The General Motors Sigma platform is a mid-size automobile platform used by General Motors from the 2003 to 2015 model years. Exclusive to the Cadillac division, Sigma was the successor to the Opel-designed V platform . Initially developed for executive cars , the architecture was expanded for larger model lines, sports sedans, and multiple body styles.
120-671: The Cadillac ATS (ATS as an acronym for Alpha Touring Sedan ) is a compact executive car ( D-segment ) manufactured by General Motors and marketed by Cadillac from 2012 to 2019, available in both four-door sedan and two-door coupé body styles. In the US, it is the brand's first locally-built entry-level premium car since the Cimarron , and in Europe, it is the successor of the Swedish-built Cadillac BLS . The ATS
240-572: A CTS , which would have resulted in what Kelzer calls a " pretty good car ". However, he states that as the BMW 3 Series was its direct competitor, a unique platform would be optimal. Larry Craig, the ATS Program Engineering Manager says that several iterations were completed until a compromise was made between manufacturability, weight and strength. Consequently, the lightest ATS weighs 3,315 lb (1,504 kg), compared to
360-428: A numeronym . For example, "i18n" abbreviates " internationalization ", a computer-science term for adapting software for worldwide use; the "18" represents the 18 letters that come between the first and the last in "internationalization". Similarly, "localization" can be abbreviated "l10n"; " multilingualization " "m17n"; and " accessibility " "a11y". In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters,
480-645: A single word ("television" or "transvestite", for instance), and is in general spelled without punctuation (except in the plural). Although "PS" stands for the single English word " postscript " or the Latin postscriptum , it is often spelled with periods ("P.S.") as if parsed as Latin post scriptum instead. The slash ('/', or solidus ) is sometimes used to separate the letters in an acronym, as in "N/A" ("not applicable, not available") and "c/o" ("care of"). Inconveniently long words used frequently in related contexts can be represented according to their letter count as
600-438: A 14 percent increase over the previous model. This was achieved by engine calibration that resulted in increased boost pressure for better performance. In 2015, for the 2016 model year, Cadillac had redesigned the 3.0 V6 engine, which features a new paddle-shift eight-speed automatic transmission. The 2.0-litre turbo and the 3.6-litre V6 models both introduce Stop/Start technology , while the 3.6 model adds Active Fuel Management ,
720-507: A 1940 translation of a novel by the German writer Lion Feuchtwanger . It is an unsettled question in English lexicography and style guides whether it is legitimate to use the word acronym to describe forms that use initials but are not pronounced as a word. While there is plenty of evidence that acronym is used widely in this way, some sources do not acknowledge this usage, reserving
840-416: A 4G LTE Wi-Fi hotspot. Optional features include navigation, a sunroof, a 110-volt power outlet, and rain-sensing windshield wipers. The ATS features an instrument panel that wraps into the doors and a center stack in the mid-instrument panel that flows into the center console. The gauge cluster features LED lighting which allows for clear, at-a-glance viewing in all conditions, while ambient lighting emphasizes
960-576: A 60-40 split-folding rear seat. Adding to the Standard and Luxury trims, the Performance trim adds dual exhausts, a Driver Awareness package which comes with a variety of safety systems, xenon headlights, an upgraded 10-speaker Bose surround-sound audio system, and sporty front seats. The Premium trim adds 18-inch wheels, navigation system, and a color head-up display . Rear-wheel-drive Premium trim levels additionally feature with run-flat summer tires,
1080-446: A BMW E46 328i at 3,461 lb (1,570 kg). Dave Leone, vehicle line executive for rear-wheel-drive and performance cars, knew that downsizing the larger CTS would result in a small car not able to deliver the performance wanted in the segment. Leone states, that he and his team established a dollar-per-kilogram strategy to measure the cost-effectiveness of weight-reduction. The engineers made sure to monitor materials used in developing
1200-537: A WiFi hotspot, CUE interface with Siri Eyes Free, and a Bose stereo with 12 speakers. GM discontinued the compact executive coupe after the 2019 model year without any replacement planned due to poor sales and the growing popularity of crossovers and SUVs . However, the sedan version of the ATS was replaced by the Cadillac CT4 sedan for the 2020 model year. The Cadillac ATS-V is the high-performance variant of
1320-779: A comparison between the BMW M3 , ATS-V, and Mercedes-AMG C63-S . The Cadillac managed to accelerate faster than both German vehicles and was the fastest around Willow Springs International Motorsports Park ; it was also the least expensive in the test. Cadillac competed at the Pirelli World Challenge from 2015 to 2017 with the Cadillac ATS-V.R, a racecar based on the ATS-V under the GT3 regulations, developed in collaboration with Pratt & Miller . Johnny O'Connell won
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#17327796399891440-481: A crash threat appears more imminent. Available safety systems include: adaptive cruise control , which senses traffic in front of the ATS to adjust the vehicle speed, including automatically stopping the vehicle in heavy traffic and accelerating again. This feature benefits from radar technology. Intelligent brake assist detects abrupt braking and applies full power to the brakes for quicker stopping. Forward collision alert also features radar technology which detects
1560-625: A different meaning. Medical literature has been struggling to control the proliferation of acronyms, including efforts by the American Academy of Dermatology. Acronyms are often taught as mnemonic devices: for example the colors of the rainbow are ROY G. BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). They are also used as mental checklists: in aviation GUMPS stands for gas-undercarriage-mixture-propeller-seat belts. Other mnemonic acronyms include CAN SLIM in finance, PAVPANIC in English grammar, and PEMDAS in mathematics. It
1680-474: A heavier vehicle. During the early development of the ATS, GM engineers determined that downsizing the GM Sigma II platform that underpinned the second-generation CTS would result in a vehicle that was too heavy and that using an economical, front-wheel drive platform would sacrifice performance expected of a Cadillac sedan. Under the leadership of Dave Leone, GM engineers created a brand-new platform which
1800-621: A horizontal plane, primarily during cornering. The front suspension is a MacPherson strut , double-pivot set up, using a pair of ball joints and lower control links. Third-generation Magnetic Ride Control active suspension is optional on the Premium trim level in rear-wheel drive. A mechanical limited-slip differential is standard with the manual transmission variant and is available on the premium automatic. Straight steel arms are used in place of aluminium, each with lightening holes stamped in. Underbody aero shields help redirect wind around and under
1920-801: A larger vehicle. Cadillac debuted the ATS to the press in the United States in January 2012, placed the ATS into production in July 2012 and began selling the ATS in the United States in August 2012 as a 2013 model. GM began selling the ATS in China in November 2013. Cadillac sold the ATS in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, the Middle East, China, Japan, and South Korea. The ATS was replaced by
2040-563: A long wheelbase version of the ATS for the Chinese market known as the ATS-L. The ATS-L has a wheelbase 85 mm (3.3 in) longer than the standard ATS sedan and was manufactured in China by Shanghai GM. Prior to the introduction of the ATS-L, standard wheelbase vehicles had been imported to China from GM's Lansing manufacturing facility in Michigan. However, models from 2014 destined for
2160-781: A medial decimal point . Particularly in British and Commonwealth English , all such punctuation marking acronyms and other capitalized abbreviations is now uncommon and considered either unnecessary or incorrect. The presence of all-capital letters is now thought sufficient to indicate the nature of the UK , the EU , and the UN . Forms such as the U.S.A. for "the United States of America " are now considered to indicate American or North American English . Even within those dialects, such punctuation
2280-413: A more streamlined design, the recently-released ATS Coupe was the first Cadillac model to adopt the new badge, the second being its four-door counterpart. The other large change applied to is the redesigned lower grille. The outgoing model features a three-piece unit with added chrome detailing and vertical fog lamps . The facelift reunites the three-piece grille into a singular unit, horizontally crossed by
2400-408: A non-V ATS. Cadillac debuted the production ATS to the press on 8 January 2012. General Motors began selling the ATS in the United States in August 2012 as a 2013 model. Sales in China began on 21 November 2013. Chinese-market vehicles were initially imported from the United States by Shanghai GM. The Chinese-assembled ATS-L was launched in China in August 2014. As is becoming increasingly more common,
2520-407: A period when the letters are pronounced individually, as in " K.G.B. ", but not when pronounced as a word, as in " NATO ". The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the punctuation scheme. When a multiple-letter abbreviation is formed from a single word, periods are in general not used, although they may be common in informal usage. "TV", for example, may stand for
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#17327796399892640-405: A phrase whose only pronounced elements are the initial letters or initial sounds of words inside that phrase. Acronyms are often spelled with the initial letter of each word in all caps with no punctuation . For some, an initialism or alphabetism , connotes this general meaning, and an acronym is a subset with a narrower definition: an initialism pronounced as a word rather than as
2760-445: A possible crash and alerts the driver, giving them time to stop or switch lanes. If the driver doesn't react or doesn't react fast enough, autonomous emergency braking will apply the braking in an effort to avoid the crash. Lane departure warning warns the driver of unintentional lane changes. The rear-view camera identifies traffic lane markings and provides acoustic alerts. Blind zone alert uses radar sensors placed on both sides of
2880-735: A radio volume limit and establish a speed warning between 40–70 mph (64–113 km/h), among other features. The model can optioned with Cadillac's DockSpot inductive charger which can recharge compatible smartphones without plugging it in. Cadillac had updated the ATS for 2016. Engines are slightly modified, as well as start-stop technology on some models. The ATS is available with a Hydra-Matic 8L45 paddle-shift eight-speed automatic transmission, updated safety systems replacing ESS I and II, Cadillac User Experience enhancements, including Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capability, and new exterior colors, including Cocoa Bronze Metallic, Moonstone Metallic and Stellar Black Metallic. Cadillac had updated
3000-471: A reference that helps make parking and other maneuvers less complicated. A display is in the center stack infotainment system. The start assist applies the brakes for 1.5 seconds to prevent the vehicle from rolling back when the driver forgets to enable the parking brake . The ATS features frontal and side airbags for the driver and front passenger, side curtain airbags for all, and knee protection airbags for driver and front passenger. The frontal airbags for
3120-480: A sequence of letters. In this sense, NASA / ˈ n æ s ə / is an acronym but USA / j uː ɛ s ˈ eɪ / is not. The broader sense of acronym , ignoring pronunciation, is its original meaning and in common use. Dictionary and style-guide editors dispute whether the term acronym can be legitimately applied to abbreviations which are not pronounced as words, and they do not agree on acronym spacing , casing , and punctuation . The phrase that
3240-699: A seven-speaker Bose sound system with satellite radio, and an auxiliary audio jack. On the base ATS, optional features include Cadillac User Experience infotainment system and an upgraded sound system, which adds HD Radio, an 8-inch touchscreen audio display, 10-speaker Bose sound system with a CD player, and a rear-view camera. Cadillac User Experience comes standard on the Luxury trim, which additionally adds run-flat tires, keyless entry and start, remote engine start for automatic transmission models, eight-way power front seats, front and rear parking sensors, an auto-dimming rear-view mirror, leather seating, memory functions and
3360-436: A single word, such as NATO (as distinct from B-B-C )" but adds later "In everyday use, acronym is often applied to abbreviations that are technically initialisms, since they are pronounced as separate letters." The Chicago Manual of Style acknowledges the complexity ("Furthermore, an acronym and initialism are occasionally combined (JPEG), and the line between initialism and acronym is not always clear") but still defines
3480-417: A slim chrome line. The ATS offers two new colors, which include Crystal White Tricoat and Dark Adriatic Blue Metallic. Cabin changes are more significant as the model features revised upholstery and trim combinations as well as additional safety systems and features. The CUE infotainment system is updated with Text Message Alerts, Siri Eyes Free compatibility and a Teen Driver function which enables owners to set
3600-542: A sport-tuned suspension, adaptive suspension dampers and a limited-slip rear differential. In China, at the time of the model's introduction, the ATS is available in five exterior colors and two interior colors over four trim levels: Standard, Luxury, Elite and Comfort. In mid-December 2011, Cadillac unveiled the newly-developed 2.0-litre engine, intended for use in both the ATS and the Chevrolet Malibu . Extensive efforts went into minimizing friction, resulting in
3720-548: A technology initially used by GM cars such as Holden , Chevrolet , and GMC vehicles which allows the V6 engine to "turn off" half of the cylinders. This technology, General Motors says, enhances fuel economy up to a company-estimated 9 percent over the previous V6. The 2-door coupe variant went on sale in Q2-Q3 of 2014 as a 2015 model. Due to the 23 percent decrease in sales of the ATS through May 2016, Cadillac had decided to streamline
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3840-515: A twentieth-century phenomenon. Linguist David Wilton in Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends claims that "forming words from acronyms is a distinctly twentieth- (and now twenty-first-) century phenomenon. There is only one known pre-twentieth-century [English] word with an acronymic origin and it was in vogue for only a short time in 1886. The word is colinderies or colinda , an acronym for
3960-471: A word, an abbreviation is not an acronym." In contrast, some style guides do support it, whether explicitly or implicitly. The 1994 edition of Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage defends the usage on the basis of a claim that dictionaries do not make a distinction. The BuzzFeed style guide describes CBS and PBS as "acronyms ending in S". Acronymy, like retronymy , is a linguistic process that has existed throughout history but for which there
4080-677: A word. American English dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster , Dictionary.com's Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary as well as the British Oxford English Dictionary and the Australian Macquarie Dictionary all include a sense in their entries for acronym equating it with initialism , although The American Heritage Dictionary criticizes it with
4200-488: Is a question about how to pluralize acronyms. Often a writer will add an 's' following an apostrophe, as in "PC's". However, Kate L. Turabian 's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". Turabian would therefore prefer "DVDs" and "URLs" but "Ph.D.'s". The style guides of
4320-721: Is becoming increasingly uncommon. Some style guides , such as that of the BBC , no longer require punctuation to show ellipsis ; some even proscribe it. Larry Trask , American author of The Penguin Guide to Punctuation , states categorically that, in British English , "this tiresome and unnecessary practice is now obsolete." Nevertheless, some influential style guides , many of them American , still require periods in certain instances. For example, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage recommends following each segment with
4440-411: Is common for grammatical contractions (e.g. don't , y'all , and ain't ) and for contractions marking unusual pronunciations (e.g. a'ight , cap'n , and fo'c'sle for "all right", "captain", and "forecastle"). By the early twentieth century, it was standard to use a full stop/period/point , especially in the cases of initialisms and acronyms. Previously, especially for Latin abbreviations , this
4560-631: Is especially important for paper media, where no search utility is available to find the first use.) It also gives students a convenient review list to memorize the important acronyms introduced in a textbook chapter. Expansion at first use and abbreviation keys originated in the print era, but they are equally useful for electronic text . While acronyms provide convenience and succinctness for specialists, they often degenerate into confusing jargon . This may be intentional, to exclude readers without domain-specific knowledge. New acronyms may also confuse when they coincide with an already existing acronym having
4680-464: Is generally said as two letters, but IPsec for Internet Protocol Security is usually pronounced as / ˌ aɪ ˈ p iː s ɛ k / or / ˈ ɪ p s ɛ k / , along with variant capitalization like "IPSEC" and "Ipsec". Pronunciation may even vary within a single speaker's vocabulary, depending on narrow contexts. As an example, the database programming language SQL is usually said as three letters, but in reference to Microsoft's implementation
4800-508: Is lighter than the standard plastics. The ATS offers 10.4 cubic feet (290 L) of boot space, which has been considered relatively low for its class compared to an F30 3 Series rated at 13 cubic feet (370 L). The ATS was available in four interior color combinations; Jet Black, Light Platinum with Jet Black, Kona Brown with Jet Black, Morello Red with Jet Black. Three interior colors, Leatherette, Leather, and Semi-Aniline leather were all available seat trim materials. Standard features in
4920-487: Is made of carbon fiber, which has an air-extraction vent that removes hot air out of the engine compartment. The ATS-V features a Brembo high-performance brake system developed to provide durability and capability for track day car performance. The transmission options are a Tremec TR6060 six-speed manual with active revolution matching and launch control or a HydraMatic 8L90 eight-speed automatic with launch control and Performance Algorithm Shift. Motor Trend conducted
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5040-459: Is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of false etymology , called a folk etymology , for a word. Such etymologies persist in popular culture but have no factual basis in historical linguistics , and are examples of language-related urban legends . For example, " cop " is commonly cited as being derived, it is presumed, from "constable on patrol", and " posh " from " port outward, starboard home ". With some of these specious expansions,
5160-399: Is suppressed better, and the driveshafts are attached by bolts instead of splines, eliminating spline take-up and defeating noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). The ATS features Cadillac's first five-link independent rear suspension . On all four sides, the upper and lower control arms make up four of the links, with the fifth being a toe-control link to increase control over the wheel on
5280-415: Is traditionally pronounced like the word sequel . In writing for a broad audience, the words of an acronym are typically written out in full at its first occurrence within a given text. Expansion At First Use (EAFU) benefits readers unfamiliar with the acronym. Another text aid is an abbreviation key which lists and expands all acronyms used, a reference for readers who skipped past the first use. (This
5400-612: The GM 8L45 automatic gearbox from 2016 to 2019. Trim levels are known as the 25T and 28T. Production ended in September 2019. The 2015 Cadillac ATS Coupe debuted at the 2014 Detroit Auto Show . Cadillac had made the two-door ATS to compete with the German Mercedes-Benz C-Class Coupe and the BMW 4 Series . It went on sale in the summer of 2014 as the 2015 Cadillac ATS Coupe. Slightly longer and wider than
5520-578: The Cadillac CT4 in 2019 for the 2020 model year. Cadillac, upon discovering that the public wanted something small and designed with consideration, began full-scale development of a compact car from 2009; that car being given the designation "ATS". The ATS was developed by GM engineers working principally at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan, United States. General Motors invested US$ 190 million to upgrade
5640-516: The Colonial and Indian Exposition held in London in that year." However, although acronymic words seem not to have been employed in general vocabulary before the twentieth century (as Wilton points out), the concept of their formation is treated as effortlessly understood (and evidently not novel) in an Edgar Allan Poe story of the 1830s, " How to Write a Blackwood Article ", which includes
5760-785: The D-body chassis, Sigma debuted in early 2002 for the 2003 model year underpinning the Cadillac CTS , replacing the Cadillac Catera. Slightly larger than its V-body predecessor, the rear-wheel drive Sigma architecture was developed to accommodate all-wheel drive and extended-wheelbase variants. For 2004, the Cadillac STS was introduced on the Sigma platform, replacing the Cadillac Seville. Sharing its wheelbase with
5880-530: The Lexus IS and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class , however was comparable in size and weight to the more expensive BMW 5 Series . Although Cadillac believed that customers would favor a Mercedes-Benz E-Class -sized sedan at the price of a 3 Series, this assumption was proven to be incorrect. Cadillac's research found that target customers who already owned vehicles like the 3 Series or A4 did not want
6000-623: The Modern Language Association and American Psychological Association prohibit apostrophes from being used to pluralize acronyms regardless of periods (so "compact discs" would be "CDs" or "C.D.s"), whereas The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage requires an apostrophe when pluralizing all abbreviations regardless of periods (preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's"). Possessive plurals that also include apostrophes for mere pluralization and periods appear especially complex: for example, "the C.D.'s' labels" (the labels of
6120-539: The Restoration witticism arranging the names of some members of Charles II 's Committee for Foreign Affairs to produce the "CABAL" ministry . OK , a term of disputed origin, dates back at least to the early nineteenth century and is now used around the world. Acronyms are used most often to abbreviate names of organizations and long or frequently referenced terms. The armed forces and government agencies frequently employ acronyms; some well-known examples from
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#17327796399896240-480: The "belief" that the etymology is acronymic has clearly been tongue-in-cheek among many citers, as with "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden" for " golf ", although many other (more credulous ) people have uncritically taken it for fact. Taboo words in particular commonly have such false etymologies: " shit " from "ship/store high in transit" or "special high-intensity training" and " fuck " from "for unlawful carnal knowledge", or "fornication under consent/command of
6360-463: The 160-character SMS limit, and to save time, acronyms such as "GF" ("girlfriend"), "LOL" ("laughing out loud"), and "DL" ("download" or "down low") have become popular. Some prescriptivists disdain texting acronyms and abbreviations as decreasing clarity, or as failure to use "pure" or "proper" English. Others point out that languages have always continually changed , and argue that acronyms should be embraced as inevitable, or as innovation that adapts
6480-461: The 18 letters between the initial "i" and the final "n"). Authors of expository writing will sometimes capitalize or otherwise distinctively format the initials of the expansion for pedagogical emphasis (for example, writing: "the onset of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)" or "the onset of c ongestive h eart f ailure (CHF)"). Capitalization like this, however, conflicts with the convention of English orthography, which generally reserves capitals in
6600-471: The 1986 Cadillac Cimarron to be offered with a manual transmission. The 2004 STS became the first rear-wheel drive Cadillac sedan to offer the Northstar engine (originally developed for front-wheel drive applications). The China-market Cadillac SLS became the first non-limousine Cadillac sedan line introduced as a extended-wheelbase variant. Vehicles based on this platform: GM debuted Sigma II with
6720-582: The 1999-2006 BMW E46 3 Series , which ATS chief engineer Dave Masch and his team regarded as the most dynamic and driver-focused iteration of the 3 Series. The engineers emphasized low weight when developing the ATS and their efforts resulted in a finished vehicle that weighs less than the BMW E46 benchmark. To achieve this result, Masch suggested that the engineering team disregarded certain GM product development rules that, had they been followed, would have resulted in
6840-587: The 2008 Cadillac CTS. While sharing the previous 113.4-inch wheelbase, the platform was longer and wider than the previous generation. Remaining exclusive to the Cadillac division, the design adopted a greater degree of parts sharing with the Australian-designed Zeta platform . The High Feature engines were carried over to Sigma II, with the CTS-V receiving a supercharged LSA V8 (a variant of
6960-528: The 2015 model year. An 8-speed automatic transmission was introduced for the 2016 model year. The 2.0-liter turbocharged, rear-wheel drive version can be mated to an optional 6-speed Tremec M3L TR-3160 manual transmission. Prior to the debut of the ATS, Cadillac's smallest vehicle was the E-segment CTS . The CTS was comparable in price to D-segment competitors like the Audi A4 , the BMW 3 Series ,
7080-432: The 2016 model year. Optional engines include a 2.0-liter turbocharged I-4 gasoline engine that produces 272 hp (203 kW) and a naturally aspirated 3.6-liter V6 gasoline engine that produces 321 hp (239 kW). The 2.0-liter engine replaced the 2.5-liter engine as the base engine for the 2017 model year. All versions were equipped with a 6-speed GM 6L45 Hydra-Matic automatic transmission as standard until
7200-484: The 2019 Cadillac ATS include dual-zone automatic climate control, proximity key entry, push-button start, remote start, a rearview camera, and the Teen Driver system. The 8-inch touchscreen infotainment system which comes standard, features Bluetooth, 3x USB ports, voice recognition, a 12-speaker Bose surround-sound stereo, satellite radio, HD Radio, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay , wireless smart phone charging, and
7320-554: The ATS Coupe improves the steering precision and response. The roof has been lowered, thus contributing towards a lower center of gravity, reducing roll and improving steering response. The 2015 Cadillac ATS Coupe is the first production model to wear Cadillac's newly revised brand logo without its previous laurel wreath, and was first shown on the Cadillac Elmiraj concept car. The ATS coupe received 4G LTE connectivity with
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#17327796399897440-414: The ATS benefits from electric power steering , which was a rack-mounted, variable-assist and belt-driven system from ZF Friedrichshafen , internally known as the "ZF Lenksysteme". Kelzer states that when GM was looking for suspension layouts, they were also looking at the various electric power steering systems available. Cheaper systems were available, but he states that it would have forced them to give up
7560-641: The ATS compact executive sedan and coupe. The coupe variant was revealed in early-November 2014, while the four-door was revealed eight days later. Designed to compete with the Mercedes-AMG C63 and the BMW M3 / M4 (for the coupe), the ATS-V is available exclusively in a rear-wheel drive configuration. The ATS-V had opened orders in February 2015, and had started production in March of that year. Tony Roma
7680-436: The ATS significantly for 2017. Trims levels were renamed for customer clarity; these consist of the Standard, Luxury, Premium Luxury and Premium Performance. 17-inch premium alloy wheels, 17-inch alloy wheels, and 17-inch Sterling Silver premium alloy wheels have been slightly altered for 2017. The Sterling Silver wheels are no longer available, however the other two have been revised. A Carbon Black sport package, which blacks out
7800-463: The ATS, along with the ATS engineers and developers David Leone, Chris Berube, and Kevin Zelenka. Kelzer states that it took two years to develop kinematics models and building six mules to test theories, and additionally an extra three and a half years to go from formal program approval to production. Tony Roma was the chief engineer of the ATS-V, which has 25 percent greater structural stiffness than
7920-424: The ATS; this resulted in an almost-perfect weight distribution figure of 51 percent and 49 percent for both front and rear, respectively. The exterior was designed by a team under the direction of Bob Boniface . Boniface says the well-designed exterior was due to its well-constructed interior and chassis, and so the design team desired to make its exterior as quality as its system. The design team worked closely with
8040-466: The British press may render it "Nato"), but uses lower case in " Unicef " (from "United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund") because it is more than four letters, and to style it in caps might look ungainly (flirting with the appearance of "shouting capitals"). While abbreviations typically exclude the initials of short function words (such as "and", "or", "of", or "to"), this is not always
8160-484: The Chinese market were built at a recently-established factory in Shanghai. General Motors invested approximately US$ 1.3 billion on building the factory, for which the ATS-L, exclusive to the market, would be produced in. The 2.0 litre LTG turbocharged petrol engine is standard across the range producing 230 and 279 horsepower. The ATS-L previously ran on the GM 6T70 automatic gearbox for 2014 and 2015 and used
8280-559: The Lansing Grand River Assembly plant for ATS production which created 600 jobs in the result of a second shift of workers. GM began assembling vehicles intended for sale to customers on 26 July 2012. In August 2009, vice president of design Edward Welburn revealed a full-size styling buck of the ATS alongside the XTS luxury saloon. To establish parameters around which they would design the ATS, GM engineers benchmarked
8400-759: The Moonstone Metallic, Deep Amethyst Metallic, and Bronze Dune Metallic colors, with the addition of the Satin Steel Metallic color, discontinued the Carbon Black Package and Black Sport Appearance Package, removed the CD glove box, introduced an updated CUE system, and replaced the heated steering wheel with an automatic heated steering wheel, which turns on the heated steering wheel automatically based on ambient air temperature. In July 2014, Cadillac announced that it would be producing
8520-727: The STS, the Cadillac SRX was introduced for 2005 as the second Cadillac SUV, slotted below the Escalade in size. The Sigma platform uses four-wheel independent suspension with front control arms and a rear multi-link configuration. Initially powered by variants of the General Motors 54° V6 engine family, the platform introduced additional engines, including the High Feature V6 and Northstar V8 . Exclusive to
8640-564: The U.S. Navy, is "COMCRUDESPAC", which stands for "commander, cruisers destroyers Pacific"; it is also seen as "ComCruDesPac". Inventors are encouraged to anticipate the formation of acronyms by making new terms "YABA-compatible" ("yet another bloody acronym"), meaning the term's acronym can be pronounced and is not an offensive word: "When choosing a new name, be sure it is 'YABA-compatible'." Acronym use has been further popularized by text messaging on mobile phones with short message service (SMS), and instant messenger (IM). To fit messages into
8760-647: The United States National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration scored the 2013 and 2014 ATS, in both rear- and all-wheel drive variants, at five stars in frontal crash, side crash and rollover protection, resulting in five stars overall, the highest possible score. The NHTSA notes the availability of three NHTSA recommended technologies on the ATS: electronic stability control, forward collision warning and lane departure warning. In North America, and other countries excluding China, at
8880-497: The United States are among the " alphabet agencies " (jokingly referred to as " alphabet soup ") created under the New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt (himself known as "FDR"). Business and industry also coin acronyms prolifically. The rapid advance of science and technology also drives the usage, as new inventions and concepts with multiword names create a demand for shorter, more pronounceable names. One representative example, from
9000-411: The acronym may use normal case rules, e.g. it would appear generally in lower case, but with an initial capital when starting a sentence or when in a title. Once knowledge of the words underlying such an acronym has faded from common recall, the acronym may be termed an anacronym . Examples of anacronyms are the words " scuba ", " radar ", and " laser ". The word "an acro nym" should not be confused with
9120-545: The acronym stands for is called its expansion . The meaning of an acronym includes both its expansion and the meaning of its expansion. The word acronym is formed from the Greek roots akro- , meaning 'height, summit, or tip', and -nym , 'name'. This neoclassical compound appears to have originated in German , with attestations for the German form Akronym appearing as early as 1921. Citations in English date to
9240-590: The adoption of acronyms was modern warfare, with its many highly technical terms. While there is no recorded use of military acronyms dating from the American Civil War (acronyms such as "ANV" for " Army of Northern Virginia " post-date the war itself), they became somewhat common in World War I , and by World War II they were widespread even in the slang of soldiers, who referred to themselves as G.I.s . The widespread, frequent use of acronyms across
9360-506: The apostrophe should be reserved for the possessive ("the TV's antenna"). In some languages, the convention of doubling the letters in the acronym is used to indicate plural words: for example, the Spanish EE.UU. , for Estados Unidos ('United States'). This old convention is still sometimes followed for a limited number of English abbreviations, such as SS. for Saints , pp. for
9480-444: The car, additionally contributes to decreasing noise in the cabin. The ATS achieves a drag coefficient of 0.299 C d . The ATS benefits from advanced materials in multiple locations, which includes ultra high strength steels (UHSS) placed throughout the car, aluminium hood and magnesium engine mounts, a laminated windshield, which is lighter than traditional tempered glass, and door trim panels that are made from natural fibers, which
9600-428: The car, which searches for other cars in blind zone areas of the car and lets the driver know using LED symbols in the outdoor mirrors. Rear cross-traffic alert warns the driver of the ATS of traffic when backing out of a parking spot. Visual and acoustic alerts will be activated if moving vehicles are detected. The rear-view camera allows for a view of objects directly behind the ATS, while the dynamic guidelines provide
9720-1163: The case. Sometimes function words are included to make a pronounceable acronym, such as CORE ( Congress of Racial Equality ). Sometimes the letters representing these words are written in lower case, such as in the cases of "TfL" (" Transport for London ") and LotR ( The Lord of the Rings ); this usually occurs when the acronym represents a multi-word proper noun. Numbers (both cardinal and ordinal ) in names are often represented by digits rather than initial letters, as in "4GL" (" fourth generation language ") or "G77" (" Group of 77 "). Large numbers may use metric prefixes , as with " Y2K " for "Year 2000". Exceptions using initials for numbers include " TLA " ("three-letter acronym/abbreviation") and "GoF" (" Gang of Four "). Abbreviations using numbers for other purposes include repetitions, such as " A2DP " ("Advanced Audio Distribution Profile"), " W3C " ("World Wide Web Consortium"), and T3 ( Trends, Tips & Tools for Everyday Living ); pronunciation, such as " B2B " ("business to business"); and numeronyms , such as "i18n" ("internationalization"; "18" represents
9840-493: The championship in 2015, finished fourth in 2016 and sixth in 2017. In addition, Michael Cooper finished third in 2016 and second in 2017. The ATS-V sedan was replaced by the Cadillac CT4-V . The coupe ATS-V was discontinued without replacement. The following table represents sales figures for the ATS in both the United States and other markets. Acronym An acronym is a type of abbreviation consisting of
9960-424: The chrome and adds body-colored door handles and spoiler are also available for 2017 in addition to optional Recaro seats, complementing the Cadillac signature exterior and interior design. This model is available with exterior colors consisting of Black Raven, Phantom Gray Metallic, Red Obsession Tintcoat, Crystal White Tricoat, and interior colors including Jet Black or Light Platinum. For 2018, Cadillac had removed
10080-413: The compact discs). In some instances, however, an apostrophe may increase clarity: for example, if the final letter of an abbreviation is "S", as in "SOS's" (although abbreviations ending with S can also take "-es", e.g. "SOSes"), or when pluralizing an abbreviation that has periods. A particularly rich source of options arises when the plural of an acronym would normally be indicated in a word other than
10200-564: The contrived acronym "P.R.E.T.T.Y.B.L.U.E.B.A.T.C.H." The use of Latin and Neo-Latin terms in vernaculars has been pan-European and pre-dates modern English. Some examples of acronyms in this class are: The earliest example of a word derived from an acronym listed by the OED is "abjud" (now " abjad "), formed from the original first four letters of the Arabic alphabet in the late eighteenth century. Some acrostics pre-date this, however, such as
10320-438: The dictionary entries and style guide recommendations regarding the term acronym through the twentieth century did not explicitly acknowledge or support the expansive sense. The Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage from 1994 is one of the earliest publications to advocate for the expansive sense, and all the major dictionary editions that include a sense of acronym equating it with initialism were first published in
10440-480: The driver and front passenger also feature Passenger Sensing System and automatic passenger airbag suppression. Two packages are available: the ESS I includes lane departure warning, forward collision alert, rear thorax air bags and Rainsense wipers. The ESS II features side blind zone alert, rear cross traffic alert, autonomous emergency braking, adaptive cruise control and a full-color head-up display. Testing conducted by
10560-471: The engine being able to produce 90 percent of its torque at just 1,500 RPM. At the time, the ATS' 276 hp (206 kW) 2.0 engine had the highest specific output of any General Motors engine, and is the most power-dense engine certified by the Society of Automotive Engineers , at 138 hp (103 kW) per litre. The ATS initially offered three engine options and two transmissions; the range started at
10680-429: The engineering team to make sure its exterior design met all of the performance metrics they set out. Taki Karras, ATS design manager, stated that it was significantly harder to make an entirely new architecture rather than reskinning something else. Cadillac previewed a two-minute video, which featured an interview with General Motors North America President Mark Reuss , test-driving a pre-production development variant of
10800-470: The entry-level 2.5-litre LCV inline-four engine producing an output of 202 hp (151 kW) and 190 lb⋅ft (258 N⋅m), available with a 6-speed automatic transmission . Its top speed is limited at 220 km/h (140 mph) and it has a 0–100 km/h acceleration of 7.5 seconds. A 2.0-litre LTG inline-four model available with either a 6-speed automatic or a 6-speed manual producing 272 hp (203 kW) and 260 lb⋅ft (353 N⋅m)
10920-664: The exclusive sense for acronym and its earliest citation was from 1943. In early December 2010, Duke University researcher Stephen Goranson published a citation for acronym to the American Dialect Society e-mail discussion list which refers to PGN being pronounced "pee-gee-enn", antedating English language usage of the word to 1940. Linguist Ben Zimmer then mentioned this citation in his December 16, 2010 " On Language " column about acronyms in The New York Times Magazine . By 2011,
11040-763: The final word if spelled out in full. A classic example is "Member of Parliament", which in plural is "Members of Parliament". It is possible then to abbreviate this as "M's P", which was fairly common in mid-twentieth-century Australian news writing (or similar ), and used by former Australian Prime Minister Ben Chifley . This usage is less common than forms with "s" at the end, such as "MPs", and may appear dated or pedantic. In common usage, therefore, "weapons of mass destruction" becomes "WMDs", "prisoners of war" becomes "POWs", and "runs batted in" becomes "RBIs". Abbreviations that come from single, rather than multiple, words – such as "TV" ("television") – are usually pluralized without apostrophes ("two TVs"); most writers feel that
11160-464: The first letter of acronyms, reserving all-caps styling for initialisms, writing the pronounced acronyms "Nato" and "Aids" in mixed case, but the initialisms "USA" and "FBI" in all caps. For example, this is the style used in The Guardian , and BBC News typically edits to this style (though its official style guide, dating from 2003, still recommends all-caps ). The logic of this style is that
11280-484: The functional elements of the console and doors. The ATS's safety development was based on what GM calls a "control and alert" strategy which makes effective use of advanced technologies to help avoid crashes. Don Butler, vice president of Cadillac marketing, states that the ATS features systems that can "react faster than humans". It features visual and acoustic alerts, depending on the alert feature, which helps drivers identify forthcoming crash incidents and intervene when
11400-577: The high-performance CTS-V, the Sigma platform was developed to accommodate the 5.7L LS6 and 6.0L LS2 V8 engines of the Chevrolet Corvette. Outside of the CTS (which offered a standard 5-speed manual and a 6-speed manual for the CTS-V), all Sigma vehicles utilized GM 5-speed 5L40/5L50 automatic transmissions. The Sigma architecture marked several firsts, as the CTS was the first Cadillac since
11520-435: The king". In English, abbreviations have previously been marked by a wide variety of punctuation . Obsolete forms include using an overbar or colon to show the ellipsis of letters following the initial part. The forward slash is still common in many dialects for some fixed expressions—such as in w/ for "with" or A/C for " air conditioning "—while only infrequently being used to abbreviate new terms. The apostrophe
11640-500: The label "usage problem". However, many English language dictionaries, such as the Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary , Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary , Macmillan Dictionary , Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English , New Oxford American Dictionary , Webster's New World Dictionary , and Lexico from Oxford University Press do not acknowledge such a sense. Most of
11760-836: The language to changing circumstances. In this view, the modern practice is just the "proper" English of the current generation of speakers, much like the earlier abbreviation of corporation names on ticker tape or newspapers. Exact pronunciation of "word acronyms" (those pronounced as words rather than sounded out as individual letters) often vary by speaker population. These may be regional, occupational, or generational differences, or simply personal preference. For instance, there have been decades of online debate about how to pronounce GIF ( / ɡ ɪ f / or / dʒ ɪ f / ) and BIOS ( / ˈ b aɪ oʊ s / , / ˈ b aɪ oʊ z / , or / ˈ b aɪ ɒ s / ). Similarly, some letter-by-letter initialisms may become word acronyms over time, especially in combining forms: IP for Internet Protocol
11880-426: The lineup for 2017 by discontinuing the 2.5-litre engine, which had left the 272 hp (203 kW) 2.0-litre turbo inline-four engine as the ATS' entry-level offering. In May 2014, Cadillac had announced the ATS would receive a minor facelift to better replicate its coupe counterpart. The front receives the updated Cadillac emblem, which removes the laurel wreaths around it and increases the emblem's size. Featuring
12000-579: The middle of sentences for proper nouns; when following the AMA Manual of Style , this would instead be rendered as "the onset of congestive heart failure (CHF)". GM Sigma platform#Sigma II Two generations of the Sigma platform were developed by GM for worldwide markets. The architecture was discontinued for the 2016 in favor of the GM Alpha platform , itself utilized nearly exclusively by Cadillac. The first Cadillac-exclusive platform since
12120-466: The more general "x" can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters. Examples include "Crxn" for "crystallization" and the series familiar to physicians for history , diagnosis , and treatment ("hx", "dx", "tx"). Terms relating to a command structure may also sometimes use this formatting, for example gold, silver, and bronze levels of command in UK policing being referred to as Gx, Sx, and Bx. There
12240-729: The plural of 'pages', or mss. for manuscripts . The most common capitalization scheme seen with acronyms is all-uppercase ( all caps ). Small caps are sometimes used to make the run of capital letters seem less jarring to the reader. For example, the style of some American publications, including the Atlantic Monthly and USA Today , is to use small caps for acronyms longer than three letters; thus "U.S." and " FDR " in normal caps, but " nato " in small caps. The acronyms " AD " and " BC " are often smallcapped as well, as in: "From 4004 bc to ad 525 ". Where an acronym has linguistically taken on an identity as regular word,
12360-421: The premium feeling that the driver expects. The ATS uses cast-iron for the rear differential, unusual for its class, as its competitors use aluminium housings. However, the heavier metal helps preserve the vehicle's 50:50 weight distribution, allows for improved fuel efficiency, among other benefits. As cast iron has a lower thermal expansion rate than aluminium, the differential bearings have a lower pre-load. Noise
12480-483: The pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme. However, it conflicts with conventional English usage of first-letter upper-casing as a marker of proper names in many cases; e.g. AIDS stands for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome which is not a proper name, while Aids is in the style of one. Some style manuals also base the letters' case on their number. The New York Times , for example, keeps "NATO" in all capitals (while several guides in
12600-685: The publication of the 3rd edition of the Oxford English Dictionary added the expansive sense to its entry for acronym and included the 1940 citation. As the Oxford English Dictionary structures the senses in order of chronological development, it now gives the "initialism" sense first. English language usage and style guides which have entries for acronym generally criticize the usage that refers to forms that are not pronounceable words. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage says that acronym "denotes abbreviations formed from initial letters of other words and pronounced as
12720-446: The sedan model, two models were available at launch; a 2.0 L four-cylinder engine with 272 hp (203 kW) and 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) of torque, and the other with a 3.6 L engine with 321 hp (239 kW) and 275 lb⋅ft (373 N⋅m) of torque. Buyers have a choice of six-speed manual or a six-speed automatic transmission, and standard rear-wheel drive with optional all-wheel drive . The wider track of
12840-470: The sides of railroad cars (e.g., "Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad" → "RF&P"); on the sides of barrels and crates; and on ticker tape and newspaper stock listings (e.g. American Telephone and Telegraph Company → AT&T). Some well-known commercial examples dating from the 1890s through 1920s include " Nabisco " ("National Biscuit Company"), " Esso " (from "S.O.", from " Standard Oil "), and " Sunoco " ("Sun Oil Company"). Another field for
12960-476: The term acronym only for forms pronounced as a word, and using initialism or abbreviation for those that are not. Some sources acknowledge the usage, but vary in whether they criticize or forbid it, allow it without comment, or explicitly advocate it. Some mainstream English dictionaries from across the English-speaking world affirm a sense of acronym which does not require being pronounced as
13080-502: The terms as mutually exclusive. Other guides outright deny any legitimacy to the usage: Bryson's Dictionary of Troublesome Words says "Abbreviations that are not pronounced as words (IBM, ABC, NFL) are not acronyms; they are just abbreviations." Garner's Modern American Usage says "An acronym is made from the first letters or parts of a compound term. It's read or spoken as a single word, not letter by letter." The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage says "Unless pronounced as
13200-458: The time of the model's introduction, the 2013 ATS was available in four trim levels: Standard, Luxury, Performance and Premium. Standard features on the base trim include 17-inch alloy wheels, heated mirrors, automatic headlights, aero grille, cruise control , dual-zone automatic climate control, six-way power front seats with power lumbar, vinyl upholstery, a tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel, General Motor's OnStar system, Bluetooth connectivity,
13320-570: The twenty-first century. The trend among dictionary editors appears to be towards including a sense defining acronym as initialism : the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary added such a sense in its 11th edition in 2003, and both the Oxford English Dictionary and The American Heritage Dictionary added such senses in their 2011 editions. The 1989 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary only included
13440-536: The whole range of linguistic registers is relatively new in most languages, becoming increasingly evident since the mid-twentieth century. As literacy spread and technology produced a constant stream of new and complex terms, abbreviations became increasingly convenient. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) records the first printed use of the word initialism as occurring in 1899, but it did not come into general use until 1965, well after acronym had become common. In English, acronyms pronounced as words may be
13560-425: The word " an achro nym ", which is a type of misnomer. Words derived from an acronym by affixing are typically expressed in mixed case, so the root acronym is clear. For example, "pre-WWII politics", "post-NATO world", " DNase ". In some cases a derived acronym may also be expressed in mixed case. For example, " messenger RNA " and " transfer RNA " become "mRNA" and "tRNA". Some publications choose to capitalize only
13680-446: Was available at launch; its acceleration was rated at 5.9 to 6 seconds for rear-wheel drive models, while it was rated at 6.1 seconds for the all-wheel drive 6-speed automatic model. Each model had a top speed of 225 km/h (140 mph). Lastly, a 3.6 LFX engine, benefitting from a V6 configuration, was available which produced an output of 321 hp (239 kW) and 274 lb⋅ft (371 N⋅m). Its 0–100 km/h acceleration
13800-418: Was designed to be light and compact, to be capable of handling both rear- and all-wheel drive configurations and to have a near 50/50 weight distribution. The new platform developed by the GM engineers for the ATS is now called the GM Alpha platform . Cadillac took two years to conclude the development of the ATS. Ken Kelzer, engineering executive for GM, said that it would have been possible to simply cut down
13920-703: Was developed at the General Motors Technical Center in Warren , Michigan and assembled the ATS at the Lansing Grand River Assembly plant in Lansing , Michigan. The ATS is based on General Motors ' Alpha platform and is offered in either rear- or all-wheel drive configurations. The ATS base engine had been a naturally aspirated 2.5-liter I-4 gasoline engine that produces 202 hp (151 kW), until
14040-511: Was done with a full space between every full word (e.g. A. D. , i. e. , and e. g. for " Anno Domini ", " id est ", and " exempli gratia "). This even included punctuation after both Roman and Arabic numerals to indicate their use in place of the full names of each number (e.g. LII. or 52. in place of "fifty-two" and "1/4." or "1./4." to indicate "one-fourth"). Both conventions have fallen out of common use in all dialects of English, except in places where an Arabic decimal includes
14160-449: Was little to no naming , conscious attention, or systematic analysis until relatively recent times. Like retronymy, it became much more common in the twentieth century than it had formerly been. Ancient examples of acronymy (before the term "acronym" was invented) include the following: During the mid- to late nineteenth century, acronyms became a trend among American and European businessmen: abbreviating corporation names, such as on
14280-480: Was rated at 5.4 seconds, while its top speed was limited to 245 km/h (152 mph). General Motors had stated at debut that a diesel model would be available of both the ATS and the CTS , however these plans had never came to fruition. In 2014, for the 2015 model year, Cadillac had made minor engine adjustments. General Motors increased torque figures to the 2.0-litre model by 47 N⋅m (35 lbf⋅ft), representing
14400-470: Was the chief engineer of the ATS-V, who had also chief engineered the third-generation CTS-V . The ATS-V is available with settings that allows the driver to adjust vehicle parameters, like steering, suspension, and throttle. Offering a 0 to 60 time of 3.9 seconds, its tested top speed is rated at 189 mph (304 km/h). Power and torque outputs are rated at a SAE -certified 364 kW (488 hp) and 601 N⋅m (443 lbf⋅ft) respectively. The hood
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