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61-669: Cairo Montenotte ( Piedmontese : Càire ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Savona in Liguria , an Italian region located 50 kilometres (31 mi) west of Genoa and 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Savona . Located in Val Bormida, it is a member of the Comunità Montana Alta Val Bormida . It is considered to be the main centre of Val Bormida and it has 12691 inhabitants. It

122-738: A agonistic level for older people. The club, together with the Coordinamento Sci Club Valbormida, adheres to FISI (Federazione Italiana Sport Invernali) in the Ligurian Committee and participates in the Ligurian Cup. In normal snowmaking conditions, the activities take place at the Mondolè Ski area in the municipalities of Frabosa Sottana and Frabosa Soprana . The Cairo Ski Club always attends Cairo Medievale event. The Subsection Valbormida of

183-441: A long time lived in the abbey, where many of them had been monks. From 1133 Bobbio was a suffragan see of the archdiocese of Genoa . From time to time disputes arose between the bishop and the monks, and in 1199 Pope Innocent III issued two bulls, restoring the abbey in spirituals and temporals, and empowering the bishop to depose an abbot if within a certain time he did not obey. Saint Columbanus' abbey and church were taken from

244-524: A monastery was soon built. The abbey at its foundation followed the Rule of St Columbanus, based on the monastic practices of Celtic Christianity . Columbanus was buried on 23 November 615, but was followed by successors of high calibre in Attala (d. 627) and Bertulf (d. 640), who steered the new monastery through the threats from militant Arianism under King Rotharis (636–652). In 628, when Bertulf made

305-534: A monk of Bobbio, died in the abbey in about 736, as his poetic inscription there attests. In 1014, the Emperor Henry II , on the occasion of his own coronation in Rome, obtained from Pope Benedict VIII the erection of Bobbio as an episcopal see . The diocese was made a suffragan of the metropolitan of Milan. Peter Aldus, its first bishop, had been abbot of Bobbio since 999, and his episcopal successors for

366-472: A pact of friendship with Savonesi, people coming from Savona , signed again in 1120, 1188, 1194, as documents from 998 and 1014 state. In 1091 Cairo was hold by Bonifacio del Vasto who will later divest some lands to Ferrania's Abbey , that was built in 1097. A bull from Pope Innocent II dated 20 February 1141, cites Cairo's castle , that has been placed under the protection of the Holy See together with

427-529: A pilgrimage to Rome, he persuaded Pope Honorius I to exempt Bobbio from episcopal jurisdiction, thus making the abbey immediately subject to the Holy See . Under the next abbot, Bobolen, the Rule of St. Benedict was introduced. At first its observance was optional, but in the course of time it superseded the stricter Rule of Saint Columbanus , and Bobbio joined the Congregation of Monte Cassino . In 643, at

488-454: A recent survey. On the other hand, the same survey showed Piedmontese is still spoken by over half the population, alongside Italian. Authoritative sources confirm this result, putting the figure between 2 million and 3 million speakers out of a population of 4.2 million people. Efforts to make it one of the official languages of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics were unsuccessful. Piedmontese

549-531: A relatively lawless state, with a mix of Arian and pagan religious practice. Bobbio became a centre of resistance to Arianism and a base for the conversion of the Lombard people. It was not until the reign of Grimoald I (663–673), himself a convert, that the bulk of the Lombards accepted Catholic Christianity. Theodelinda's nephew Aripert I (653–663) restored all the lands of Bobbio that belonged by right to

610-442: A standardized writing system. Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English: Bobbio Abbey Bobbio Abbey (Italian: Abbazia di San Colombano ) is a monastery founded by Irish Saint Columbanus in 614, around which later grew up the town of Bobbio , in the province of Piacenza , Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It is dedicated to Saint Columbanus . It was famous as a centre of resistance to Arianism and as one of

671-585: A very ancient history that has been handed down over three centuries. It is made of a loaf of bread baked in the oven, in the inside there is a sausage . In Cairo Montenotte is located Ferrania Film Museum , museum of industrial and territorial culture located in Palazzo Scarampi. It is dedicated to the company FILM/ Ferrania /3M, once a producer of photosensitive material, located in the homonymous town . The economy in Cairo Montenotte

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732-470: Is called Star Cairo, its first team plays in the Italian A2 series. Both teams play in baseball fields located in the territory of the municipality that have been specifically built and dedicate to these agonistic disciplines. Cairo Montenotte's football teams are: Sci Club Cairese, founded in 1977, organizes activities at a pre-competitive level and freeride for the younger members, and activities at

793-700: Is considered a dialect rather than a separate language by the Italian central government. Due to the Italian diaspora Piedmontese has spread in the Argentinian Pampas , where many immigrants from Piedmont settled. The Piedmontese language is also spoken in some states of Brazil, along with the Venetian language . The first documents in the Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century,

854-423: Is divided into three major groups The variants can be detected in the variation of the accent and variation of words. It is sometimes difficult to understand a person that speaks a different Piedmontese from the one you are used to, as the words or accents are not the same. The Eastern Piedmontese group is more phonologically evolved than its western counterpart. The words that in the west end with jt, jd or t in

915-451: Is mainly connected to the industries and craftmanship, but the area is also specialized in zootechnical activities that made it gain recognition at a national level, particularly for the breeding of bovine cattle. The main industries work in the chemical , energy and transport sector. Cairo Montenotte's center is crossed by the state highway 29 of the Colle di Cadibona that connects

976-591: Is pronounced separately, /ˈya/ . Some of the characteristics of the Piedmontese language are: Piedmontese has a number of varieties that may vary from its basic koiné to quite a large extent. Variation includes not only departures from the literary grammar, but also a wide variety in dictionary entries, as different regions maintain words of Frankish or Lombard origin, as well as differences in native Romance terminology. Words imported from various languages are also present, while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian. A variety of Piedmontese

1037-407: Is shared between the municipalities of Dego and Cairo Montenotte (Rocchetta Cairo), in the alluvial plain of Bormida . Among the flora is reported the presence of Ligurian saffron ( Crocus ligusticus ), while among the animal species the black-winged stilt , the red-footed falcon , the hen harrier and the northern lapwing . The second site, also located between Dego and Rocchetta Cairo, in

1098-464: Is shared partially (in the case of the infinitive time) also by most of the western dialects, including the Turin one, that is the most spoken dialect of western piedmontese (and also of the whole piedmontese language). A morphological variation that sharply divides east and west is the indicative imperfect conjugation of irregular verbs. In the east, the suffix ava/iva is used, while in the west asìa/isìa

1159-426: Is situated in the high part of Val Bormida , more precisely in the countryside behind Savona , and it is the biggest and most important town of Val Bormida. The urban area reaches an average height of 340 m a.s.l., and it expands in the valley floor along the left shore of Spigno ’s Bormida River . Bric del Tesoro is the highest peak of the town district, with a height of 860 m a.s.l. The name "Cairo" comes from

1220-414: Is the fourth municipality in the province together with Savona , Albenga and Varazze , as well as the most popular municipality in Liguria among those without outlet on the sea. The municipal area is the biggest in the province behind Sassello , and the fifth in Liguria . In 2007, Cairo Montenotte drew up a project of collaboration with other municipalities of Val Bormida through the formulation of

1281-417: Is used. The groups are also distinguished by differing conjugation of the present simple of the irregular verbs: dé , andé , sté (to give, to go, to stay). /v/ is realized as labio-velar [ w ] between /a/ and /u/ and as [ w ] or [ f ] when in word-final position. Allophones of / a / are [ ɑ, ɒ ] in stressed syllables and as [ɐ] when in unstressed position and at end of the word. Piedmontese

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1342-430: Is written with a modified Latin alphabet. The letters, along with their IPA equivalent, are shown in the table below. Certain digraphs are used to regularly represent specific sounds as shown below. All other combinations of letters are pronounced as written. Grave accent marks stress (except for o which is marked by an acute to distinguish it from ò ) and breaks diphthongs, so ua and uà are /wa/ , but ùa

1403-586: The sermones subalpini  [ it ] , when it was extremely close to Occitan , dating from the 12th century, a document devoted to the education of the Knights Templar stationed in Piedmont. During the Renaissance, the oldest Piedmontese literary work of secular character, are the works of Zan Zòrs Alion, poet of the duchy of Montferrat, the most famous work being the opera Jocunda. In

1464-598: The 305th Section , that remained until February 1919. In 1929, Cairo Montenotte underwent the last territorial adjustment when the village of Monti was integrated to it, after the suppression of the municipalities of Santa Giulia and Brovida included in the one of Dego . The 7 January 1956 the village obtained the title of ‘Città’ ( city ), thanks to the Decree of the President of the Italian Republic that

1525-588: The Club Alpino Italiano (C.A.I.) is based in Cairo Montenotte, more precisely in Porta Soprana, it was founded in 1962 and it is part of Savona 's provincial section of C.A.I. It is considered a free national association that organizes guided mountaineering excursions for mountain enthusiasts. Piedmontese language It has some support from the Piedmont regional government but

1586-812: The Latin "carium", which itself comes from the ancient Ligurian stem "car-", meaning "stone" or "rock". According to many archeological finds, this area has been inhabited since the Neolithic age . In fact, arrowheads , spears , daggers and axes are stored in Calasanzio Institute in Genoa Cornigliano , and a polished stone axe is kept in the Ligurian Archeological Museum in Genoa Pegli . Probably before

1647-597: The March of Montferrat with the reunion of the two principal feuds. In the 16th century, Cairo was involved in the wars between imperial and French troupes until the peace in 1599. In 1625 and 1637, the village was attacked and sacked by the Duchy of Savoy army that was at war with Genoa , causing a severe drought. On 5 October 1735 the vast majority of Cairo's territories went under the Kingdom of Sardinia domain, and with

1708-644: The Nature Reserve of Adelasia , sees the presence of orchids and quercus × crenata ; among the animals the crayfish , the beetle and the greater horseshoe bat . Other natural sites of the territory are the woods of Montenotte, the Cave of the Elms and the wildlife oasis of the Piana di Rocchetta. According to Istat data on 1 January 2021, the foreign citizens resident in Cairo Montenotte are 1 521, listing

1769-787: The Roman Conquest, Cairo was inhabited by the Ligurian Statielli . After the Roman Conquest of the Ligurian territory, the Bormida Valley was crossed by the Via Aemilia Scauri , commissioned by the censor Marco Emilio Scauro in 109 BC, that connected the city of Derthona ( Tortona ) and Vada Sabatia ( Vado Ligure ), and in Cairo there was the station of Canalicum or Calanico . The road network

1830-729: The San Colomban o di Bobbio ( PC ) Abbey domains through the San Salvatore di Giusvalla Abbey control, directly dependent upon the Holy See . Together with many other territories, this area was included in the royal, imperial and monastic feud . The toponym ‘Carium’ made an appearance for the first time in a document from 967 AD, in which the Emperor Ottone I di Sassonia decided to offer to Aleramo several territories already devastated by Lombard and Saracen past incursions. The 8 May 1080, Cairo inhabitants signed

1891-605: The San Giuseppe di Cairo train station , located a few kilometers from the city center. The train station has been one of the most important Italian ports of call for goods in the period of maximum industrial development for the area. There are some other train stations within the municipality's borders, in particular in Rocchetta Cairo (on the Savona-Alessandria railway line), Bragno and Ferrania (on

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1952-768: The Treaty of Vienna on 30 August 1736 the whole lands were ceded. In 1796, the first successful battle of the Italian Campaign by Napoleon , known as the Battle of Montenotte , took place in Cairo, more precisely in Montenotte Superiore. Thereafter, a district of the Irish town Cork was named after this battle. With the French domination, on 2 December 1797 Cairo was established as a municipality entering

2013-593: The 1500s and 1600s, there were several pastoral comedies with parts in Piedmontese. In the Baroque period, El Cont Piolèt , a comedy by Giovan Battista Tan-na d'Entraive was published. Literary Piedmontese developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, but it did not gain literary esteem comparable to that of French or Italian, other languages used in Piedmont. Nevertheless, literature in Piedmontese has never ceased to be produced: it includes poetry , theatre pieces, novels , and scientific work. The first documents in

2074-554: The Benedictines by the French occupying forces in 1803, when the abbey was suppressed. The current Basilica of San Colombano was built during 1456–1530 in a Renaissance style. The Basilica has a Latin cross layout with a nave and two aisles, a transept and a rectangular apse. It includes a 9th-century baptismal font. The nave fresco decoration was completed in the 16th century by Bernardino Lanzani . The 15th-century crypt houses

2135-829: The Letimbro Department, with Savona as a chief town, as part of the Ligurian Republic . On 28 April 1798, it was inserted in the I canton of the Colombo Jurisdiction, and from 1803 it became the main centre of the I canton in Savona under the Colombo Jurisdiction. Being annexed to the First French Empire , from 13 June 1805 to 1814 it was included in Montenotte Department . On 19 March 1814 Pope Pius VII crossed

2196-436: The Piedmontese language were written in the 12th century, the sermones subalpini , when it was extremely close to Occitan . In 2004, Piedmontese was recognised as Piedmont's regional language by the regional parliament, although the Italian government has not yet recognised it as such. In theory, it is now supposed to be taught to children in school, but this is happening only to a limited extent. The last decade has seen

2257-509: The Saint Eugine Benedictine Abbey of Bergeggi Island. From 1131 until 1191 it was part of Marca di Savona . A popular legend reports that Francis of Assisi crossed the town in 1213, when he was travelling towards Spain , but it has not been proved by any written document. On 5 July 1214, Ottone Del Carretto , lord of Savona , sold Cairo's castle to Genoa together with its annexed lands. On July 16, Ottone

2318-588: The Torino-Savona and Savona-Alessandria lines). Cairo Montenotte's baseball team is calle Cairese Baseball, and it is part of a national renowned company, the Baseball Club Cairese, that was founded in 1977. Cairo Montenotte's Baseball Club has been committed in developing younger categories obtaining excellent results. Each year they churn out young talents that often get to experience professional or youth national teams. The softball team

2379-404: The abbey's library may have been formed by the manuscripts which Columbanus had brought from Ireland (though these must have been exceedingly few) and the treatises which he wrote himself. The learned Saint Dungal (d. after 827) bequeathed to the abbey his valuable library, consisting of some 27 volumes. A late 9th-century catalogue, published by Lodovico Antonio Muratori (but now superseded by

2440-425: The conversion of Agigulf and his Lombard followers, the king granted Columbanus a ruined church and wasted lands known as Ebovium, which prior to the Lombard seizure, had been property of the papacy. Columbanus particularly wanted this secluded place, for while enthusiastic for the conversion of the Lombards, he preferred eremitic solitude for his monks and himself. Next to this little church, dedicated to Saint Peter ,

2501-435: The east end with [dʒ] e/o [tʃ] for example the westerns [lajt] , [tyjt] , and [vɛj] (milk, all and old) in the east are [lɑtʃ] , [tytʃ] and [vɛdʒ] . A typical eastern features is [i] as allophone of [e] : in word end, at the end of infinitive time of the verb, like in to read and to be ( western [leze] , [ese] vs . eastern [lezi] , [esi] ) and at words feminine plural gender . Although this development

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2562-520: The edition of M. Tosi), shows that at that period every branch of knowledge, divine and human, was represented in this library. The catalogue lists more than 600 volumes. Many of the books have been lost, the rest have long since been dispersed and are still reckoned among the chief treasures of the later collections which possess them. In 1616 Cardinal Federico Borromeo took for the Ambrosian Library of Milan eighty-six volumes, including

2623-810: The famous " Bobbio Orosius ", the " Antiphonary of Bangor ", and the Bobbio Jerome , a palimpsest of Ulfilas ' Gothic version of the Bible. Twenty-six volumes were given, in 1618, to Pope Paul V for the Vatican Library . Many others were sent to Turin, where, besides those in the Royal Archives, there were seventy-one in the University Library until the disastrous fire of 26 January 1904. Gerbert of Aurillac (afterwards Pope Sylvester II ) became abbot of Bobbio in 982, and with

2684-548: The greatest libraries in the Middle Ages . The abbey was dissolved under the French administration in 1803, although many of the buildings remain in other uses. The abbey was founded soon after the Lombard invasion of Italy in 568. The Lombard king Agilulf married the devout Roman Catholic Theodelinda in 590, and under the influence of the Irish missionary Columbanus and his wife, Agilulf converted to Christianity. Upon

2745-527: The large monastery area. Over time, the cultural and political importance of the Abbey grew; in 1153 Frederick Barbarossa confirmed by two charters various rights and possessions. The fame of Bobbio reached the shores of Ireland, and Columbanus' reputation attracted many more Irish religious. Bobolen's successor may have been a certain 'Comgall'. Bishop Cumianus , who had resigned his see in Ireland to become

2806-633: The most significant presences divided by nationality: In Cairo Montenotte there are several state educational institutions of secondary school: The three are part of a single school institution, which is the Upper Secondary Institute of Cairo Montenotte. In the town there is also the School of Formation of the Penitentiary Personnel S.F.A.P.P. Andrea "Schivo". Tira is a typical food from Cairo Montenotte. It has

2867-581: The name Cairo Montenotte , with a royal decree dated 8 April 1863, in memory of the battle of 11 and 12 April 1796. In 1880 the two municipalities of Carretto and Rocchetta di Cairo were suppressed and included in the municipality of Cairo Montenotte. In December 1916, the Defence Section of Cairo Montenotte was born and activated in January 1917 with three Voisin III . In the summer of 1918, it became

2928-502: The pope. Aripert II confirmed this restitution to Pope John VII in 707. The Lombards soon dispossessed the popes again, but in 756 Aistulf was compelled by Pepin the Younger to give up the lands. In 774 Charlemagne made liberal grants to the abbey. In the last decades of the 9th century, Abbot Agilulph moved the monastery complex farther downstream on the left bank of the river Trebbia . The medieval village started to grow around

2989-405: The publication of learning materials for schoolchildren, as well as general-public magazines. Courses for people already outside the education system have also been developed. In spite of these advances, the current state of Piedmontese is quite grave, as over the last 150 years the number of people with a written active knowledge of the language has shrunk to about 2% of native speakers, according to

3050-570: The request of Rotharis and Queen Gundeberga , Pope Theodore I granted to the Abbot of Bobbio the use of the mitre and other pontificals. During the turbulent 7th century and through the efforts of Columbanus's disciples, increasing numbers of Arian Lombards were received into the Catholic form of Christianity. However, during the first half of the 7th century, the large tract of country lying between Turin and Verona , Genoa and Milan , remained

3111-620: The sarcophagus of St. Columbanus, by Giovanni dei Patriarchi (1480), and those of the first two abbots, St. Attala and St. Bertulf. Also in the crypt is a 12th-century pavement mosaic with the histories of the Maccabeans and the Cycle of the Months. No structures of the earliest monastery buildings are visible. The bell-tower (late 9th century) and the smaller apse are from the original Romanesque edifice. The Torre del Comune (Communal Tower)

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3172-455: The so-called ‘Piano Strategico delle Città delle Bormide’, focusing on establishing the area within the Ligurian socio-economic context in a more effective way. It is known for being the birthplace of the patriot Giuseppe Cesare Abba . Cairo Montenotte borders the following municipalities: Albisola Superiore , Altare , Carcare , Cengio , Cosseria , Dego , Giusvalla , Gottasecca , Pontinvrea , Saliceto , and Savona . Cairo Montenotte

3233-405: The surrounding municipalities and to Savona thanks to a bus line managed by TPL Linea S.r.l. (Trasporti Ponente Ligure). Cairo Montenotte has a train station , not far away from the historical city center. It is on the railway line going from Alessandria to San Giuseppe di Cairo , a branch of the Turin-Fossano-Savona railway line. The town is also linked to the rail axes Turin-Savona through

3294-402: The town to Dego and Altare . The town is connected to the motorway Autostrada A6 Torino-Savona through the SS29var ‘Variante di Carcare e Collina Vispa’, that originates in San Giuseppe. Other roads in the territory are: SP9 leading towards the villages of Ville, Carretto and Valle Uzzone; and SP38 leading towards the villages of Bragno and Ferrania . Cairo Montenotte is also connected to

3355-444: The village. In 1815, it was included in the Kingdom of Sardinia as the Vienna Congress established in 1814, and in 1861 it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy . From 1859 to 1927, the area was included in the 4th district of the surrounding area of Savona that was part of the province of Genoa . In 1927 the whole territory went under the newly established Province of Savona . King Victor Emmanuel II authorised Cairo to gain

3416-505: Was Giovanni Gronchi . The post-war period was successful for the economic and urban development, enough to make it one of the most important industrial centres in the province and region. From 1973 to 2008 it was part of the Comunità Montana Alta Val Bormida (suppressed in 2011). In the municipal territory of Cairo Montenotte there are two sites of Community Importance , proposed by the Natura 2000 network of Liguria , for its particular natural and geological interest. The first site

3477-482: Was Judeo-Piedmontese , a dialect spoken by the Piedmontese Jews until the Second World War , when most were killed during the Holocaust . Some survivors knew the language but as of 2015, the language had gone extinct. It had many loanwards from Provencal , Spanish and Hebrew . It kept many conservative features that Piedmontese abandoned over time. The language never became as large in terms of words as larger Jewish languages like Yiddish , and it never developed

3538-436: Was built in 1456–85. The Museum of the Abbey includes findings and remains from Roman (tombs, altars, sculptures) and Lombard ages (capitals, tombstones). It houses also a polyptych by Bernardino Luini and the Bobbio collection, the second largest in the world, of Monza ampullae , pilgrimage flasks from the 6th century. The cloisters of the abbey house a display of Collezione Mazzolini. The collection of nearly 900 works

3599-490: Was donated in 2005 by Domenica Rosa Mazzolini to the diocese of Piacenza-Bobbio Part of the collection was amassed earlier by the sister of the physician Giovanni Battista Ettore Simonetti. The collection includes works by Enrico Baj , Renato Birolli , Carlo Carrà , Massimo Campigli , Giuseppe Capogrossi , Giorgio De Chirico , Filippo De Pisis , Ottone Rosai , Lucio Fontana , Achille Funi , Piero Manzoni , Mario Nigro , Giò Pomodoro , and Mario Sironi . The nucleus of

3660-570: Was elected feudal lord of Cairo, Carretto, Vigneroli and half of Carcare , by Genoa consuls. On 5 November 1235, the family bought Rocchetta di Cairo's castle from Cavalieri Ospitalieri di San Giovanni (then Cavalieri di Malta ). In 1332, the territories that belonged to Del Carretto's family passed to Manfred IV of Saluzzo , Saluzzo marquis, then sold to Scarampi brothers on 8 February 1337 (or in 1339), which were rich bankers and merchants from Asti . The latter ones were initially Genoa feudal lords (9 July 1419), and then they became lords of

3721-411: Was enlarged with the building of Via Julia Augusta , commissioned by Augusto in 13 BC in order to assure the connection with the Gallic provinces . In the exact place where today stands Nostra Signora delle Grazie Church , there have been found several Roman artefacts and remains of an ancient rustic villa (farm) from the Imperial period. Since the Lombard period, the local area was included in

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