145-534: Port of Kolkata or Kolkata Port ( Bengali : কলকাতা বন্দর), officially known as Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (formerly Kolkata Port Trust or Port of Calcutta ), is the only riverine major port in India, in the city of Kolkata , West Bengal, around 203 kilometres (126 mi) from the sea. It is the oldest operating port in India and was constructed by the British East India Company . Kolkata
290-499: A River Trust in 1866, but it soon failed, and administration was again taken up by the government. Finally, in 1870, the Calcutta Port Act (Act V of 1870) was passed, creating the offices of Calcutta Port Commissioners. At that time Calcutta port had only four jetties and one wharf for unloading cargo, which could berth 52 ships and had a total capacity of 48,000 tons. In 1871–72, the number of jetties had increased to 6, with
435-430: A berth of 143 ships and a cargo capacity of 222,000 tons. The length of the wharf also increases significantly. Commodities such as crops, seeds and raw materials and mainly jute products were moved through this wharf. In the 1870s, rapidly increasing tea exports from Assam and North Bengal necessitated the construction of a warehouse on Strand Bank Island . A wet dock was set up at Kidderpore (Khidirpur) in 1892. This
580-500: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from
725-510: A capacity of 25 tons and a operating area radius of 15.25 m (50.0 ft); on the other hand, 2 of the electric cranes have a capacity of 3 and 6 tons and the other is of 3 ton capacity. The port has a 232 kilometers (144 mi) long shipping channel . Most ships navigating the Channel require a pilot, and the sharp bends and submerged Sandbars of the Channel require the assistance of tugboats for larger ships. The channel extends from
870-695: A curse of the saint Kapila . In 1974, the Farakka Barrage began diverting water into the Hooghly during the dry season so as to reduce the silting difficulties at Kolkata's port. Like the rest of the Ganges, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly is considered sacred to Hindus , and its water is considered holy. The following bridges currently span the Hooghly River; listed from south to north until
1015-596: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises
1160-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where
1305-692: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of
1450-682: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,
1595-489: A mean of 10 ft (3.0 m), and a minimum during freshets of 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m). In its upper reaches the river is generally known as the Bhāgirathi, until it reaches Hooghly. The word Bhāgirathi literally means "caused by Bhagiratha ", a Hindu mythological Solar dynasty prince who was instrumental in bringing the river Ganges from heaven to the earth, in order to release his 60,000 grand-uncles from
SECTION 10
#17327754148081740-445: A minimum of 7.4 metres (24 ft) at berth No. 29 and a maximum of 9.2 metres (30 ft) at berth No. 8. Kidderpore Dock is divided into two parts, which are KDP-1 (West) and KDP-2 (East). Out of total 18 berths, KDP-1 consists of 10 berths and KDP-2 consists of 8 berths. These two parts – KDP-1 and KDP-2 – are separated by a bascule bridge . The dock's quays have a combined length of 2,956 meters (9,698 ft), of which KDP-1 (West)
1885-479: A minimum width of 345 m (1,132 ft). At high tide the depth of the Western Channel exceeds 9 m (30 ft); While vessels with a maximum draft of 9 meters (30 ft) and a minimum draft of 7.6 meters (25 ft) are able to navigate . Due to the constraints of the river (like silting , sandbars etc.) no seagoing vessel above 200 GT is allowed to navigate without a qualified pilot of
2030-685: A part in the adoption of the English alphabet to write Bengali, with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali. Hooghly River The Hooghly River (also spelled Hoogli or Hugli ) is the westernmost distributary of the Ganges , situated in West Bengal , India. It is known in its upper reaches as the Bhagirathi . The Bhagirathi splits off from
2175-483: A particular concern from the mid-eighteenth century, as ships were taken to Bombay for repairs. In 1790, the first dock was built near Bankshall Ghat. Already in 1781, Colonel Watson was granted a site on the southern boundary of the harbor to build a floating dock. Watson set up a marine yard at Kiddirpor and also began construction of a floating dock in 1781, but was forced to abandon the project when legal disputes arose. Watson subsequently turned to shipyards and built
2320-576: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in
2465-483: A ship to stay or anchor in the river. The tidal rise in the river varies from 4.2 kilometres (2.6 mi) to 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) during spring tides . Ships are sheltered at the docks during high tides or spring tides. The Eastern Channel Light Vessel 's position for navigation is 21°03'03.12" North Latitude and 88°11'30" East Longitude, and the Western Channel Light Vessel's position
2610-637: A small number of ships before his retirement from the business. After Watson several steps were taken to establish shipbuilding factories in Kolkata, but none of them were comparable to the shipbuilding activities of Parsi Enterprises in Bombay. In the 1820s, several plans were made to build floating docks in Kolkata and Diamond Harbour , but none of them materialised. When the disastrous cyclone of 1842 caused extensive damage to ships anchored in Kolkata harbour,
2755-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in
2900-581: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,
3045-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are
SECTION 20
#17327754148083190-484: A wide range of area including Chitpur , Shalimar , and Garden Reach , at present its operation is truncated in the dock area only with the sole marshalling yard at East Dock Junction (EJC). The total track length of KDS railway is about 18 km (11 mi). It is connected with Eastern Railway through the Majerhat railway station . Indian Railways bring traffic for KDS through full fledged goods trains (rakes) in
3335-431: Is 1,728 meters (5,669 ft) and KDP-2 (East) is 1,228 meters (4,029 feet). The dock is connected to the shipping channel – Hooghly River , through a lock gate . A section of the dock between the lock gate and KDP-1 is the "tidal basin"; dry docks are connected to this basin. Ships enter the dock through a lock gate. The lock barrel is 176.8 metres (580 ft) long and 24.4 m (80 ft) wide. The depth in front of
3480-800: Is 21°05'03.09" North Latitude and Longitude 87°50" '215.95" East Longitude. All vessels approaching Sandhead in the vicinity of the Eastern Channel Light Vessels communicate with the pilot station at Sagar Island , designated "Sandheads Pilot" and "VTMS Control" on channels 16 and 68, and should not sail north of latitude 21°00'N without advice. For their journey from the Sandheads to the Sagar and pilot boarding points in Auckland, all vessels are provided with remote pilotage by VTMS guidance. Pilotage upstream of 21°39'02.93" N latitude
3625-662: Is 3 meters (9.8 ft). The Eastern Channel is divided into several smaller channels; smaller channels are mainly divided by submerged Sandbars. The offshore portion of the Eastern Channel is known as the Gaspar Channel, which has a minimum natural depth of 7 meters (23 ft), and the portion of the Hooghly River that extends from the Sagar Road to Diamond Harbor is divided into two smaller channels –
3770-500: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it
3915-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since
4060-749: Is a dam that diverts water from the Ganges into the Farakka Feeder Canal near the town of Tildanga in Murshidabad district , located 40 km upstream from Giria. This supplies the Hooghly with water as per the agreement between India and Bangladesh. The feeder canal runs parallel to the Ganges, past Dhulian , until just above Jahangirpur where the canal ends and joins the Bhagirathi River. The Bhagirathi then flows south past Jiaganj Azimganj , Murshidabad and Baharampur . South of Baharampur and north of Palashi it used to form
4205-668: Is a freshwater port with no variation in salinity. The port has two distinct dock systems – Kolkata Dock at Kolkata and a deep water dock at Haldia Dock Complex , Haldia . In the 19th century, the Kolkata Port was the premier port in British India . From 1838 to 1917, the British used this port to ship off over half a million Indians from all over India – mostly from the Bhojpur and Awadh — and take them to places across
4350-520: Is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America, the Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in
4495-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It
Port of Kolkata - Misplaced Pages Continue
4640-707: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,
4785-954: Is capable of anchoring vessels up to 8 metres (26 ft) in draft. Haldia Anchorage is used for lash vessels. KoPT has the largest dry dock facility in India. These dry docks cater to the diverse repair and maintenance needs of the vessels calling on the Eastern Ports of India. In addition, shipbuilding facilities are also available in these dry docks. All the dry docks are inside the impounded dock system. There are five dry docks of which three are in Kidderpore Dock and two are in Netaji Subhas Dock. Dry Dock No. 1, Dry Dock No. 2 and Dry Dock No. 3 of Kidderpore Dock have 184, 138 and 125 kill blocks respectively, and Dry Dock No. 1 and Dry Dock No. 2 of Netaji Subhash Dock have 170 and 175 kill blocks respectively; keel blocks hold
4930-466: Is compulsory for all ships of 200 GRT and more. A pilot vessel/station is maintained at Sagar Road. The river pilot takes over the ship from Middleton Point in the channel and proceeds up the river. On arrival at Kolkata (Garden Reach), the River Pilot hands over the handling of the vessel to a Harbor Pilot, who takes the vessel inside the locks of KPD or NSD or to river mooring as required. From
5075-450: Is connected to the Hooghly River, the shipping channel, through a lock-gate . The jetties on the Hooghly River mainly transport liquid products — crude oil , POL products, naphtha , liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and edible oil. These jetties are known as Haldia Oil Jetty, and are identified by Roman numerals . The water depth is 10 m (33 ft) at the first (HOJ-I) and second (HOJ-II) oil jetties, and 12.5 m (41 ft) at
5220-432: Is connected to the deep sea by the Western Channel, with an average depth of 8.3 meters (27 ft); therefore, the dock area is capable of anchoring ships up to 230 meters (750 ft) long. The complex consists of a dock, oil and barge jetty and Haldia anchorage. The dock complex has a total of 14 berths and 3 oil jetties; Berths are inside docks with lock-gate and jetties are located on the Hooghly River . The berths of
5365-482: Is connected to the shipping channel – Hooghly River , through a lock gate . 2 Buoys/moorings within the docks provide support to the movement of ships. Container ships are mainly handled through this dock, and most of the containers of the Port of Kolkata are transported. There is a container terminal at the dock, which consists of a total of 5 berths – No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 7 and No. 8 berth. The shortest berths in
5510-553: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use
5655-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of
5800-490: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of
5945-402: Is significantly less than 53.143 million metric tons (58.580 million short tons) of cargo it handled in 2005–06. However, the number of vessels handled at Kolkata Port during 2013–2014 was the highest among all Indian Major Ports . KoPT handled 17.1% of the total number of vessels, which worked at Indian Major Ports in 2011–2012; significant improvement over 2011–12 which was 16%. During
Port of Kolkata - Misplaced Pages Continue
6090-405: Is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It
6235-686: Is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali
6380-509: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played
6525-454: The Ajay , Damodar , Rupnarayan , and Haldi . The Hooghly has religious significance as Hindus consider the river sacred. It also plays a major role in the agriculture, industry, and climate of the state. The vast majority of the water that flows into the Hooghly River is provided by the man-made Farakka Feeder Canal rather than the natural source of the river at Giria. The Farakka Barrage
6670-615: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including
6815-594: The Autonomous Region of Tibet (China). With the turn of the 21st century, the volume of throughput has again started increasing steadily. As of March 2018, the port is capable of processing annually 650,000 containers, mostly from Nepal, Bhutan, and India's northeastern states. In the early 16th century, Since the arrival of the Portuguese , who established the first European contact with Bengal , customs duties collected from trading settlements upstream of
6960-474: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of
7105-550: The Hooghly River heralded a change in the navigational system of the Ganges . The prosperous Saptagram port at the confluence of the Saraswati and Bhagirathi River was becoming increasingly impassable for ocean-going cargo ships. At this time, the Portuguese first used the present location of the port to anchor their ships, since they found the upper reaches of the Hooghly river, beyond Kolkata , unsafe for navigation. By
7250-526: The Hooghly River to remove silt from Kolkata harbor without the need for regular mechanical dredging . The barrage, about 2,304 meters (7,559 ft) long, began operations on 21 April 1975. After commissioning of the project it was found that the water flow diverted from the Farakka Barrage was not sufficient to satisfactorily desilt the river. On 12 January 2020, the port was renamed to Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on
7395-490: The Hooghly River , which is still in operation today. It consists of 6 oil (petroleum) Wharves . Wharves are identified by numbers, which can range from 1 to 8 (except numbers 4 and 6). The water depth at the Wharves is uneven, with a maximum of 13.3 m (44 ft) at berth No. 1 and a minimum of 7.9 m (26 ft) at berth No. 8. The maximum size of vessel that can be accommodated is 620 feet (190 m) in length at
SECTION 50
#17327754148087540-579: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c. 1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in
7685-642: The Kolkata Municipal Corporation . Major congestion and traffic jams are seen on the narrow roads for vehicular movement in and out of the KDS. KDP and NSD are located about 10 km from the junction of National Highway 16 and National Highway 19 . The junction of National Highway 12 and Airport Road is about 25 km from the dock area. Diamond Harbor Road, Taratala Road and Garden Reach Road (Peripheral Road) are 4-lane, and have been strengthened and upgraded, but are often congested due to
7830-723: The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what
7975-524: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In
8120-939: The River Thames . The 10 places along the Hooghly River are Murshidabad , Krishnagar , Chandernagore , Barrackpore , Jorasanko , Bowbazar , Howrah , Kidderpore , Botanical Gardens and Batanagar . Ten scrolls, painted in the Patua tradition, depicting the 10 places will be carried along the Hooghly River. The event began at Murshidabad on 7 December 2017 and ended at the Victoria Memorial , Kolkata on 17 December. 1. Gautam Kumar Das. 2024. River Systems of West Bengal: Water Quality and Environment. In: River Systems of West Bengal. Springer Water. Springer, Cham. 180p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53480-5-1 . https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-53480-5 . 2. Gautam Kumar Das. 2015. Estuarine Morphodynamics of
8265-607: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"
8410-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script
8555-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong
8700-564: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of
8845-547: The 17th century. A few decades later, after the Portuguese were driven out by the Mughals in 1632 AD, the Dutch and the English established their trading posts here. But, the trade of Hooghly further downstream, especially as far as Sutanuti and Gobindpur , encouraged the expansion of smaller trading centers and settlements into larger scale activities. Kolkata was a small river port inhabited by weavers and artisans before it
SECTION 60
#17327754148088990-652: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as
9135-425: The 3rd position in the list of Indian Ports. The modern container port of Haldia , on the intersection of lower Hooghly and Haldi River, now carries much of the region's maritime trade. One new port will be built in the deep sea to reduce the load on Calcutta port. Despite the river being polluted, the fish from it are important to the local economy. The Hooghly river valley was the most important industrial area of
9280-421: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by
9425-402: The Bedford Channel and the Rangafala Channel. The Western Channel is divided into three main smaller channels, namely Eden Channel, Upper and Lower Jellingham Channel and Haldia Channel. Balari Channel is situated upstream of Haldia Channel. The Balari Channel was formerly navigable, serving as a link between the Eastern Channel and the Western Channel; but in the latter part of the last century it
9570-401: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,
9715-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,
9860-401: The British knew that among the navigable areas of the Hooghly River , the deepest water area is along the eastern bank from Gobindpur to Garden Reach and was easily navigable by large sea-going vessels. Since the area was situated on the river with jungle on three sides, it was considered safe from enemy invasion. From the mid-eighteenth century the growth of Kolkata's port was accelerated by
10005-415: The East Dock Junction (EJC), by their locomotives. Thereafter KDS railway, after necessary documentation and certain mechanical work, place the trains in the respective handling points (inside docks or private sidings), in full or installments as per operational feasibility. After completion of loading/unloading operation at Sheds/Docks/sidings etc, the rakes are hauled out and outward trains are formed at
10150-400: The Eastern Channel up to Kolkata is 3 m (9.8 ft). At high tide the depth of the channel is more than 8.5 m (28 ft); While ships with a maximum draft of 8.5 meters (28 ft) and a minimum draft of 5.4 meters (18 ft) are able to navigate . The 110 kilometres (68 mi) long channel – Western Channel – up to Haldia has a minimum depth of 4.3 m (14 ft) and
10295-458: The Farakka Feeder Canal meets the river: The following bridges are under various stages of development: The following tunnels are situated under the Hooghly River :- The Bhāgirathi-Hooghly river system is an essential lifeline for the people of West Bengal. It was through this river that the East India company sailed into Bengal and established their trade settlement, Calcutta, the capital of British India. People from other countries such as
10440-578: The French, Dutch, Portuguese, etc. all had their trade settlements by the banks of this river. The river provides a perennial supply of water to the plain of West Bengal for irrigation and human & industry consumption. The river is navigable and a major transport system in the region with a large traffic flow. For a long time, the Calcutta Port was the biggest port of India. Although in the past its significance had gone down, recently it has reached
10585-573: The Harbor Master (river) approximately four/six weeks in advance. All Automatic Tide Gauges in the channel are operated and maintained by the port. These tide gauges are located near Garden Reach and Diamond Harbor on the east bank of the channel and Haldia on the west bank. For the round-the-clock recording of tidal data, which is used for the prediction of tides and preparation of tide tables by Survey of India . A total of 500 (of which 140 are lighted) River Marks and Buoys are maintained by
10730-498: The Hoogly river. The tide runs rapidly on the Hooghly, and produces a remarkable example of the fluvial phenomenon known as a tidal bore . This consists of the head-wave of the advancing tide, hemmed in where the estuary narrows suddenly into the river, and often exceeds 7 ft (2.1 m) in height. It is felt as high up as Naihati 35 km upstream of Calcutta , and frequently destroys small boats. A tidal bore which overcame
10875-475: The KDS (around 58 km from the sea). The system consists of Khidirpur Dock (KPD), Netaji Subhash Dock (NSD), Budge Budge River Mooring (BB), Diamond Harbor Anchorage, Sagar Anchorage and Sandheads Anchorage. This dock system mainly serves container ships and barges . Among the docks and moorings in the Kolkata dock system, Khidirpur dock has the lowest water depth, while the Budge Budge river mooring has
11020-492: The KoPT. These are extremely useful in facilitating night navigation, pilotage and dredging. These lights are operated either by grid electricity, by battery or by dissolved Marine Acetylene Gas . There is also 1 boat buoy, 30 lighted buoys and 72 unlit buoys marking the navigational channel from Sandheads to Kolkata. It has one of the longest navigational channels in the world. There are five unmanned light vessels, located south of
11165-550: The Kolkata Dock System (KDS) and the Haldia Dock Complex (HDC). These two dock systems are located on the banks of the Hooghly River , giving the port the distinction of being India's only riverine major port. It is situated on the left bank of the Hooghly River at about 203 km (126 mi) upstream from the sea. The pilotage station is at Gasper/ Saugor roads, 145 Kilometres to the south of
11310-540: The Kolkata Port Trust. The total pilotage distance to KDS is 223 kilometres (139 mi), comprising 148 kilometres (92 mi) in river and 75 kilometres (47 mi) in sea, and for HDC is 121 kilometres (75 mi), comprising 46 kilometres (29 mi) in river and 75 kilometres (47 mi) in sea. The tides in the river create obstacles to the movement of ships to the port. At spring tides, tidal waves create pressure with height that makes it difficult for
11455-462: The No. 1 and No. 8 Wharves. The Haldia Dock Complex is situated at around 60 kilometres (37 mi) away from the pilotage station. It is developed as a subsidiary port system of the Kolkata Dock System in Kolkata . It is better known as Haldia Port . The maximum water depth in this Dock Complex is 12.5 meters (41 ft), which provides the ability to anchor ships up to 277 meters (909 ft) long. It
11600-503: The Port of Kolkata was revived by economic changes after India's independence . The First Five Year Plan called for the acquisition of new vessels such as dredgers, survey vessels , dock tugs , anchor vessels, light vessels and launches for Port of Kolkata along with other ports in India. The Haldia Dock project was initiated in the Third Five Year Plan to ease the pressure on the Port of Kolkata. The Commissioners for
11745-464: The Port of Kolkata were responsible for the port till January 1975 when Major Port Trusts Act, 1963, came into force. The port is now run by a board of trustees having representatives from the Government, Trade Bodies, various Port Users, Labour Unions and some nominated members. The Farakka Barrage was designed to divert 1,800 cubic meters per second (64,000 cu ft/s) of water from the Ganges into
11890-561: The Port of Kolkata, just as the Port of Saptagram on the Hooghly River had died three hundred years earlier. But Kolkata became a very important city for the British, so they abandoned the plan to establish a port on Matla River. To bring more efficiency to the management of the Port of Kolkata, the government was active in setting up the Port Trust, which provided a solid base for the British Empire's trade in India. After slavery
12035-458: The Railways, and have an annual freight capacity of 30 million metric tonnes . It is connected by fully electrified single line corridor at Gaurich with South Eastern Railway near Durgachak Town railway station of Panshkura-Haldia broad gauge railway section . This railway system has general marshalling yards and bulk handling yards. The Kolkata dock system (KDS) is connected to roads under
12180-620: The Sagar lighthouse . These unmanned light-vessels help vessels navigating the channel safely from the sandheads to the Sagar. There are five unmanned light vessels on the south towards of the Sagar lighthouse are the U.G.L.F. located at 21°29′51″N and 88°06′36.5″E, L.G.L.F. located at 21°21'54" N and 088°09'34" E, Talent WK L.V. located at 21°21'54" N and 088°09'34" E, Eastern Channel L.V. located at 21°17'00" N and 088°11'25" E, and Western Channel L.V located at 21°05'002" N and 087°50'24.8" E. These are maintained at Akra, Moyapur, Hooghly Point, Balari, Gangra and Sagar for displaying rises of tide for
12325-584: The Sandheads area of the Bay of Bengal to the Khidirpur Docks of the Kolkata Dock System in the city of Kolkata ; in the 87 km (54 mi) long stretch from the Sandheads to the Sagar Road, where vessels are managed through the Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port Authority's Vessel Traffic Management System. The depth of water in the channel is higher during monsoon than summer. Port of Kolkata has two entrances from
12470-553: The above stations except at Balari. In the wide estuary, position fixing with reference to shore objects to be viewed from the deck of a vessel, is very difficult. In 1983 KoPT introduced the Electronic Position Fixing System " Syledis " for position fixing of the vessels plying in the wide estuary of the Hooghly river . The shore-based Syledis Position Fixing System was functioning round the clock with
12615-465: The banks of the river in 1876 was reported to have killed up to a hundred thousand people. The difference from the lowest point of low-water in the dry season to the highest point of high-water in the rains is reported to be 20 ft 10 in (6.35 m). The greatest mean rise of tide, about 16 ft (4.9 m), takes place in March, April or May - with a declining range during the rainy season to
12760-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on
12905-535: The border between Bardhaman District and Nadia District , but while the border has remained the same the river is now often east or west of its former bed. The river then flows south past Katwa , Nabadwip , Kalna and Jirat . At Kalna it originally formed the border between Nadia District and Hooghly District , and then further south between Hooghly District and North 24 Parganas District . It flows past Halisahar , Chinsurah , Naihati , Bhatpara , Konnagar , Serampore , and Kamarhati . Then, just before entering
13050-407: The city of Kolkata alone exceeded 99 thousand rupees. Belvedere Estate, Judge's Court, European Lunatic Hospital, and many famous institutions of Calcutta were destroyed in the violence of nature. The Hooghly River was witnessing high tides up to a height of about 40 feet (12 m). After this incident there was a strong demand for the construction of a permanent dock. The colonial government formed
13195-646: The colour of the water of the Sarawasati was white, the colour of another stream named Jamuna was blue, and the colour of the Ganga was muddy and yellowish. From Kolkata the main flow of the Hooghly-Bhagirathi (or Ganga) used to run along the side of the Kalighat temple, Baruipur , Jaynagar Majilpur , Chhatrabhog and Hatiagarh. At that time, between Khiderpore and Sankrail no flow existed. Presently,
13340-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in
13485-497: The convenience of various vessels navigating, dredging and surveying in the River Hooghly. The semaphores used to display the tide level at these localities on a mast by the position of the meter and decimeter arms which were manually rotated with the rise and fall of every decimeter of tidal level. However these semaphores are no longer functional and instead, tidal levels are broadcast over VHF radio every half an hour from all
13630-507: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in
13775-433: The day. Netaji Subhas Dock (NSD) has a total of 10 berths, including 1 heavy lift berth, 4 dedicated container berths, 1 liquid cargo berth and 4 multipurpose berths; 2 Buoys / Moorings and 2 Dry Docks . Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 1 to 14. The berths have uneven water depths, with a minimum of 7.1 meters (23 ft) at berth No. 1 and a maximum of 9 meters (30 ft) at berth No. 3. The dock
13920-508: The decline of the Mughal-era major ports of Hooghly on Hooghly River and Surat on the western coast. In the early colonial period , the main purpose of the port administration under the company's naval office, headed by a master attendant, was to provide pilotage services to ocean-going vessels. The Master Attendant also regularly conducted river surveys to report on the navigability of the river. The port's lack of docking facilities became
14065-604: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on
14210-537: The development of modern industries. A new dock, named King George's Dock, was commissioned in 1928 (it was renamed Netaji Subhash Dock in 1973). Though the port was conceived to be a commercial port and gateway of eastern India , the port played a very important role in the Second World War . It was bombed twice by the Japanese forces . The port facilities were devalued during the Second World War , but
14355-700: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In
14500-553: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around
14645-557: The emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as
14790-492: The end of the 16th century, large Portuguese ships were anchored in Betor . Betor was a place on the outskirts of Kolkata. From Saptagram (Santgao) the goods were ferried by small ships and loaded onto larger ships. In 1570 AD, the Portuguese shifted their trading post from Saptagram to Hooghly , a few miles downstream. Soon Saptagram was replaced by Hooghly as the sea outlet of the region. Hooghly maintained its importance throughout
14935-557: The export of coal. After the partition of Bengal in 1905 , the government of Eastern Bengal and Assam developed Port of Chittagong as a rival to Kolkata, but it was not very fruitful. In 1925, the Garden Reach jetty was added to accommodate greater cargo traffic. Although hampered by the Great Depression during the period between the two world wars , the modernization of the Port of Kolkata also took place along with
15080-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,
15225-603: The fiscal year 2011–2012, 3183 vessels called at KoPT. The average turn around time per vessel was 4.18 days for Kolkata Dock System and 3.37 for Haldia Dock Complex. Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ), is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali
15370-726: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form
15515-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,
15660-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –
15805-668: The help of World Bank funding under the National Ganga River Basin Project Scheme . Rudyard Kipling wrote an article, On the Banks of the Hugli (1888), and a short story set on the Hooghli, An Unqualified Pilot (1895). The Silk River project aims at exploring the artistic relationship between Kolkata and London through artistic exchange from 10 locations each along the Hooghly River and
15950-566: The help of the Syledis Stations located at Haldia , Raichak , Dadanpatra Bar and Frazergunj. The system was effectively used for the purpose of hydrographic survey and dredging. KoPT has now replaced the Syledis Position Fixing System by Differential GPS (Differential Global Position Fixing System). This latest state-of the art technology provides improved location accuracy of up to 10 cm. KDS Railway
16095-411: The highest water depth. Apart from this, there are around 80 major riverine jetties , and many minor jetties, and a large number of ship breaking berths. Vessels to enter Khidirpur Dock (KPD) and Netaji Subhash Dock (NSD) of the Kolkata Dock System first wait for tides at the anchorage at Nazirganj Flats, north of Garden Reach . 5 ships can be anchored together in this anchorage. When the water level of
16240-408: The impounded dock include – 6 dry bulk cargo berths, 3 liquid cargo berths, 3 multipurpose berths and 2 dedicated container berths. Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 2 to 13. The berths (impounded dock) have uneven water depth, with a minimum of 10 meters (33 ft) in berths No. 2 and No. 10, and a maximum of 12.5 meters (41 ft) in berths other than No. 2 and No. 10. The dock
16385-400: The issue of dock construction came into discussion again. But modernization of the Port of Kolkata was overshadowed by a failed attempt to establish a new port (Port canning) on Matla River in the 1860s. Port canning scheme is formulated from an alternative thought of the entrepreneurs. From a business point of view, they believed that river silting problems would lead to the premature death of
16530-494: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,
16675-547: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in
16820-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between
16965-412: The lock gate is about 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft). Accordingly, vessels with a maximum length of 157 meters (515 feet) and a maximum width of 21.35 meters (70 feet) are able to enter the dock. Buoys/moorings installed within the docks provide support to the movement of ships. Kidderpore Dock has several bends, and no night navigation ; as a result the ships operate only during
17110-494: The lock, the vessel is guided to a designated berth by a dock pilot. The process is reversed to reach the sea from the dock. At Haldia, the pilot bringing the vessel from Upper Auckland hands over the vessel inside the lock to the dock pilot but for the oil jetties all vessels are moored at the jetty by the same pilot. Recommended draft changes for vessels navigating the channel occur between spring tides and low tides, and draft forecasts for inbound and outbound vessels are published by
17255-454: The main branch of the Ganges at Giria . A short distance west, it meets the man-made Farakka Feeder Canal , which massively increases its flow. The river then flows south to join the Jalangi at Nabadwip , where it becomes the Hooghly proper. The Hooghly continues southwards, passing through the metropolis of Kolkata . Thereafter, it empties into the Bay of Bengal . Its tributaries include
17400-420: The marshalling yard (EJC). Again, after documentation, the outward rakes are dispatched by the locomotives provided by Eastern Railway . HDC Railway was established to cater to the traffic demand for warehouses and sidings of Haldia Dock Complex . HDC Railway consists of 115 kilometres (71 mi) track with 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) track and 2 yards. The freight trains are operated by 12 locomotives under
17545-605: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of
17690-639: The occasion of 150 years of operation of Kolkata Port at Netaji Indoor Stadium . The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe. The Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT) manages two separate dock agglomerations,
17835-517: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming
17980-427: The port with waterway connectivity to North India . This waterway transports goods directly from Port of Kolkata to Varanasi and Sahebganj terminals. Besides, it is connected with the river ports of Bangladesh and North-Eastern Indian state of Assam through National Waterway 97 . In the fiscal year 2013–14, Port of Kolkata handled 41.386 million metric tons (45.620 million short tons) of cargo. This
18125-478: The river reaches the level of the Kolkata Dock System (KDS) water level due to tidal action, the ships waiting at the anchorage enter Khidirpur Dock (KPD) and Netaji Subhash Dock (NSD) through lock-gates. Kidderpore Dock has a total of 18 berths, including 17 multipurpose berths and 1 berth for passenger ships including cargo; 6 Buoys / Moorings and 3 Dry Docks . Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 1 to 29. The berths have uneven water depth, with
18270-621: The sea, one is the Eastern Channel and the other is the Western Channel. At present the eastern channel is used for ships bound for Kolkata , while the western channel is used for navigation by ships bound for Haldia . The Eastern Channel is longer than the Western Channel (more than twice), so this channel has the most submerged Sandbars. Notable submerged Sandbars in the Eastern Channel are Sankrail Sandbar, Baj Baj Sandbar, Royapur Sandbar, Falta Sandbar, Nurpur Sandbar, Rangafala Sandbar, Korapara Sandbar, Bedford Sandbar (upper and lower) and Long Sandbar (upper and lower); natural depth of water at Falta
18415-792: The ship in place during repairs. There is a fully-fledged repair workshop including Diesel Engine Overhauling Unit, Structural Shop, Heavy and Light Machine Shop, Forging Shop, Electrical Shop and a Chain Testing/Repair Shop with 2500 KN capacity Tensile Compression Testing Machine to support various activities in the dry dock. Electric Level Luffing Cranes of 5 tonne and 7 tonne capacities are used at Dry Dock No. 1 and No. 2 of Kiddirpore Dock respectively, operating area radius of which area 20 m (66 ft) and 25.42 m (83.4 ft) respectively. 4 cranes are used at Netaji Subhash Dock, which includes 1 Electric Level Luffing Crane and 3 Electric Cranes. The Electric Level Luffing Crane has
18560-472: The simultaneous movement of local and cargo traffic. Haldia Dock Complex is directly connected to National Highway 116 (Old, NH-41). This National Highway connects with National Highway 16 (Old, NH-6) part of Golden Quadrilateral at Kolaghat , which making the dock complex accessible to other states of the country including Odisha , Jharkhand. The Kolkata Dock System and Haldia Dock Complex are directly connected to National Waterway 1 , which provides
18705-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent
18850-551: The state of Bengal. Despite a decline of the jute industry , the prime industry of this region, it is still one of the biggest industrial areas of India. It has a number of small cities which form the Greater Kolkata agglomeration , the second biggest Indian city and the former capital. In September 2015, the Government of West Bengal announced that renovation of the Hooghly riverfront in Kolkata will be completed with
18995-409: The stream between Khiderpore and Sankrail became known as KatiGanga . A channel had been dug at the time of Alibardi Khan in the middle of the 18th century. This happened with the assistance of Dutch traders, who also set up a toll point on the Hooghly river. So the present reach of the Hooghly is the lower part of the historical Saraswati. Kolkata the capital of West Bengal is located on the banks of
19140-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where
19285-400: The terminal in terms of length is berth No. 4, which is 181 meters (594 ft) long and capable of handling ships up to 565 ft (172 m) long; And the longest is Berth No. 8, which is 225 meters (738 ft) long and capable of handling ships up to 507 ft (155 m) long. Budge Budge River Mooring or Budge Budge Petroleum Wharves is one of the earliest cargo handling facilities built on
19430-528: The third (HOJ-III) oil jetty. Recently, a fourth oil jetty, known as Outer Terminal 2, has been constructed between the Dock's Approach Jetty and the Second Oil Jetty (HOJ-II); the water depth at the jetty is 9 m (30 ft). Outer Terminal 1 (OT-1) is located upstream of the third oil jetty (HOJ-III) for the transportation of dry bulk cargo; the jetty has a water depth of 8.5 meters (28 ft) and
19575-654: The third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history, was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to
19720-426: The twin cities of Kolkata (Calcutta) and Howrah , it turns to the southwest. At Nurpur it enters an old channel of the Ganges, and turns south to empty into the Bay of Bengal through an estuary about 20 mi (32 km) wide. Ain-i-Akbari , a book by Abu'l-Fazl , describes that the river Ganga and river Sarwasati (Sarsuti) streams of lower Bengal had different flows. According to the footnotes of this book,
19865-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on
20010-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory
20155-472: The world today. As Kolkata grew in size and importance, merchants in the city demanded the setting up of a port trust in 1863. The disastrous cyclone of 1864 caused extensive damage to Kolkata port and the city of Kolkata. During this time ships anchored in Kolkata Harbor were damaged and destroyed. According to the then documents published by the British rulers, at that time the damage in the storm in
20300-591: The world, such as Latin America and Africa as indentured labourers . After independence , the port's importance decreased because of factors including the Partition of Bengal (1947) , reduction in the size of the port hinterland , and economic stagnation in eastern India . It has a vast hinterland comprising the entire North East of India including West Bengal , Bihar, Jharkhand , Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh , Assam, North East Hill States and two landlocked neighbouring countries namely, Nepal and Bhutan and also
20445-616: Was abolished in 1833, there was a high demand for labourers on sugar cane plantations in the British Empire. From 1838 to 1917, the British used this port to ship off over half a million Indians from all over India – mostly from the Hindi Belt (especially Bhojpur and Awadh ) — and take them to places across the world, such as Mauritius , Fiji , South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , and other Caribbean islands as indentured labourers . There are millions of Indo-Mauritians , Indo-Fijians , and Indo-Caribbean people in
20590-407: Was declared unnavigable and abandoned by the port authority due to excessive siltation. The depth of the channel depends on the flow of water in the Hooghly River . Channel depth is not equal at all locations due to the presence of submerged Sandbars . The channel is 50 m (160 ft) deep at Sandheads and 9 m (30 ft) to 10 m (33 ft) deep at Sagar Road. The minimum depth of
20735-503: Was developed as a center for maritime trade by the British East India Company . The port on the Hooghly shore acted as a catalyst in the transformation of the city of Kolkata from a small weaving settlement to a major center of maritime trade in East India . Job Charnock , an employee and administrator of the British East India Company , is believed to have founded a trading post at the site in 1690. Even before settling in Kolkata,
20880-486: Was set up to cater to the traffic needs for docks, warehouses in the vicinity and various public and private sidings located around the Kolkata docks system. It works as a terminal agent of Indian Railways and operationally under Sealdah Division of Eastern Railway . KDS Rly has a working Agreement with Eastern Railway and render services to the users on behalf of them. Though KDS railway initially had many interfaces with Eastern Railway / South Eastern Railway and covered
21025-527: Was the result of persistent demands by the merchant community of Kolkata. As cargo traffic at the port grew, so did the requirement of more kerosene, leading to the building of a petroleum wharf at Budge Budge in 1896. The Khidirpur Dock II was completed in 1902. During the twenty years before the World War I , a remarkable development was observed in the import-export sector through the Port of Kolkata. Coastal trade also developed significantly, particularly in
#807192