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82-520: As of 2017, the XT5 was Cadillac's best selling model in the United States and globally. The XT5 features technology such as a streaming video rear-view mirror, 360° view backup camera, and the first application in a Cadillac of GM’s Electronic Precision Shift, which replaces the standard hydraulic shifter with an electronic controller. This, together with a new lightweight chassis, results in

164-510: A micro hybrid , a step below a mild hybrid system where the ISG can be used to assist the engine or even drive the vehicle. Citroën introduced a more refined system in its C2 and C3 models by 2006, named "Stop and Start". The Citroën implementation combines a SensoDrive automated gearbox and an electronically controlled reversible alternator or integrated starter-generator (ISG). An ISG, also known as "integrated starter-alternator", combines

246-456: A serpentine belt on the engine, those systems must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off. Typically, an electric motor is used to power these devices instead. In vehicles where the air conditioner compressor still runs from the drive belt, some drivers turn on the air conditioner as an improvised way to disable start-stop. In the Mazda 3, a supercapacitor is used to power

328-502: A compressor will not function unless fitted with features such as stationary vanes with variable angles (known as variable inlet guide vanes and variable stators), the ability to allow some air to escape part-way along the compressor (known as interstage bleed) and being split into more than one rotating assembly (known as twin spools, for example). Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring

410-444: A hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route for the gas to leak out of the system. The main advantages of open compressors is that they can be driven by any motive power source, allowing the most appropriate motor to be selected for the application, or even non-electric power sources such as an internal combustion engine or steam turbine , and secondly the motor of an open compressor can be serviced without opening any part of

492-450: A hermetic or semi-hermetic system can sit unused for years, and can usually be started up again at any time without requiring maintenance or experiencing any loss of system pressure. Even well lubricated seals will leak a small amount of gas over time, particularly if the refrigeration gasses are soluble in the lubricating oil, but if the seals are well manufactured and maintained this loss is very low. The disadvantage of hermetic compressors

574-465: A hybrid electric powertrain . For non-electric vehicles, fuel economy gains from this technology are typically in the range of 3–10%, potentially as high as 12%. In the United States, according to the Department of Energy , idling wastes more than 6 billion U.S. gallons (23 billion liters; 5.0 billion imperial gallons) of fuel per year. In a manual transmission vehicle, stop-start

656-404: A joint venture with Bosch for common rail based vehicles. The i-Stop system, Mazda 's first start stop system, detects which piston is in the best position to restart quickest, which is the one in the combustion stroke phase, where air and fuel are in the cylinder, ready to be ignited. The mixture in this cylinder is ignited by the spark plug, forcing that piston down, and with assistance from

738-425: A large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial compressors are used in medium to large gas turbine engines, natural gas pumping stations, and some chemical plants. Compressors used in refrigeration systems must exhibit near-zero leakage to avoid the loss of the refrigerant if they are to function for years without service. This necessitates the use of very effective seals, or even

820-728: A new darker grille on the Sport. GM's newest 2.0 L turbocharged I4 engine, producing 237 hp (177 kW) and 258 lb⋅ft (350 N⋅m) torque, replaced the previous engine in China, and became the new base engine in the North American market, joining the V6. A new rotary controller for the Cadillac CUE system was added, along with updates to the rear camera mirror and electronic precision shifter. The second generation Cadillac XT5

902-1053: A rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries , chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants. Their application can be from 100 horsepower (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve high output pressures greater than 1,000 psi (6.9 MPa). This type of compressor, along with screw compressors, are extensively used in large refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Magnetic bearing (magnetically levitated) and air bearing centrifugal compressors exist. Many large snowmaking operations (like ski resorts ) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers . Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as

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984-485: A start-stop system, whatever the price level, as reducing idling also reduces vehicles' emissions of CO 2 , a prime cause of global warming. Manufacturers continued to refine the system. In 2010, Valeo declared that its second Start-Stop generation would appear in the same year. This new generation would be called "i-StARS".The Valeo system is included in Citroën , Land Rover , Peugeot , Smart , and Volvo , while

1066-414: A weight savings of 278 lb (126 kg) versus the outgoing SRX. The XT5 was initially available with only one engine, depending on the market. In the United States, it was a 3.6-liter V6 used in other recent Cadillac models, producing 310 hp (231 kW) and 271 lb⋅ft (367 N⋅m) torque. The V6 includes automatic stop-start and cylinder deactivation to improve fuel economy. In China,

1148-522: Is a reciprocating compressor with the piston being the rotor of a linear motor. This type of compressor can compress a wide range of gases, including refrigerant, hydrogen, and natural gas. Because of this, it finds use in a wide range of applications in many different industries and can be designed to a wide range of capacities, by varying size, number of cylinders, and cylinder unloading. However, it suffers from higher losses due to clearance volumes, resistance due to discharge and suction valves, weighs more,

1230-425: Is a system that compresses the air by the displacement of a mechanical linkage reducing the volume (since the reduction in volume due to a piston in thermodynamics is considered as positive displacement of the piston). Put another way, a positive displacement compressor is one that operates by drawing in a discrete volume of gas from its inlet then forcing that gas to exit via the compressor's outlet. The increase in

1312-519: Is activated by stopping the car, shifting the gear to neutral, and releasing the clutch. The engine will not stop if the car is moving, even if the aforementioned steps are followed (this is not true for all cars). The engine restarts when the clutch is pressed prior to selecting a gear to move the car. The engine may also restart if there is a demand for power from, for example, the air conditioning system. Since automobile accessories like compressors and water pumps have typically been designed to run on

1394-423: Is difficult to maintain due to having a large number of moving parts, and it has inherent vibration. An ionic liquid piston compressor , ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston instead of a metal piston as in a piston-metal diaphragm compressor . Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force

1476-457: Is higher than the output pressure of the compressor. This can cause gases to flow back and forth between the compressor and whatever is connected to its discharge line, causing oscillations. Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to an axial rather than radial direction. Comparative to

1558-406: Is higher, require highly precise CNC machining, the impeller needs to rotate at high speeds making small compressors impractical, and surging becomes more likely. Surging is gas flow reversal, meaning that the gas goes from the discharge to the suction side, which can cause serious damage, specially in the compressor bearings and its drive shaft. It is caused by a pressure on the discharge side that

1640-432: Is less efficient than other compressor types due to losses from the clearance volume. A scroll compressor , also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump , uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases . The vane geometry may be involute , archimedean spiral , or hybrid curves. They operate more smoothly, quietly, and reliably than other types of compressors in

1722-417: Is physically smaller than the primary stage, to accommodate the already compressed gas without reducing its pressure. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not used). Compressors are similar to pumps : both increase the pressure on a fluid (such as a gas) and both can transport the fluid through a pipe . The main distinction

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1804-415: Is spent idling. Start-stop activation depends on specific driver inputs as well as operating conditions. The engine must have reached the proper temperature to ensure adequate light-off of its catalytic converter and proper lubrication for an effortless restart. In a car with a manual transmission, engine shutdown typically occurs when braking to a complete stop, shifting the gearbox to neutral, and releasing

1886-427: Is that the focus of a compressor is to change the density or volume of the fluid, which is mostly only achievable on gases. Gases are compressible, while liquids are relatively incompressible, so compressors are rarely used for liquids. The main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids. The main and important types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below: A positive displacement compressor

1968-469: Is that the motor drive cannot be repaired or maintained, and the entire compressor must be replaced if a motor fails. A further disadvantage is that burnt-out windings can contaminate the whole systems, thereby requiring the system to be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced (This can also happen in semi hermetic compressors where the motor operates in the refrigerant). Typically, hermetic compressors are used in low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods where

2050-486: Is the most important or one of the most important factors to consider when designing a refrigeration or air conditioning system. This type of compressor was used as the supercharger on Volkswagen G60 and G40 engines in the early 1990s. When compared with reciprocating and rolling piston compressors, scroll compressors are more reliable since they have fewer components and have a simpler structure, are more efficient since they have no clearance volume nor valves, and possess

2132-793: The Bosch system is included in Fiat , Nissan , SEAT , and Volkswagen , with various motorization including essence and diesel. Bosch developed a system for automatic cars. The Mazda Smart Idle Stop System (SISS) uses combustion start instead of electrical start. By sensing the position of the pistons in the cylinders, the engine is stopped in a configuration that allows immediate starting by combustion. Mazda claims quieter and quicker engine restart within 0.35 seconds. The Kia ISG EcoDynamics system uses Bosch , Valeo , and Varta components. Some Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC and Enviro400 MMC buses are equipped with stop-start systems that will stop

2214-886: The Chevrolet Impala and Malibu would have a (non-eAssist) start-stop system across all models. Honda has been using the start-stop function for over a decade via its IMA mild hybrid system in first-generation Insight models in the Japanese domestic market since 1999 and more recently on the Civic Hybrid . While both the Kia Rio and Rio5 share the same new direct-injected four-cylinder 1.6 L engine with its cousin Hyundai Accent/Verna (also newly redesigned for 2012), Hyundai made no mention of this feature in their Accent line. Hyundai 1.4 manual has

2296-843: The Golf Ecomatic in 1994 and in the Volkswagen Lupo "3L" and the Audi A2 "3L" in 1999. Though these early implementations were considered rather disconcerting by many drivers, and high pricing failed to yield these cars much commercial success, both the Volkswagen Lupo and the Audi A2 (in their "3 litre" leverage) were more efficient than any production car available in the US at the time of their release. Since European emission standard Euro 5, more and more vehicles include

2378-411: The "gradual creeping forward found in current transmission designs". Compressor A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume . An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Many compressors can be staged, that is, the gas is compressed several times in steps or stages, to increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage

2460-727: The 2.7-liter turbocharged V-6 version came with stop-start, which requires a more robust (and expensive) absorbent-glass-mat (AGM) battery that can better handle the constant cycling and the heavier draw from vehicle accessories with the engine off. In 2008, General Motors released its Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid model with AHS2 two-mode technology, which combines start-stop technology with regenerative braking and electric vehicle mode in certain conditions under 29 mph. In 2012, General Motors released its Chevrolet Malibu Eco model with eAssist technology, which combines start-stop technology with regenerative braking and electric boost in certain conditions. In 2014, General Motors announced that

2542-472: The 2012 models, initially with 4-cylinder engines and later proliferating into V6s and V8s. Eventually, the system became available in all Ford vehicles. In 2013, it announced that start-stop technology would be brought into the second generation Ford Fusion models, and it built start-stop systems into the Ford F150 2015 model for the first time as a standard feature rather than an option. Formerly, only

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2624-661: The European market since 2008. AS&G system is also available on Mitsubishi Colt (EU), which went on sale in Europe in 2008. Since 2010, this system has also been used in the Mitsubishi ASX (EU). In 2015, AS&G was added to the Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross . Hybrid/electric assist vehicles experience almost no delay in power from a stop, thanks to the instant availability of power from the battery to

2706-601: The ISG (Intelligent Stop & Go) system (in Israel). Jaguar's Intelligent Eco Stop/Start was first fitted to the XF and XJ models in 2011 before expanding to the rest of the range. The redesigned 2012 Kia Rio and Rio5 (hatchback) debuted at the 2011 New York Auto Show was announced with their Intelligent Stop and Go (ISG) feature, or stop-start technology. Kia claims the combination of direct fuel injection and stop-start will offer 30 mpg for city driving and 40 mpg on

2788-788: The Lupo 3L, with an automated manual gearbox and clutch, the engine stops four seconds after the car becomes stationary with the driver's foot on the brake pedal. No other action is necessary. Removing the foot from the brake pedal initiates engine start and the car can be driven away. The gear lever remains in the drive D position throughout. The same applies to the Audi A2 1.2TDi, which is almost identical mechanically. Volvo introduced its start-stop technology in 2009 under their DRIVe branding. Mitsubishi Motors introduced this system in 1999 under its AS&G (Auto Stop & Go) branding, on their kei-car Mitsubishi Pistachio . Mitsubishi has been marketing AS&G Technology in its ClearTec branded models in

2870-714: The Polo Formel E with SSA around 1983, after having previewed the system on the 1981 Auto 2000 research car. Later the LUPO 3L, and after that in the Polo, Golf and Passat BlueMotion , which also include weight and aerodynamic improvements. The system is now commonplace in the Volkswagen range, fitted to all vehicles with the Bluemotion Technology package, though certain other models have the technology too. For

2952-410: The XT5 is powered by a turbocharged 2.0-liter 4-cylinder engine producing an estimated 258 hp (192 kW) and 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m) torque. The XT5 is available in both front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive . The AWD system, provided by GKN Driveline , is completely new for this model and utilizes features like twin-clutch differential at rear axle with active torque vectoring, allowing

3034-446: The advantages both of surging less and not vibrating so much. But, when compared with screw and centrifugal compressors, scroll compressors have lower efficiencies and smaller capacities. A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor ) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back-and-forth movement of

3116-454: The air conditioner and other accessories as part of the i-ELOOP system; the air conditioner and fans are lowered significantly to minimum settings when the engine is off. With the air conditioning and fan at maximum settings, the supercapacitor will be drained in five seconds, and the engine will automatically turn on. This technology has also been used on Honda scooters in Asian markets for

3198-441: The air drier, and the selection of air drier is always 1.5 times volumetric delivery of the compressor. Designs with a single screw or three screws instead of two exist. Screw compressors have fewer moving components, larger capacity, less vibration and surging, can operate at variable speeds, and typically have higher efficiency. Small sizes or low rotor speeds are not practical due to inherent leaks caused by clearance between

3280-465: The amount of time the engine spends idling , thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions . This is most advantageous for vehicles that spend significant amounts of time waiting at traffic lights or frequently come to a stop in traffic jams . Start-stop technology may become more common with more stringent government fuel economy and emissions regulations . This feature is present in hybrid electric vehicles, but has also appeared in vehicles that lack

3362-451: The car's components in order to reinforce the engine and electrical system durability and long-term wear resistance, as added stopping and starting cycles impose increased loads on those systems. To accomplish similar levels of durability , comfort and user experience to that of older cars without the system, the car's manufacturer can include any of the following enhancements in the car's industrial design : Carbon monoxide emissions and

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3444-797: The car. The system is marketed as "SHVS Mild Hybrid System" (Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki) and available as an option in Ignis, Swift, Baleno in several markets. Tata Motors introduced this system on its LCV Tata Ace . Toyota showed a prototype of its six-cylinder Toyota Crown equipped with an automatic on/off switch in 1974, claiming a 10-percent gas saving in traffic. More recently, Toyota has been selling cars with start-stop system on their internal combustion engine vehicles since 2009, and since 1997 in their Prius hybrid line. Both Toyota and Mazda introduced stop-start technology, available also outside of Japan, in some of their 2009 model year vehicles. Volkswagen began using start-stop systems with

3526-415: The clearance volume between the piston and the compressor casing, it's 40% to 50% smaller and lighter for a given capacity (which can impact material and shipping costs when used in a product), causes less vibration, has fewer components and is more reliable than a reciprocating compressor. But its structure does not allow capacities beyond 5 refrigeration tons, is less reliable than other compressor types, and

3608-430: The clutch. Cars with automatic transmissions shut down upon braking to a full stop; the shutdown is activated by pressing the foot brake pedal when the car comes to a halt. If the car is slowed initially by manual use of the automatic gearbox and final stoppage is achieved by using the handbrake, the engine will not shut down. The system needs to be implemented in conjunction with modifications and reinforcements on many of

3690-603: The company claims fuel savings of up to 10%. Nissan uses the S-Hybrid (stylized in all caps as "S-HYBRID") brand for their micro hybrid system. The S-Hybrid system is entirely contained within the engine compartment and does not require a traction battery. Vehicles with the S-Hybrid system are equipped with an Energy Control (ECO) motor, which serves as the gasoline engine's alternator and starter motor. These vehicles are also equipped with an additional "sub-battery" located in

3772-417: The company took the technology a step further. Instead of using an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), BMW has used an enhanced starter which is a conventional starter, developed by Robert Bosch GmbH , that can withstand the increased number of engine-starts in a stop-start vehicle. BMW has developed the system such that the alternator is not activated most of the time. This means that electrical components in

3854-407: The compression cavities or screws and compressor housing. They depend on fine machining tolerances to avoid high leakage losses and are prone to damage if operated incorrectly or poorly serviced. Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a larger housing that is either circular or a more complex shape. As

3936-509: The conventional centrifugal compressor (of the same stage pressure ratio), the value of the speed of the mixed flow compressor is 1.5 times larger. Axial compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress a fluid. They are used where high flow rates or a compact design are required. The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors , accelerate

4018-408: The cost of repair and labor is high compared to the value of the device, and it would be more economical to just purchase a new device or compressor. Semi-hermetic compressors are used in mid-sized to large refrigeration and air conditioning systems, where it is cheaper to repair and/or refurbish the compressor compared to the price of a new one. A hermetic compressor is simpler and cheaper to build than

4100-460: The crankshaft when driving away from a stop, providing a small amount of electric motor assist. In 2010, Opel introduced Start/stop in their EcoFLEX branded models. The system is used with Family 0 , Ecotec and MGE petrol and MultiJet , Circle L , and Family B diesel engines . Perodua first introduced the start/stop system in 2016 which is called "Eco idle" in the Bezza . Initially, it

4182-541: The electric motors. Gasoline and microhybrid vehicles, on the other hand, generally experience slight delays (albeit fractions of a second). In February 2001, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) raised questions about non-hybrid Honda vehicles equipped with the company's "Idle Stop" transmissions due to concerns over the "sudden lurching forward of a vehicle in an automatic restart" – rather than

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4264-506: The elimination of all seals and openings to form a hermetic system. These compressors are often described as being either hermetic , open , or semi-hermetic , to describe how the compressor is enclosed and how the motor drive is situated in relation to the gas or vapor being compressed. Some compressors outside of refrigeration service may also be hermetically sealed to some extent, typically when handling toxic, polluting, or expensive gasses, with most non-refrigeration applications being in

4346-514: The engine at bus stops. Stop-start technology was fitted to a Bentley for the first time in 2016 on the Bentayga model. Bentley's system stops the engine when the car is stopped or moving slowly. BMW is including the technology across many of its cars and the MINI line for 2008 as part of its Efficient Dynamics brand. BMW has been interested in ways to reduce parasitic losses on engines, so

4428-476: The engine compartment to power the vehicle's electric accessories when the gasoline engine has shut down, instead of using a constantly-driven alternator. When the driver lifts off the throttle or brakes, the ECO motor is driven as an alternator to maintain "sub-battery" charge. In addition to being used to restart the engine, the ECO motor also applies 50 N⋅m (5.1 kg⋅m; 37 lb⋅ft) of torque for one second to

4510-470: The entry front-wheel drive 2017 XT5 at launch was $ 38,995 in the United States. For the 2020 model year, the XT5 received several mid-cycle updates. The trim levels changed to Cadillac's "Y" strategy, with Luxury as the base, and Premium Luxury and Sport as separate higher levels. The exterior design received only minor changes, with a new bright metallic patterned grille on the Premium Luxury, and

4592-520: The final compression stage of medium-sized gas turbines. Centrifugal compressors are the largest available compressors, offer higher efficiencies under partial loads, may be oil-free when using air or magnetic bearings which increases the heat transfer coefficient in evaporators and condensers, weigh up to 90% less and occupy 50% less space than reciprocating compressors, are reliable and cost less to maintain since less components are exposed to wear, and only generate minimal vibration. But, their initial cost

4674-409: The fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage. Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number . Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio

4756-551: The fuel shortage/oil crisis of the 1970s pushed car manufacturers to find solutions to reduce gas consumption. The first vehicle to use the automatic on/off switch was the six-cylinder Toyota Crown in 1974 and was already claiming a 10% gas saving in traffic. In the 1980s, the Fiat Regata "ES" with the City-matic system and Volkswagen Polo "Formel E" also used similar devices. The Volkswagen Group also adopted it in

4838-671: The gas into a smaller space. These are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable. Their application can be from 3 horsepower (2.2 kW) to over 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) and from low pressure to moderately high pressure (>1,200 psi or 8.3 MPa). The classifications of rotary screw compressors vary based on stages, cooling methods, and drive types among others. Rotary screw compressors are commercially produced in Oil Flooded, Water Flooded and Dry type. The efficiency of rotary compressors depends on

4920-633: The highway in both 6 speed manual and automatic transmissions. In 2008, Land Rover fitted its Freelander with Stop/Start which could reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 10%. As of 2016 all Land Rover and Range Rover models are fitted with Intelligent Eco Stop/Start . Mahindras were the first in India to launch stop-start based Micro Hybrid system in May 2000. This involved home-grown technology and first of its kind component development like Hall sensor based neutral and clutch pedal sensors, and later

5002-616: The last decade. Honda's PCX 125 cc model was released in 2010 with this technology for the European market, though its North American model does not feature it. Start-stop technology was introduced in Europe first because of regulatory differences: 25 percent of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is spent idling, while only an estimated 11 percent of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test

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5084-677: The lower volume range. Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls. Due to minimum clearance volume between the fixed scroll and the orbiting scroll, these compressors have a very high volumetric efficiency . These compressors are extensively used in air conditioning and refrigeration because they are lighter, smaller and have fewer moving parts than reciprocating compressors and they are also more reliable. They are more expensive though, so peltier coolers or rotary and reciprocating compressors may be used in applications where cost

5166-427: The membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in contact with the gas being compressed. The degree of flexing and the material constituting the diaphragm affects the maintenance life of the equipment. Generally stiff metal diaphragms may only displace a few cubic centimeters of volume because the metal cannot endure large degrees of flexing without cracking, but

5248-549: The most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units. Another type of reciprocating compressor, usually employed in automotive cabin air conditioning systems, is the swash plate or wobble plate compressor, which uses pistons moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft (see axial piston pump ). Household, home workshop, and smaller job site compressors are typically reciprocating compressors 1.5 hp (1.1 kW) or less with an attached receiver tank. A linear compressor

5330-413: The necessary volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar (1,300 kPa; 190 psi) in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor. Rotary vane compressors can have mechanical efficiencies of about 90%. The Rolling piston in a rolling piston style compressor plays

5412-544: The part of a partition between the vane and the rotor. Rolling piston forces gas against a stationary vane. 2 of these compressors can be mounted on the same shaft to increase capacity and reduce vibration and noise. A design without a spring is known as a swing compressor. In refrigeration and air conditioning, this type of compressor is also known as a rotary compressor, with rotary screw compressors being also known simply as screw compressors. It offers higher efficiency than reciprocating compressors due to less losses from

5494-432: The petrochemical industry. In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor driving the compressor are integrated, and operate within the pressurized gas envelope of the system. The motor is designed to operate in, and be cooled by, the refrigerant gas being compressed. Open compressors have an external motor driving a shaft that passes through the body of the compressor and rely on rotary seals around

5576-892: The pressure of the gas is due, at least in part, to the compressor pumping it at a mass flow rate which cannot pass through the outlet at the lower pressure and density of the inlet. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30  horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (>18000 psi or 124 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be

5658-427: The refrigerant system. An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner can be more susceptible to leak its operating gases. Open systems rely on lubricant in the system to splash on pump components and seals. If it is not operated frequently enough, the lubricant on the seals slowly evaporates, and then the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer functional and must be recharged. By comparison,

5740-504: The right depicts a three-stage diaphragm compressor used to compress hydrogen gas to 6,000 psi (41 MPa) for use in a prototype compressed hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling station built in downtown Phoenix, Arizona by the Arizona Public Service company (an electric utilities company). Reciprocating compressors were used to compress the natural gas . The reciprocating natural gas compressor

5822-813: The role of the starter and alternator into one unit; manufacturers include Valeo and Denso . FCA introduced the Robert Bosch GmbH made system in the end of 2008 in the Fiat 500 . Starting in September 2009, Alfa Romeo also introduced this system in its Alfa Romeo Mito series utilising Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) 1.4 L Turbo petrol MultiAir engines. Late in 2010, Ford announced that its start-stop system, already used in its hybrids as well as several mainstream models in Europe, would be introduced in North America with

5904-691: The rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing. Thus, a series of increasing and decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary vane compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies. With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (e.g., 2 bar or 200 kPa or 29 psi) for bulk material movement while oil-injected machines have

5986-427: The shaft to retain the internal pressure. The difference between the hermetic and semi-hermetic, is that the hermetic uses a one-piece welded steel casing that cannot be opened for repair; if the hermetic fails it is simply replaced with an entire new unit. A semi-hermetic uses a large cast metal shell with gasketed covers with screws that can be opened to replace motor and compressor components. The primary advantage of

6068-417: The starter motor, results in a near instantaneous engine restart time of 0.35 seconds. In 2011, Mazda announced i-ELOOP, a system which uses a variable-voltage alternator to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration. The energy stored in a double-layer capacitor , is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems. When used in conjunction with Mazda's start-stop system, i-Stop,

6150-447: The stiffness of a metal diaphragm allows it to pump at high pressures. Rubber or silicone diaphragms are capable of enduring deep pumping strokes of very high flexion, but their low strength limits their use to low-pressure applications, and they need to be replaced as plastic embrittlement occurs. Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas ( CNG ) as well as in a number of other applications. The photograph on

6232-512: The system to distribute 100% of torque to either front or rear axle as well as to either left or right rear wheel. In an addition to that, the AWD system allows the driver to disconnect the rear drive unit and leave the car in FWD mode for improved fuel efficiency . The 2017 XT5 is offered in four trim levels. Above the base XT5 are "Luxury", "Premium Luxury" and range topping "Platinum". The base price of

6314-439: The vehicle are normally running on battery power. When the battery needs to be charged or when decelerating or braking, the alternator is activated to recharge the battery ( regenerative braking ). Since this battery experiences very different load characteristics than a normal car battery, BMW used an absorptive glass mat (AGM) type instead. Due to the use of regenerative braking , some have started calling this type of system

6396-526: The water. The weight of falling water compresses the air in the top of the chamber. A submerged outlet from the chamber allows water to flow to the surface at a lower height than the intake. An outlet in the roof of the chamber supplies the compressed air to the surface. A facility on this principle was built on the Montreal River at Ragged Shutes near Cobalt, Ontario in 1910 and supplied 5,000 horsepower to nearby mines. Centrifugal compressors use

6478-464: Was developed by Sertco . The prototype alternative fueling station was built in compliance with all of the prevailing safety, environmental and building codes in Phoenix to demonstrate that such fueling stations could be built in urban areas. Also known as a trompe . A mixture of air and water generated through turbulence is allowed to fall into a subterranean chamber where the air separates from

6560-508: Was fitted to the second-generation 9-5 in 2009. The button to control the system was placed next to the gearshift like SAAB ignition keys of old. Many Subaru vehicles have been equipped with an automatic stop-start system. It was first launched in 2011 for the Impreza and Crosstrek . Suzuki's start-stop system is called EASS (Engine Auto Start Stop). Some car makers such as Suzuki have one additional small 12V lithium-ion battery inside

6642-472: Was only limited to the range-topping Advance variant. Subsequently, newer models such as the Myvi , Aruz , Ativa , and Alza started to feature this system as standard, even on base models. Renault introduced the technology in all of its European models in 2010. In 2009, Roewe 's Rover 75 based 750 was fitted with stop-start as standard with the hybrid 1.8 Rover K-series engine . A start-stop function

6724-481: Was unveiled in China in August 2024. The 2017 model year XT5 was awarded "Top Safety Pick", by IIHS , for models equipped with optional collision prevention safety systems. Start-stop system A vehicle start-stop system or stop-start system (also known as S&S , micro hybrid , or micro hybrid electric vehicle ( μHEV )) automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce

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