Yacht racing is a sailing sport involving sailing yachts and larger sailboats , as distinguished from dinghy racing , which involves open boats. It is composed of multiple yachts, in direct competition, racing around a course marked by buoys or other fixed navigational devices or racing longer distances across open water from point-to-point. It can involve a series of races with buoy racing or multiple legs when point-to-point racing.
30-453: Cabo is Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for cape . It may refer to: Capes: Cape (geography) In geography , a cape is a headland , peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water , usually a sea . A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline , often making them important landmarks in sea navigation. This also makes them prone to natural forms of erosion , mainly tidal actions, resulting in
60-436: A coast, and sailors have relied on them for navigation since antiquity. The Greeks and Romans considered some to be sacred capes and erected temples to the sea god nearby. Greek peripli describe capes and other headlands a sailor will encounter along a route. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax , for instance, illustrates a clockwise journey around Sicily using three capes that define its triangular shape: Cape Peloro in
90-601: A distance of around 2,225 nautical miles (2,560 mi; 4,121 km). It is one of yachting's premier offshore races, attracting entrants from all over the world. Started in 1906, the race is organized by the Transpacific Yacht Club . Fastnet was established in 1924 with 7 boats. The race covers approximately 600 miles starting at Cowes on the Isle of Wight, rounding Fastnet rock on the southern coast of Ireland, and finishing at Cherbourg, France. Until 2019,
120-401: A distance of over 682 nautical miles (1,263 km; 785 mi). The Newport to Bermuda race started in 1906. It runs from Newport, Rhode Island to Bermuda . The Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac was founded in 1898 with five boats. The race runs over 300 miles, from Chicago to Mackinac Island on the northern tip of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The Marblehead to Halifax race
150-412: A formula by which most racing/cruising boats were designed during that period. After its descendant, the mathematically complex International Offshore Rule (IOR) of the 1970s, contributed to much decreased seaworthiness (and even speed), the simpler Performance Handicap Racing Fleet (PHRF) system was adopted. The PHRF uses only proven performance characteristics, especially theoretical sailing speed, as
180-610: A handsome margin." Subsequently, the Cup races were conducted, usually every three to four years, based on a challenge issued by one club to the current Cup holder, which until 1983 was the NYYC. As at 2017, the La Ciotat Based Yacht Partridge 1885 is documented as being the world's oldest, still fully operational classic racing yacht. As yacht racing became more prevalent, and yacht design more diverse, it
210-538: A means to allow dissimilar yachts—typically crewed by friends and families at clubs rather than by professional crews—to race together. Most popular family-oriented cruising sailboats will have a rating filed with a local chapter of the PHRF. The most prevalent handicap rating systems today are the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC), Offshore Racing Rule (ORR), International Rating Certificate (IRC), and
240-514: A relatively short geological lifespan. Capes can be formed by glaciers , volcanoes , and changes in sea level . Erosion plays a large role in each of these methods of formation. Coastal erosion by waves and currents can create capes by wearing away softer rock and leaving behind harder rock formations. Movements of the Earth's crust can uplift land, forming capes. For example, the Cape of Good Hope
270-399: Is allowed to send one team and three boats of a chosen one-design class. Formerly it was raced every two years. It appears that due to international disagreements that this event no longer takes place. The America's Cup was established in 1851. This is the oldest, and arguably the most prestigious, event in yacht racing. Participants are restricted to a measurement formula for the boats, and
300-606: Is believed to have started with sailboats in the Netherlands sometime in the 17th century. Soon, in England , custom-built racing "yachts" began to emerge and the Royal Yacht Squadron was established in 1815. In 1661 John Evelyn recorded a competition between Katherine and Anne , two large royal sailing vessels both of English design, "…the wager 100-1; the race from Greenwich to Gravesend and back." One of
330-641: Is primarily a single-handed race, but crewed boats do compete. It starts in France's north coast and runs to Guadeloupe, a French Island in the Caribbean. The race covers about 3700 miles. Mini Transat started in 1977 and runs every two years. This is a singlehanded race that crosses the Atlantic on a similar route as the Route Du Rhum. This race is broken up into two legs, the first going from France to
SECTION 10
#1732765931542360-747: The J/22 and J/24 , the Etchells , and the Star and New York 30 of Nathanael Herreshoff are examples of one-design boats. In general, modern yacht-racing contests are conducted according to the Racing Rules of Sailing , first established in 1928. Though complex, the RRS are intended primarily simply ensure fairness and safety. The Rules are revised and updated every four years by the body now known as World Sailing . Some yacht-racing rules give "line honours" to
390-634: The Performance Handicap Racing Fleet (PHRF). Many countries organise their own handicap systems which do not take into account the size, weight, or sail area of the yacht, but performance is measured on the basis of previous race results. The Irish E.C.H.O. system is such a handicap system. One-design racing was invented by Thomas (Ben) Middleton in 1886 in Killiney Bay close to Dublin City, Republic of Ireland. Middleton
420-528: The 'Flying Start' used today. Bringing yacht racing to the forefront of public life, the America's Cup was first raced in 1851 between the New York Yacht Club and the Royal Yacht Squadron . Not ruled or regulated by measurement criteria as today, it is the second-place finisher was Aurora, "and but for the fact that time allowance had been waived for the race she would have been the winner by
450-693: The altar to Poseidon there. Cape Gelidonya (then known as Chelidonia) on the coast of Turkey served as a bearing aid for ships heading to the Egyptian port of Canopus , directly to the south. Cape Sidero on the eastern tip of Crete was a waypoint for Jason and the Argonauts returning from Libya as well as for Paul the Apostle as he traveled from Caesarea to Rome . The three great capes ( Africa 's Cape of Good Hope , Australia 's Cape Leeuwin , and South America 's Cape Horn ) defined
480-485: The challenge called For racing under canvas or with oars. (trans. James Michie) "Yacht" is referred to as deriving from either Norwegian ("jagt"), Middle Low German ("jaght") or from the Dutch word jacht, which means "a swift light vessel of war, commerce or pleasure. The sporting element in the word lies in the derivation of jaght from the root jaghen, which means to hunt, chase or pursue…." The formal racing of boats
510-435: The competitors. Buoys were laid in a straight line, to which the competitors attached their yachts by means of spring ropes. The yachts were required to keep all the sails forward of the mainmast on deck until the starting signal was given. The Yacht Racing Association was founded in 1875 by Prince Batthyany-Strattman, Captain J. W. Hughes, and Mr. Dixon Kemp. The Y.R.A. wrote standardised yacht racing rules which included
540-469: The finish line first, much as in foot and horse races, should suffice to win the contest. As a result, both ratings and “ one-design ” competition were developed. Ratings systems rely upon some formulaic analysis of usually very specific yacht-design parameters such as length, sail area , displacement , and hull shape. During the 1920s and through the 1970s the Cruising Club of America established
570-749: The finish line was in New York). It is a single-handed race against the prevailing wind and current in the North Atlantic. The race is held every 4 years but has become an amateur race in the early 21st century. Originally, the Ostar was the main race for offshore sailors, but has meanwhile lost its status to the Route du Rhum. The race covers about 3,000 miles. Route Du Rhum was established in 1978. This race happens every four years, starting in November. It
600-556: The first boat to cross the finish line and "handicap honours" to the corrected time winner, which may be a slower boat with a lower handicap. The major races of today can be classified as inshore, offshore, ocean, and around the world. They adhere to one set of rules, but use diverse handicapping standards. The Admiral's Cup was created in 1957 by the Admiral of the Royal Ocean Racing Club . Each country involved
630-686: The northeast, Cape Pachynus in the southeast, and Cape Lilybaeum in the west. Sicily itself was referred to as Trinacria (or Three Capes) in antiquity. Homer 's works reference a number of capes to describe journeys around the Mediterranean Sea . Menelaus , Agamemnon , and Odysseus each faced peril at the notoriously dangerous Cape Malea at the southeastern tip of the Peloponnese . Menelaus navigated via Cape Sounion on his way home from Troy, and Nestor stopped at Cape Geraestus (now Cape Mandelo ) on Euboea to give offerings at
SECTION 20
#1732765931542660-479: The race finished at Plymouth. The Tour De France A La Voile was established in 1978 with 20 boats. The race parallels the cycling event and takes place along France's three coasts: English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean. It covers over 1000 miles. The Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race was established in 1945. This Australian race runs from Sydney , New South Wales to Hobart , Tasmania —
690-479: The rules concerning this formula have been controversial since the beginning. The English, who were the challengers for the first 132 years of the race, commented "England rules the waves, but America waives the rules." This race was not traditionally an inshore race, due to the requirement that the British boat would sail to the racing area, which involved sailing trans-Atlantically. The Auckland Anniversary Regatta
720-524: The traditional clipper route between Europe and the Far East , Australia and New Zealand . They continue to be important landmarks in ocean yacht racing . Yacht racing Yachting , that is, recreational boating, is very old, as exemplified in the ancient poem Catullus 4 : The yacht you see there, friends, says that she's been The fastest piece of timber ever seen; She swears that once she could have overhauled All rival boats, whether
750-586: The vessels was owned, and sometimes steered, by Charles II . In 1782, the Cumberland Fleet , a class of sailing vessel known for its ability to sail close to the wind, were painted racing up the Thames River with spectators viewing from a bridge. Much like today, this obsession with sailing close to the wind with speed and efficiency fueled the racing community. In the 19th century, most yacht races were started by allotting starting positions to
780-490: Was concerned that winning a yacht race was more reliant on having an expensive new yacht, than it was on the skill of the yachtsman. One design yacht racing is conducted with classes of similar boats, all built—often via mass-production—to the same design, with the same sail area and rig, and the same number of crew, so that crew ability and tactical expertise are more likely to decide a race than boat type, or age, or even weather. Popular racing boats such as The Water Wag, Laser,
810-505: Was formed by tectonic forces. Volcanic eruptions can create capes by depositing lava that solidifies into new landforms. Cape Verde , (also known as Cabo Verde ) is an example of a volcanic cape. Glaciers can carve out capes by eroding the landscape as they advance and retreat. Cape Cod in the United States was formed by glacial activity during the last Ice Age. Capes (and other headlands) are conspicuous visual landmarks along
840-825: Was founded in 1840. It includes the Heather Cup, which has been contested on over 170 yearly occasions since establishment. (It was halted briefly during the Second Boer War .) The Vic-Maui Yacht Race runs from Victoria, Canada to Lahaina, Hawaii — a distance of 2,308 nautical miles ((4,274 km)). The race was started in 1965 and is held every other year. It is the longest of the Pacific-Hawaii races. The Transpacific Yacht Race (Transpac) starts off Point Fermin ( San Pedro , near Los Angeles ) and ends off Diamond Head Lighthouse in Honolulu —
870-602: Was founded in 1905. The race runs for over 360 miles, from Marblehead, Massachusetts to Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Coastal Classic , started in 1982, is held in New Zealand. At about 125 miles, it is shorter than most offshore races. It runs north from Auckland to Russell, which is at the northern tip of New Zealand's North Island. Ostar was organised by the Royal Western Yacht Club and first held in 1960. The Ostar runs from Plymouth to Newport (in 1960
900-484: Was necessary to establish systems of measurements and time allowances due to the differences in boat design. Longer yachts are inherently faster than shorter ones; therefore, in the interests of fairness, in the 1820s a “primitive system of time allowance was introduced on the Solent .” Larger yachts were handicapped; but owners with the biggest vessels had a problem with the allowance system, for they preferred that crossing
#541458