug's Life See also [ edit ] Cornelia (name) , the feminine version of the name Cornelis , a Dutch version of the name Cornelius (disambiguation) , for other meanings References [ edit ] ^ "MFnames.com - Origin and Meaning of Cornelius" . Archived from
1590-591: The Scrooge McDuck universe Cornelius Fillmore , in the animated series Fillmore! Cornelius Fudge , from the Harry Potter series Gibby Cornelius Gibson, one of the main characters of Nickelodeon's iCarly Cornelius Hackl from the musical Hello, Dolly! Cornelius "Cory" Matthews, the main character of Boy Meets World Lewis "Cornelius" Robinson, the adult character of Lewis in Meet
1643-650: The Supreme Court of Nevada Cornelius Burger , South African serial killer Cornelius Burges , English minister Cornelius Cardew , English composer Cornelius the Centurion , considered by Christians to be the first Gentile converted Cornelius Castoriadis , Greek-French astronomer, philosopher Cornelius Crane Chase, better known under his stage name Chevy Chase , actor and comedian Cornelius Coe , American football player Cornelius Cole , Governor of California Cornelius P. Comegys , American farmer and politician Cornelius Fuscus , prefect of
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1696-923: The United States [ edit ] Cornelius, Indiana Cornelius, Kentucky Cornelius, North Carolina Cornelius, Oregon Other uses [ edit ] Cornelius keg , a metal container originally used by the soft drink industry Adam E. Cornelius (ship, 1973) , a lake freighter built for the American Steamship Company Cornelius , a play by John Boynton Priestley See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "Cornelius" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing Cornelius All pages with titles beginning with Cornelius Cornelius House (disambiguation) Cornelia (disambiguation) Corneliu (disambiguation) Cornelis (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
1749-522: The chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German, and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia ("Common German")). But several other nations also began to develop a standard variety in the 16th century. Europe has had a number of languages that were considered linguae francae over some ranges for some periods according to some historians. Typically in the rise of a national language the new language becomes
1802-2051: The creator and first host of Soul Train Eddie Cornelius , American gospel singer Elias Cornelius (1794–1832), American missionary Everton Cornelius (born 1955), Antigua and Barbuda sprinter George Cornelius (Secretary) , American politician Hans Cornelius (1863–1947), German philosopher Helen Cornelius (born 1941), American singer-songwriter and actress Ingeborg Cornelius (1930–2023), Austrian actress Jacob Cornelius (born 1984), American rower Jemalle Cornelius (born 1984), American football player Johanna Cornelius (1912–1974), Afrikaner activist and trade unionist Kathy Cornelius (born 1932), American golfer Keenan Cornelius (born 1992), American Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and MMA fighter Keithroy Cornelius (born 1968), U.S. Virgin Islands cricketer and footballer Laura Cornelius (born 1996), Dutch basketball player Lloyd Cornelius (born 1943), Guyanese cricketer Michael G. Cornelius , American academic and author Nelarine Cornelius (born 1957), British academic Norman Cornelius (1886–1963), English cricketer Patricia Cornelius (born 1952), Australian playwright Peter Cornelius (disambiguation) , multiple people Reid Cornelius (born 1970), American baseball player and coach Robert Cornelius (1809–1893), American photographer Stan Cornelius (1941–2005), American lawyer, politician and record producer Stella Cornelius (1919–2010), Australian businesswoman and peace activist Taylor Cornelius (born 1995), American football player Thomas R. Cornelius (1827–1899), American politician Tiffany Cornelius (born 1989), Luxembourgish tennis player Troy Cornelius (born 1983), Guyanese cricketer Wade Cornelius (born 1978), New Zealand cricketer Wanda Cornelius , American politician Wayne A. Cornelius (born 1945), American political scientist and academic Cornelius as
1855-508: The current understandings of sign language relationships, however, provide some reasonable estimates about potential sign language families: In the Middle Ages the two most important defining elements of Europe were Christianitas and Latinitas . The earliest dictionaries were glossaries: more or less structured lists of lexical pairs (in alphabetical order or according to conceptual fields). The Latin-German (Latin-Bavarian) Abrogans
1908-629: The era of the Ottoman Empire. Hungarian rovás was used by the Hungarian people in the early Middle Ages, but it was gradually replaced with the Latin-based Hungarian alphabet when Hungary became a kingdom, though it was revived in the 20th century and has certain marginal, but growing area of usage since then. The European Union (as of 2021) had 27 member states accounting for a population of 447 million, or about 60% of
1961-686: The language family is represented in Europe by the Hungarian language ( c. 13 million), historically introduced with the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin of the 9th century. The Samoyedic Nenets language is spoken in Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia, located in the far northeastern corner of Europe (as delimited by the Ural Mountains ). Several dozen manual languages exist across Europe, with
2014-437: The languages and associated statistics for all five of these countries are grouped together on this page, as they are usually presented at a national, rather than subnational, level. Recent (post–1945) immigration to Europe introduced substantial communities of speakers of non-European languages. The largest such communities include Arabic speakers (see Arabs in Europe ) and Turkish speakers (beyond European Turkey and
2067-499: The largest number of speakers in total, including some 200 million speakers of English as a second or foreign language . (See English language in Europe .) The Indo-European language family is descended from Proto-Indo-European , which is believed to have been spoken thousands of years ago. Early speakers of Indo-European daughter languages most likely expanded into Europe with the incipient Bronze Age , around 4,000 years ago ( Bell-Beaker culture ). The Germanic languages make up
2120-459: The member state may communicate with the EU in any of the designated languages, and view "EU regulations and other legislative documents" in that language. The European Union and the Council of Europe have been collaborating in education of member populations in languages for "the promotion of plurilingualism" among EU member states. The joint document, " Common European Framework of Reference for Languages : Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)",
2173-589: The most widespread sign language family being the Francosign languages , with its languages found in countries from Iberia to the Balkans and the Baltics . Accurate historical information of sign and tactile languages is difficult to come by, with folk histories noting the existence signing communities across Europe hundreds of years ago. British Sign Language (BSL) and French Sign Language (LSF) are probably
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2226-994: The northeast areas bordering on Germany and Austria), northern Italy ( South Tyrol ), Luxembourg , the East Cantons of Belgium and the Alsace and Lorraine regions of France . There are several groups of German dialects: Low German is spoken in various regions throughout Northern Germany and the northern and eastern parts of the Netherlands. It is an official language in Germany . It may be separated into West Low German and East Low German . The North Germanic languages are spoken in Nordic countries and include Swedish ( Sweden and parts of Finland ), Danish ( Denmark ), Norwegian ( Norway ), Icelandic ( Iceland ), Faroese ( Faroe Islands ), and Elfdalian (in
2279-479: The oldest confirmed, continuously used sign languages. Alongside German Sign Language (DGS) according to Ethnologue , these three have the most numbers of signers, though very few institutions take appropriate statistics on contemporary signing populations, making legitimate data hard to find. Notably, few European sign languages have overt connections with the local majority/oral languages, aside from standard language contact and borrowing , meaning grammatically
2332-599: The original on 2012-05-25 . Retrieved 2015-11-21 . [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_(name)&oldid=1256167663 " Categories : Given names Surnames Latin masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
2385-496: The population in each country were asked to fill out a survey form concerning the languages that they spoke with sufficient competency "to be able to have a conversation". The following is a table of European languages. The number of speakers as a first or second language (L1 and L2 speakers) listed are speakers in Europe only; see list of languages by number of native speakers and list of languages by total number of speakers for global estimates on numbers of speakers. The list
2438-425: The population of Europe. The European Union has designated by agreement with the member states 24 languages as "official and working": Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish. This designation provides member states with two "entitlements":
2491-524: The predominant language family in Western, Northern and Central Europe . It is estimated that over 500 million Europeans are speakers of Germanic languages , the largest groups being German ( c. 95 million), English ( c. 400 million) , Dutch ( c. 24 million), Swedish ( c. 10 million), Danish ( c. 6 million), Norwegian ( c. 5 million) and Limburgish (c. 1.3 million). There are two extant major sub-divisions: West Germanic and North Germanic . A third group, East Germanic ,
2544-413: The same language for Catholics and Protestants. The first languages whose standardisation was promoted included Italian ( questione della lingua : Modern Tuscan/Florentine vs. Old Tuscan/Florentine vs. Venetian → Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian), French (the standard is based on Parisian), English (the standard is based on the London dialect) and (High) German (based on the dialects of
2597-454: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cornelius . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius&oldid=1221479579 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2650-537: The sign languages and the oral languages of Europe are quite distinct from one another. Due to (visual/aural) modality differences, most sign languages are named for the larger ethnic nation in which they are spoken, plus the words "sign language", rendering what is spoken across much of France , Wallonia and Romandy as French Sign Language or LSF for: l angue des s ignes f rançaise . Recognition of non-oral languages varies widely from region to region. Some countries afford legal recognition, even to official on
2703-413: The various parts of the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity . Latin was itself part of the (otherwise extinct) Italic branch of Indo-European. Romance languages are divided phylogenetically into Italo-Western , Eastern Romance (including Romanian ) and Sardinian . The Romance-speaking area of Europe is occasionally referred to as Latin Europe . Italo-Western can be further broken down into
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#17327650170022756-434: Was among the first. A new wave of lexicography can be seen from the late 15th century onwards (after the introduction of the printing press, with the growing interest in standardisation of languages). The concept of the nation state began to emerge in the early modern period . Nations adopted particular dialects as their national language. This, together with improved communications, led to official efforts to standardise
2809-463: Was derived from the Phoenician alphabet , and Latin was derived from the Greek via the Old Italic alphabet . In the Early Middle Ages, Ogham was used in Ireland and runes (derived from Old Italic script) in Scandinavia. Both were replaced in general use by the Latin alphabet by the Late Middle Ages. The Cyrillic script was derived from the Greek with the first texts appearing around 940 AD. Around 1900 there were mainly two typeface variants of
#1998