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44-598: There are multiple examples of the term Kakarriqi being used as a toponym. The toponym of Kakrok or Kakruk of Skrapari could perhaps be traced to the Kakarriqi tribe. There exists a 'Kakarriqi' toponym (labelled Cacaricchi in 1610) between Shkodra and Lezhë , as well as a hill called 'Kakarriqi' in Suma and a village in Mazrek of the same name; Mazreku also contains the toponym of 'Kakaruka', which may be related. In 1304,

88-524: A fruit brandy , is used as a sacramental element by in Bektashism, and Alevi Jem ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem". Poetry plays an important role in the transmission of Bektashian spirituality. Several important Ottoman-era poets were Bektashis, and Yunus Emre , the most acclaimed poet of the Turkish language , is generally recognized as a subscriber to

132-495: A concession by Benedict Benedict Contarini under the condition that each year five sacks of millet would be paid to him. The register of the village also lists Gjergj , Jon and Petro , all with the surname Kakarriqi . The plot of land of Kakarriq Duz is also mentioned along with two families with the surname Kakarriqi in the villages of Shënkoll and Kurta. In the 16th century the Kakarriq tribe had greatly increased, with

176-523: A considerable impact on the Islamization of many areas, primarily Albania and Bulgaria , as well as parts of Macedonia , particularly among Ottoman-era Greek Muslims from western Greek Macedonia such as the Vallahades . By the 18th century Bektashism began to gain a considerable hold over the population of southern Albania and northwestern Greece ( Epirus and western Greek Macedonia). Following

220-447: A moderate version of Islam . Bektashis believe in God and follow all the prophets . Bektashis claim the heritage of Haji Bektash Veli, who was a descendant of Ali , Husayn ibn Ali , Ali al-Sajjad and other Imams. In contrast to many Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect all companions of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman , Talha and Mu'awiya , though consider Ali to be

264-820: A ritual meal ( muhabbet ) and yearly confession of sins to a baba ( magfirat-i zunub مغفرة الذنوب). Bektashis base their practices and rituals on their non-orthodox and mystical interpretation and understanding of the Quran and the prophetic practice ( Sunnah ). They have no written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals may differ depending on under whose influence one has been taught. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own order, such as ibn Arabi , al-Ghazali and Rumi , who are close in spirit to them despite many of being from more mainstream Islamic backgrounds. As with other Muslims, Bektashis do not consume pork and consider it haram ("prohibited") and in addition, also do not consider rabbit. Rakia ,

308-738: A separate religious community with the Macedonian government in 1993, but the Macedonian government has refused to recognize them. On 21 September 2024, it was reported that Prime Minister Edi Rama of Albania was planning to create the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order , a sovereign microstate for the Order within Albania's capital of Tirana . Rama said the aim of the new state would be to promote religious tolerance and

352-610: Is initiatic , and members must traverse various levels or ranks as they progress along the spiritual path to the Reality . The Turkish names are given below, followed by their Arabic and Albanian equivalents. Traditionally there were twelve of these hierarchical rankings, the most senior being the dedebaba (great-grandfather). In Albania , the World Headquarters of the Bektashi ( Albanian : Kryegjyshata ) divides

396-762: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bektashi order Bektashism ( Albanian : Urdhri Bektashi) is an Islamic Sufi mystic order that originated in 13th-century Anatolia and became widespread in the Ottoman Empire . It is named after the saint Haji Bektash Veli . The Bektashian community is currently led by Baba Mondi , their eighth Bektashi Dedebaba and headquartered in Tirana , Albania . Collectively, adherents of Bektashism are called Bektashians or simply Bektashis. Originally one of many Sufi orders within Sunni Islam, by

440-626: Is celebrated by Bektashis as Ali's birthday (see also Nevruz in Albania ). The Bektashian Order is a Sufi order and shares much in common with other Islamic mystical movements, such as the need for an experienced spiritual guide—called a baba in Bektashian parlance — as well as the doctrine of "the four gates that must be traversed": the " Sharia " ( religious law ) , " Tariqah " (the spiritual path) , " Marifa " (true knowledge) , " Haqiqa " (truth) . There are many other practices and ceremonies that share similarities with other faiths, such as

484-827: Is considered the pīr-i thānī ('the Second Elder') by Bektashians. It was originally founded as a Sufi movement. The branch became widespread in the Ottoman Empire , their lodges scattered throughout Anatolia as well as in the Balkans . It became the official order of the Janissary corps, the elite infantry corp of the Ottoman Army . Therefore, they also became mainly associated with Anatolian and Balkan Muslims of Eastern Orthodox convert origin, mainly Albanians and northern Greeks (although most leading Bektashian babas were of southern Albanian origin). In 1826,

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528-535: Is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and Bektashism. Bektashism originated in Anatolia as the followers of the 13th-century scholar Bektash , who himself studied under Central Asian mystic Ahmad Yasawi . The doctrines and rituals of the Bektashiyya were codified by the mystic Balim Sultan , who

572-601: Is the legally recognized organisation which claims to represent all Muslims in North Macedonia , invaded the Bektashian Order's Arabati Baba Teḱe in an attempt to reclaim this tekke as a mosque although the facility has never functioned as such. Subsequently, the Bektashian Order of North Macedonia sued the government for failing to restore the tekke to the Bektashians, pursuant to a law passed in

616-573: The Abbas Ali Türbe on August 20–25. In addition to the Muslim daily five prayers, Bektashians have two specific prayers, one at dawn and one at dusk for the welfare of all humanity. Bektashism places much emphasis on the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud ( Arabic : وحدة الوجود , romanized :  Unity of Being ) that was formulated by Ibn Arabi . Malakat is an important text of Bektashian written by Haji Bektash. Bektashis also follow

660-601: The Cacharichi , with 400 soldiers. Existence of settlements named Kakarriq in Zeta and Shkodër shows that this community has migrated between these two areas, and that they served it as summer and winter pastures for livestock. Such patterns of movement indicate a pastoralist way of life. Skrapari Skrapar ( Albanian definite form : Skrapari ) is a municipality in Berat County , southern Albania . It

704-708: The Directorate of Religious Affairs and the community's headquarters relocated to Albania. Salih Nijazi was the last Dedebaba in Turkey and the first in Albania. The order became involved in Albanian politics, and some of its members, including Ismail Qemali , were major leaders of the Albanian National Awakening . Bektashis believe in the ismah of the Islamic prophets and messengers , and

748-661: The Hurufis (in the early 15th century), the Qalandariyya stream of Sufism, figures like Ahmad Yasawi , Yunus Emre , Shah Ismail , Shaykh Haydar , Nesimi , Pir Sultan Abdal , Gül Baba , Sarı Saltık and to varying degrees more broadly the Shia belief system circulating in Anatolia during the 14th to 16th centuries. The mystical practices and rituals of the Bektashi order were systematized and structured by Balım Sultan in

792-596: The Neolithic period . Illyrian - Roman wars , come out through the pen of historians of different times like, Orgesi, Koragu, Gerunti, etc. According to them, the town was established in III century BC and Illyrians served as a fortress area of Skrapar and strategic character defence. During the Ottoman period , the region was known as İskarapar . This article about a specific location in Berat County , Albania,

836-631: The 16th century the order adopted some tenets of Twelver Shia Islam, including a veneration of Ali , the son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad , and the Twelve Imams , as well as a variety of syncretic beliefs. The Bektashis acquired political importance in the 15th century, when the order dominated the Janissary Corps . After the foundation of the Turkish Republic , Kemal Atatürk banned religious institutions that were not part of

880-530: The 16th century. According to a 2005 estimate made by Reshat Bardhi , there are over seven million Bektashis worldwide, though more recent studies put the figure as high as 20 million. In Albania , they make up 9% of the Muslim population and 5% of the country's population. An additional 12.5 million Bektashis live in Turkey . Bektashis are mainly found throughout Anatolia , the Balkans and among Ottoman-era Greek Muslim communities. The term "Alevi–Bektashi"

924-467: The Albanian "ethnographic region" of Skrapar which is known for its folklore, its raki production, its high rate of those belonging to the Bektashi order and its scenic mountains. The discovery of the cave settlements, graves, mosaics, coins and the ruins of bridges, churches, castles, have extended knowledge and evidence of an ancient human life in the area. Ancient objects are work tools belonging to

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968-615: The Albanian communities of North Macedonia and Kosovo , the most important being the Arabati Baba Teḱe in the city of Tetovo , which was until recently under the guidance of Baba Tahir Emini (1941–2006). Following the death of Baba Tahir Emini, the dedelik of Tirana appointed Baba Edmond Brahimaj (known as Baba Mondi ), formerly head of the Turan Tekke of Korçë , to oversee the Harabati baba tekke . A splinter branch of

1012-684: The Bektashi, a conference during which members of the Bektashi Community make important decisions, has been held in Albania several times. Since 1945, it has been held exclusively in Tirana . The longest gap between two congresses lasted from 1950 to 1993, when congresses could not be held during Communist rule in Albania . A list of congresses is given below. This section lists the Dedebabas (Supreme Leaders) of Bektashism. List of Dedebabas (mostly based in Hacıbektaş , Anatolia), prior to

1056-541: The Bektashian order was banned throughout the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mahmud II for having close ties with the Janissary corps. Many Bektashian dervishes were exiled, and some were executed. Their tekkes were destroyed and their revenues were confiscated. This decision was supported by the Sunni religious elite as well as the leaders of other, more orthodox, Sufi orders. Bektashis slowly regained freedom with

1100-610: The Bektashian order. Like many Sufis, the Bektashis were quite lax in observing daily Muslim laws, and women as well as men took part in ritual wine drinking and dancing during devotional ceremonies. The Bektashis in the Balkans adapted such Christian practices as the ritual sharing of bread and the confession of sins. Bektashi mystical writings made a rich contribution to Sufi poetry. A poem from Bektashi poet Balım Sultan (died c. 1517/1519): Like most other Sufi orders, Bektashism

1144-524: The Fourteen Infallibles : Prophet Muhammad , his daughter Fatima , and the Twelve Imams . In contrast to many Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect all companions of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr , Umar , Uthman , Talha and Mu'awiya , though consider Ali to be the most superior of all companions. In addition to the spiritual teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi order was later significantly influenced during its formative period by

1188-662: The Kakarriqi appear as the Cataruci in Italian sources and were described as a tribe who submitted to the Kingdom of Naples . In the first half of the 15th century, the Venetian Cadastre of Shkodra mentions the present-day village of Kakarriq near Lezhë , as well as the families of Andrea Kakarriqi the younger in the village of Dajçi , Bitër Kakarriqi in the village of Pulaj near Velipojë and Dimitër Kakarriqi in

1232-582: The Quran and Hadith. Bektashis follow the modern-day Bektashian Dedebabate, currently headed by Baba Mondi . Bektashis consider the dedebaba as their leader overseeing the entire branch. Bektashism is also heavily permeated with Shiite concepts, such as the marked reverence of Ali, the Twelve Imams, and the ritual commemoration of Ashura marking the Battle of Karbala . The old Persian holiday of Nowruz

1276-532: The ban on Sufi orders in the Republic of Turkey , the Bektashian community's headquarters was moved from Hacıbektaş in central Anatolia, to Tirana, Albania. In Albania, the Bektashian community declared its separation from the Sunni community and they were perceived ever after as a distinct Islamic sect rather than a branch of Sunni Islam. Bektashism continued to flourish until the Second World War. After

1320-525: The coming of the Tanzimat era. After the foundation of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk shut down the lodges in 1925. Consequently, the Bektashian leadership moved to Albania and established their headquarters in the city of Tirana . Among the most famous followers of Bektashian in the 19th century Balkans were Ali Pasha and Naim Frashëri . After lodges in Turkey were shut down,

1364-470: The communists took power in 1945, several babas and dervishes were executed and a gradual constriction of Bektashian influence began. Ultimately, in 1967 all tekkes were shut down when Enver Hoxha banned all religious practice. When this ban was rescinded in 1990 the Bektashism reestablished itself, although there were few left with any real knowledge of the spiritual path. Nevertheless, many "tekkes" (lodges) operate today in Albania. The most recent head of

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1408-545: The country into 6 different administrative districts (similar to Christian parishes and patriarchates ), each of which is called a gjyshata . During the 1930s, the six gjyshata of Albania set up by Sali Njazi were: National headquarters in other countries are located in: There is also a Bektashian office in Brussels , Belgium . The World Bektashi Congress , also called the National Congress of

1452-682: The dedebaba in Turkey: Mustafa Eke and Haydar Ercan. A large functioning Bektashian tekke was also established in the United States in 1954 by Baba Rexheb . This tekke is found in the Detroit suburb of Taylor and the tomb ( türbe ) of Baba Rexheb continues to draw pilgrims of all faiths. In 2002, a group of armed members of the Islamic Religious Community of Macedonia (ICM), a Sunni group that

1496-561: The early 1990s returning properties previously nationalized under the Yugoslav government. The law, however, deals with restitution to private citizens, rather than religious communities. The ICM claim to the tekke is based upon their contention to represent all Muslims in North Macedonia; and indeed, they are one of two Muslim organizations recognized by the government, both Sunni. The Bektashian community filed for recognition as

1540-471: The most superior of all companions. Bektashians follow the teachings of Haji Bektash, who preached about the Twelve Imams. Bektashis differ from other Muslims by also following the Fourteen Innocents, who either died in infancy or were martyred with Husayn. Abbas ibn Ali is also an important figure in Bektashism, and Bektashians visit Mount Tomorr to honor him during an annual pilgrimage to

1584-614: The order has recently sprung up in the town of Kičevo which has ties to the Turkish Bektashian community under Haydar Ercan Dede rather than Tirana. A smaller Bektashian tekke , the Dikmen Baba Tekkesi, is in operation in the Turkish-speaking town of Kanatlarci , North Macedonia that also has stronger ties with Turkey's Bektashis. In Kosovo, the relatively small Bektashian community has a tekke in

1628-509: The order in Albania was Hajji Reshat Bardhi Dedebaba (1935–2011) and the main tekke has been reopened in Tirana. In June 2011 Baba Edmond Brahimaj was chosen as the head of the Bektashian order by a council of Albanian babas. Today sympathy for the order is generally widespread in Albania where approximately 20% of Muslims identify themselves as having some connection to Bektashism. There are also important Bektashian communities among

1672-698: The order's headquarters moved to Albania . On 20 March 1930, Salih Nijazi was elected as the Dedebaba of the Bektashian community in Albania. Prior to Nijazi, the Dedebaba was Haxhi Fejzullah in Turkey. Njazi established the Bektashi World Headquarters in Tirana . Its construction was finished in 1941 during the Italian occupation of Albania . Nijazi promoted Bektashian Islam by introducing major ceremonies at popular tekkes. After he

1716-511: The realm of the Kakarriqi. It is believed that this village would be the territory where the branch of the Kakarriq community mentioned in the agreement between Venice and the Zeta tribes was established. The hamlet of Kakarićka Gora , a rounded elevation rising above the surrounding land in modern Podgorica, corresponds to the village of Stanković. Mariano Bolizza in his voyage in the area in 1614 recorded that Gjon Saliki held 150 houses of

1760-579: The town of Balec . In 1455 the Kakarriqi are mentioned as one of the communities that entered into an agreement with the Venetians . In 1482, a certain Chacharucha was documented as the leader of the stratioti in Durrës . In the 1485 cadastre of Shkodra, the old village of Kakarriq was registered with Jon Neraçi as its head. The village possessed 13 plots of arable land, given to Jon Neraçi as

1804-595: The town of Gjakovë and is under the leadership of Baba Mumin Lama and it recognizes the leadership of Tirana. In Bulgaria, the türbes of Kıdlemi Baba, Ak Yazılı Baba, Demir Baba and Otman Baba function as heterodox Islamic pilgrimage sites and before 1842 were the centers of Bektashian tekkes . Bektashis continue to be active in Turkey and their semi-clandestine organizations can be found in Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir . There are currently two rival claimants to

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1848-412: The village of Kakarriq numbering 248 Christian houses, 21 bachelors and 2 Muslim families in 1582. In addition there was already a second village named Kakarriq or Borad , which as the name suggests, was inhabited by members of this community, and a third village named Kakarriq registered together with the village of Stanković in the area of Podgorica , where according to the agreement of 1455, lay

1892-429: Was created in 2015 by the merger of the former municipalities Bogovë , Çepan , Çorovodë , Gjerbës , Leshnjë , Potom , Qendër Skrapar , Vendreshë and Zhepë . The seat of the municipality is the town Çorovodë. The total population is 12,403 (2011 census), in a total area of 832.04 km . It covers part of the area of the former Skrapar District , without the town Poliçan . It is also roughly contiguous with

1936-408: Was murdered, Ali Riza succeeded him as the Dedebaba. Despite the negative effect of the ban of lodges on Bektashian culture, most Bektashians in Turkey have been generally supportive of secularism to this day, since these reforms have relatively relaxed the religious intolerance that had historically been shown against them by the official Sunni establishment. In the Balkans the Bektashian order had

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